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From Flashcardlet > Sensory System: A&P > Flashcards

Sensory System: A&P Flashcards

1
Q

The eyeball is __cm in diameter

A

2-3 cm

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2
Q

Part of wall of eyeball; opaque white; covers the posterior five sixths of the eyeball

A

Sclera

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3
Q

Part of wall of eyeball; covers the anterior one sixth of the eyeball

A

(transparent) Cornea

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4
Q

External Layers of the Eye (2)

A
  1. Sclera

2. Cornea

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5
Q

Part of middle layer of eyeball; highly vascular; contains brown pigment between Sclera and Retina

A

Choroid

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6
Q

Part of middle layer of eyeball; contains ciliary processes that produce Aqueous Humor; helps change eye shape for near and far vision

A

Ciliary Body

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7
Q

Part of the middle layer of eyeball; the colored portion of eye

A

Iris

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8
Q

The Iris is a doughnut-shaped diaphragm, with the __ as the central opening.

A

Pupil

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9
Q

The Iris contains 2 groups of smooth muscles that (1)__ & __ the Pupil - to regulate the (2)__ __ __.

A
  1. constrict & dilate

2. entrance of light

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10
Q

Middle Layers of the Eye (3)

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary Body
  3. Iris
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11
Q

The anterior chamber between the Lens and Cornea is filled with __ __.

A

Aqueous Humor

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12
Q

The posterior chamber between the Lens and Retina contains __ __.

A

Vitreous Humor

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13
Q

The suspensory ligaments connect the __ __ to the Lens.

A

Ciliary Body

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14
Q

Inner coat of the eyeball; found in the posterior part; contains several layers

A

Retina

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15
Q

(2) Photoreceptors in the Retina (receptors for light images)

A
  1. Rods

2. Cones

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16
Q

Carries messages from the nerve cells in the retina to the brain

A

Optic Nerve

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17
Q

The Optic Disc is formed by the axons of the __ __ of the Retina.

A

ganglion cells

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18
Q

A yellow spot, lateral to Optic Disc; allows for VISUAL DETAIL

A

Macula (lutea)

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19
Q

Area of the Retina that produces the sharpest image

A

Fovea Centralis

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20
Q

The eyelids are composed of (3)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Conjuntiva
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21
Q

Thin mucous membrane that lines the eyelid; covers the anterior portion of the eyeball, except for the Cornea

A

Conjunctiva

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22
Q

__ glands are situated with the eyelashes

A

Sebaceous

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23
Q

The __ glands are located in the upper-outer area above the eyes. The __ ducts and canals carry tears from the eye to the nose.

A

Lacrimal glands

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24
Q

Function of the bony orbit

A

Protects eyeball

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25
Q

Protects the eyes from foreign particles, keeping them from landing on the eyeball

A

Eyelashes

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26
Q

Protects the eyes from foreign matter, and help distribute moisture on the eye surface

A

Eyelids

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27
Q

The __ __ secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the lids

A

Sebaceous Glands

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28
Q

The __ __ secretes tears.

A

Lacrimal Gland

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29
Q

Tears __, __, and __ the surface of the eye.

A

moisten, lubricate, and cleanse

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30
Q

The __ allows light to hit the Lens; assists with refraction

A

Cornea

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31
Q

Absorb’s excess light rays that could interfere with vision

A

Choroid’s brown pigment

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32
Q

The ciliary processes secrete __ __.

A

Aqueous Humor

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33
Q

Helps maintain the shape of the anterior chamber; nourishes the structures of this part of the eye; assists with refraction of light onto the retina

A

Aqueous Humor

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34
Q

The amount of Aqueous Humor present determines the _____.

A

internal pressure of the eye.

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35
Q

The nerves of the Retina transmit images perceived to the brain.

A
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36
Q

When the Optic Disc appears “swollen” or “choked”, intracranial pressure gets __.

A

higher

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37
Q

6 muscles that control movement of the eyeball

A
  1. Superior rectus
  2. Inferior rectus
  3. Medial rectus
  4. Lateral rectus
  5. Superior oblique
  6. Inferior oblique
38
Q

Contains blood vessels and photoreceptors called __ and __.

A

rods and cones

39
Q

Responsible for peripheral vision and function, at reduced levels of illumination

A

Rods (night vision/black & white)

40
Q

Function at bright levels of illumination; responsible for COLOR vision and CENTRAL vision

A

Cones

41
Q

A creamy pink to white, depressed area in the Retina

A

Optic Disc

42
Q

Called the blind spot; it contains only nerve fibers & lacks photoreceptor cells; it is insensitive to light

A

Optic Disc

43
Q

A passageway that extends completely around the eye, that permits fluid to drain out of the eye, into the systemic circulation so that CONSTANT INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IS MAINTAINED.

