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From Flashcardlet > 27 - Blood, Lymph > Flashcards

27 - Blood, Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

During childhood, RBCs are formed in ;

A

the marrow of the long bones

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2
Q

By adolescence, hematopoiesis takes place in

A

the marrow of the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, skull, clavicle, and bone marrow

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3
Q

An enlargement of lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

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4
Q

Largest organ of the lymphatic system

A

Spleen

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5
Q

The rate of RBC production is regulated by __

A

erythropoietin

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6
Q

Fetus: The __ produces erythropoietin

A

liver

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7
Q

At birth, the __ takes over erythropoietin production

A

kidneys

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8
Q

The spleen enlarges during (splenomegally) (3)

A
  1. infections
  2. congenital and acquired hemolytic anemias
  3. liver malfunction
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9
Q

An Hgb below 8 g/dL results in (2)

A
  1. increased cardiac output

2. shunting of blood from the periphery to the vital organs

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10
Q

Anemia can result in (5)

A
  1. pallor
  2. weakness
  3. tachypnea
  4. SOB
  5. CHF
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11
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia may be caused by (4)

A
  1. severe hemorrhage
  2. inability to absorb iron
  3. excessive growth requirements
  4. inadequate diet
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12
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Blood tests

A 
RBC count
Hgb and hematocrit
Morphological cell changes
Iron concentrations
Stool may be tested for occult blood
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13
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Treatment

A

Iron, usually ferrous sulfate
po, bid or tid
(Vitamin C aids in absorption)

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14
Q

Administering Iron to children (5)

A
  1. Vitamin C aids in absorption
  2. Drink through straw (stains teeth)
  3. Take with food
  4. Dark stools (increase fluids)
  5. No milk (interferes absorption)
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15
Q

Inherited defect in the formation of hemoglobin

A

Sickle Cell Disease

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16
Q

Sickle Cell Disease: Sickling (clumping) caused by decreased blood oxygen levels - May be triggered by (4)

A
  1. dehydration
  2. infection
  3. physical / emotional stress
  4. exposure to cold
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17
Q

Two Types of Sickle Cell Disease

A
  1. Sickle cell TRAIT (asymptomatic)

2. Sickle cell ANEMIA (more severe)

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18
Q

Sickle cell disease: Diagnosis can be detected before birth by

A

The sickling test, “Sickledex”

chorionic villi sampling

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19
Q

Sickle cell crises : Symptoms

A

severe abdominal pain,
muscle spasms,
leg pain, or painful swollen joints
Fever, vomiting, hematuria, convulsions, stiff neck, coma, or paralysis can result

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20
Q

4 Types of Sickle Cell Crises

A
  1. Vaso-occlusive
  2. Splenic sequestration
  3. Aplastic crises
  4. Hyperhemolytic
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21
Q

A form of iron overload disorder resulting in the accumulation of hemosiderin

A

Hemosiderosis

22
Q

The drug __ binds with iron and allows its excretion via the kidney

A

deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal)

23
Q

__ should not be used for pain control in children with sickle cell disease due to risk of seizures.

A

Meperidine (Demerol)

24
Q

____ can cure sickle cell disease

A

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

25
Q

Group of hereditary blood disorders in which the patient’s body cannot produce sufficient adult Hgb; Body attempts to compensate by producing large amounts of fetal Hgb

A

Thalassemia

26
Q

Two most common types of Hemophilia:

A
  1. Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)

2. Hemophilia A

27
Q

Normal blood clots in ___ minutes

In severe hemophilia, it can take up to 1 hour or longer

A

3 - 6 minutes

28
Q

In severe hemophilia, it can take up to __ for blood to clot.

A

1 hour or longer

29
Q

4 Circumstances leading to diagnosis of Hemophilia:

A
  1. Nosebleed that will not stop
  2. Loss of a deciduous tooth
  3. Hematomas at the injection site of an immunization
  4. Hemarthrosis (classic symptom)
30
Q

Bleeding into joints

A

hemarthrosis

31
Q

Drugs that contain __ are contraindicated for children with hemophilia

A

salicylates

32
Q

Acquired platelet disorder: Platelets become coated with antiplatelet antibody, seen as “foreign” and are eventually destroyed by the spleen

A

ITP

33
Q

ITP

A

Idiopathic (Immunological) Thrombocytopenic Purpura

34
Q

ITP: Classic symptom

A

easy bruising

Results in petechiae and purpura

35
Q

ITP: Platelet count (normal range is between 150,000 and 400,000/mm3)
Diagnosis confirmed by bone marrow aspiration

A
36
Q

Platelet count: Normal range

Diagnosis confirmed by bone marrow aspiration

A

150,000 - 400,000/mm3

37
Q

ITP: Diagnosis

A

confirmed by bone marrow aspiration

38
Q

ITP: Treatment options (3)

A
  1. Prednisone
  2. IV gamma globulin
  3. Anti-D antibody
39
Q

ITP: 4 Drugs to avoid

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Phenylbutazone
  3. Phenacetin
  4. Caffeine
40
Q

3 Complications of ITP

A
  1. Bleeding from GI tract
  2. Hemarthrosis
  3. Intracranial hemorrhage
41
Q

Group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow and lymphatic system

A

Leukemia

42
Q

Leukemia: The two most common forms

A
  1. acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)

2. acute nonlymphoid (myelogenous) leukemia (AMLL or AML)

43
Q

Malignant disease of the blood-forming organs of the body that results in an uncontrolled growth of immature WBCs.

A

Leukemia

44
Q

Leukemia: Cells are immature and do not function as healthy WBCs to fight infection; increased __ results.

A

susceptibility to INFECTION

45
Q

7 most common symptoms during the initial phase of leukemia

A
  1. low-grade fever
  2. pallor
  3. bruising tendency
  4. leg and joint pain
  5. listlessness
  6. abdominal pain
  7. enlarged lymph nodes
46
Q

Leukemia: Diagnosis and Tests (5)

A
  1. Blood tests
  2. Bone marrow aspiration
  3. X-ray
  4. Spinal tap
  5. Kidney and liver function studies
47
Q

6 Signs of transfusion reaction

A 
chills
itching
rash
fever
headache
pain in the back.
48
Q

6 Indications of circulatory overload

A 
Dyspnea
precordial pain
rales
cyanosis
dry cough
distended neck veins
49
Q

If a blood transfusion reaction occurs

A
  1. stop infusion
  2. keep vein open with NS
  3. notify the charge nurse
  4. Take vital signs, observe closely.
50
Q

Malignancy of the lymph system that primarily involves the lymph nodes. It may metastasize to the spleen, liver, bone marrow, lungs, or other parts of the body.

A

Hodgkin’s disease

From Flashcardlet (144 decks)

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