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From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P Lab II Exercise 10 and 11 Urinary > Flashcards

2 A&P Lab II Exercise 10 and 11 Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of wastes are excreted from protein breakdown?

A

Nitrogenous wastes

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2
Q

What are in intimate association with kidney tubules for filtering of blood?

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

What do the kidneys act to maintain balance between?

A

Fluid and electrolytes in the blood

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4
Q

What is the basic microscopic unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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5
Q

Do males have long or short urethras?

A

Long

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6
Q

Do females have long or short urethras? What does this mean clinically?

A

Short - the urethra is close to the GI tract and females have more UTIs

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7
Q

What enzymes does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones

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8
Q

What enzymes does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

What is pylonephritis?

A

An uncommon infection of the kidneys

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10
Q

What does the renal artery branch off of?

A

Descending aorta

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11
Q

Is the urinary bladder anterior or posterior to the vagina?

A

Anterior

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12
Q

Is the urinary bladder anterior or posterior to the rectum in males?

A

Anterior

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13
Q

What structures are abundant within the renal pyramids?

A

Tubules

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14
Q

What do the renal pyramids make up?

A

Medulla of the kidney

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15
Q

Where is the minor calyx?

A

Surrounds the apex of a pyramid

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16
Q

Where is the pelvis of the kidney?

A

The cavity into which the major calyces open, and the proximal end of the ureter

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17
Q

How many nephrons in a kidney?

A

1 million

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18
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical and tuxtamedullary

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19
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

Made of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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20
Q

Where is the glomerulus, cortex or medulla?

A

Cortex

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21
Q

What type of pressure drives the formation of filtrate?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A knot of capillaries receiving blood from the afferent arteriole

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23
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

The glomerular capsule, a double walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerulus

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24
Q

What type of cells are found in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

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25
Q

What do podocytes do?

A

Regulate the passage of substances from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s space, where it drains into the kidney tubule

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26
Q

What type of cells are located in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal

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27
Q

What type of cells are located in the descending limb?

A

Simple squamous

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28
Q

What type of cells are located in the ascending limb?

A

SImple squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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29
Q

What type of cells are located in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal

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30
Q

What are the two parts of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending and ascending limbs

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31
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

Glomerulus and tubules

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32
Q

What type of capillary is the glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated

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33
Q

What part of the nephron deals with filtration?

A

Glomerulus

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34
Q

What part of the nephron deals with reabsorption and secretion?

A

Tubules

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35
Q

What kind of epithelium is in the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

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36
Q

What do the distal convoluted tubules join?

A

Collecting ducts

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37
Q

Where do the collecting ducts empty into?

A

Papillary ducts

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38
Q

Where do the papillary ducts empty into?

A

Minor calyces at the renal papillae

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39
Q

What is the progression from the minor calyces?

A 
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
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40
Q

What three types of cells are found in the kidney?

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular
  2. Maculadensa
  3. Podocytes
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41
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

Secrete renin

42
Q

What do maculadensa cells do?

A

Tell the JG cells that you’re dehydrated

43
Q

What do the podocytes form?

A

Filtration membrane

44
Q

Do cortical nephrons have short or long tubules?

A

Short

45
Q

What percentage of the kidney’s cells are cortical nephrons?

A

85%

46
Q

Do juxtamedullary nephrons have short or long tubules?

A

Long tubules

47
Q

Why are the juxtamedullary nephrons specialized?

A

They can concentrate urine, decreasing output and increasing volume, preventing dehydration

48
Q

What is the progression of arteries from the largest to smallest?

A 
Renal
Segmental
Interlobar
Arcuate
Cortical radiate
49
Q

What capillaries are found around cortical nephrons?

A

Peritubular

50
Q

What capillaries are found around the juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Vasa recta

51
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the ureters?

A

Transitional epithelium

52
Q

A

A

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

53
Q

B

A

Renal papilla

54
Q

C

A

Minor calyx

55
Q

D

A

Major calyx

56
Q

E

A

Renal pelvis

57
Q

F

A

Renal pyramid

58
Q

G

A

Renal column

59
Q

H

A

Cortex

60
Q

I

A

Medulla

61
Q

J

A

Capsule

62
Q

K

A

Glomerulus

63
Q

L

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

64
Q

M

A

Thin descending limb

65
Q

N

A

Thick ascending limb

66
Q

O

A

Distal convoluted tubule

67
Q

P

A

Collecting duct

68
Q

Q

A

Renal papilla

69
Q

R

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

70
Q

S

A

Cortical nephron

71
Q

T

A

Minor calyx

72
Q

U

A

Vasa recta capillaries

73
Q

V

A

Peritubular capillaries

74
Q

1

A

Aorta

75
Q

2

A

Renal artery

76
Q

3

A

Segmental arteries

77
Q

4

A

Interlobar arteries

78
Q

5

A

Arcuate arteries

79
Q

6

A

Cortical radiate arteries

80
Q

What is filtration?

A

The process by which plasma is forced through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule

81
Q

What components of plasma are not included in the filtrate?

A

Blood cells, platelets, and large proteins

82
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

As the filtrate moves through the nephron, certain substances are removed and returned to the blood

83
Q

What capillaries complete reabsorption?

A

Peritubular capillaries

84
Q

What is secretion?

A

As the filtrate reaches the DCT and collecting ducts, certain substances are added into it from the blood

85
Q

What is the end process after filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?

A

The formation of urine

86
Q

What percent of urine is water?

A

95%

87
Q

What are the organic substances found in urine?

A

Nitrogen containing wates (urea, creatinine, and uric acid)

88
Q

What are the inorganic substances found in urine?

A

Certain ions (Na, K, phosphate, sulfate, Ca, Magnesium, bicarbonate)

89
Q

What is the normal pH of urine?

A

From 4.5 to 8.0

90
Q

What are some components of the sediment of urine?

A

Epithelial cells, mucus, and crystals

91
Q

What are some abnormal components of urine?

A 
Albumin
Glucose
Ketone bodies
Bilirubin
Hemoglobin
RBC/WBC
Casts
Crystals
Bacteria
Contaminants
92
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

Straw to amber

93
Q

What is the range of specific gravity of urine?

A

1.003 to 1.035

94
Q

What would it mean if urine had a higher specific gravity?

A

That the person is dehydrated

95
Q

How much glucose should be in urine?

A

None

96
Q

How much Bilirubin should be in urine?

A

None

97
Q

How much Ketones should be in urine?

A

None

98
Q

How much blood should be in urine?

A

None

99
Q

How much protein should be in urine?

A

None - trace

100
Q

How much urobilinogen should be in urine?

A

None to 4mg/24 hours

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