A

Canal of Schlemm

44
Q

Transparent, convex structure behind the Iris and in front of the Vitreous Body; bends light rays of light so that the light falls on the Retina

A

Lens

45
Q

Eye muscles do not work independently, but work with the muscle that produces the opposite movement

A
46
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Optic Nerve (nerve of sight)

47
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Oculomotor

48
Q

The receptive layer of the eye in which light waves are changed into nerve impules

A

retina

49
Q

The Optic Nerve enters and exits the eyeball at the __

A

Optic Disc

50
Q

Visualization of the Optic Disc provides information about the ______.

A

pressure within the eye and within the skull

51
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Trochlear

52
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens

53
Q

The major artery supporting structures in the eye

A

Opthalmic Artery

54
Q

The fleshy part of the ear situated on the side of the head

A

Pinna

55
Q

Tube (2.5cm) extending from the Pinna to the Tympanic Membrane

A

Auditory Meatus

56
Q

External Ear consists of (2)

A
  1. Pinna

2. Auditory Meatus

57
Q

Meatus is lined with hairs and glands that secrete __.

A

cerumen

58
Q

The middle ear contains __ __, and opens into the Eustachian Tube

A

auditory bones (ossicles)

59
Q

Auditory Ossicles are 3 small bones:

A
  1. Malleus (hammer)
  2. Incus (Anvil)
  3. Stapes (Stirrup)
60
Q

The Malleus attaches to the __ __.

A

Tympanic Membrane

61
Q

The Stapes attaches to the __ __.

A

Oval Window

62
Q

The Incus links the __ and the __.

A

Malleus and the Stapes

63
Q

“Ear Drum”

A

Tympanic Membrane

64
Q

The Tympanic Membrane separates _____.

A

the middle ear from the external ear.

65
Q

The Eustachian Tube connects the __ __ with the __.

A

middle ear with the throat

66
Q

The oval window and the round window connect the __ __ to the __ __.

A

middle ear to the inner ear

67
Q

The inner ear is divided into (3)

A
  1. Vestbule
  2. Semicircular Canals
  3. Cochlea
68
Q

The cochlea contains the __ __ __.

A

organ of Corti

69
Q

The organ of Corti is composed of __ __.

A

sound receptors

70
Q

Helps prevent foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane (2)

A

Hairs and Cerumen

71
Q

The Pinna collects sound waves and channels them into the __ __.

A

auditory meatus.

72
Q

The ____ vibrates when sound waves hit it; the sound waves are conducted to the malleus.

A

tympanic membrane

73
Q

The bones of the middle ear transmit __ __ to the inner ear.

A

sound vibrations

74
Q

The __ __ helps equalize pressure in the middle ear.

A

eustachian tube

75
Q

Receptors responsible for equilibrium are located in the __ __.

A

inner ear.

76
Q

The __ is important in mediating the sense of equilibrium and balance.

A

cerebellum

77
Q

Aging: Cerumen becomes __, containing __ __.

A

harder; containing less moisure.

buildup may contribute to hearing loss in low frequency range

78
Q

Aging: Tympanic Membrane

A

loses elasticity

79
Q

Aging: Joints between the auditory bones

A 
become stiffer
(the stiffness interferes with transmission of sound waves)
80
Q

Aging: There is a gradual loss of (1)__ __ in the organ of Corti after age (2)__.

A
  1. receptor cells

2. 40

81
Q

Aging: Nerve fibers in Vestibulocochlear Nerve (1)__; contributing to hearing loss and sometimes (2)_____.

A
  1. decreases

2. balance and equilibrium

82
Q

Aging: Subcutaneous fat and tissue elasticity (1)__, and the eyes appear to be (2)__.

A
  1. decrease

2. sunken

83
Q

Aging: __ __ results from the disposition of fatty globules

A

Arcus senilis (opaque ring outlining cornea)

84
Q

Aging: The cornea (1)__ and develops an (2)__ __ after age 65; causing astigmatism or making existing worse; vision becomes blurred

A
  1. flattens

2. irregular curvature

85
Q

Aging: Sclera develops (1)__ __ due to fatty deposits. Thinning of the Sclera may cause a (2)__ __ccf

A
  1. yellowish tinge

2. bluish tinge

86
Q

Aging: Ability of the Iris to dilate __; difficulty from bright to dark areas

A

decreases

87
Q

Aging: The lens of the eye changes after age __.

A

40

88
Q

Aging: Lens of the eye gradually loses water and becomes (1)__. (2)__ may form.

A
  1. harder

2. Cataracts

89
Q

Aging: The older person has a __ visual field.

A

narrower

90
Q

Aging: Color discrimination decreases with advancing age and may cause problems

A
91
Q

Aging: Moisture secretion decreases, placing eyes at a greater risk for (1) __ and __. This is common after age (2)__.

A
  1. irritation and infection

2. 70

92
Q

Aging: Repeated episodes of keratitis may severely compromise vision and can lead to __ __ __ for an elderly person.

A

loss of independence

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