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From Flashcardlet > FLUID & ELECTROLYTES: LAB VALUES > Flashcards

FLUID & ELECTROLYTES: LAB VALUES Flashcards

0
Q

Urine Specific Gravity: Normal range

A

1.003 - 1.030

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1
Q

Urine Specific Gravity: Average range

A

1.010 - 1.025

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2
Q

Ht: Normal range of RBC/__ mL of whole blood

A

35 - 54 RBC/100mL whole blood

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3
Q

Excess Fluid Volume: Proportion of RBC to mL of blood will be lower, and Ht will be (1)__ normal values, because of (2)___.

A
  1. below

2. DILUTION by the water

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4
Q

Urine concentration is often measured by __ __

A

specific gravity

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5
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

135 - 145 mEq/L

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6
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

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8
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)

A

8.6 - 10.6 mg/dL

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9
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

1.6 - 2.6 mg/dL

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10
Q

Phosphate (PO4-)

A

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL

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11
Q

Osmolality: Normal range

A

280 - 294 mOsm/kg

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11
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

98 - 107 mEq/L

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12
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

22 - 29 mEq/L

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13
Q

Hyponatremia: Na+

A

.

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14
Q

Sodium Lab Values: Used to evaluate -

A
  1. RENAL function
  2. CARDIAC function
  3. NEUROLOGICAL function
  4. ACID-BASE balance
  5. GI function
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15
Q

Potassium Lab Values: Used to evaluate -

A
  1. RENAL function
  2. CARDIAC function
  3. GI function
  4. NEED for IV THERAPY
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16
Q

Chloride Lab Values: Nursing Consideration - Do NOT draw blood from ___

A

extremity having NS INFUSION !!

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17
Q

Bicarbonate Lab Values: Nursing Consideration - Do NOT draw blood from __ __

A

ARTERIAL line !!

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18
Q

Potassium Lab Values: Nursing Consideration - Do NOT draw blood from __ __ __

A

IV INFUSION site !!

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19
Q

aPTT

A

20 - 36 seconds

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time

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20
Q

aPTT Lab Value: Used to evaluate -

A

how well COAGULATION SEQUENCE is functioning

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21
Q

aPTT Lab Value: Nursing Consideration - Do NOT draw samples from ___

A

arm in which HEPARIN is infusing !!

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22
Q

PT

A

9.5 - 11.8 seconds

Prothrombin Time

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23
Q

INR (for standard warfarin therapy)

A

2.0 - 3.0

International Normalized Ratio

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24
Q

INR (for high-dose warfarin therapy)

A

3.5 - 4.5

International Normalized Ratio

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25
Q

PT longer than __ seconds places Pt at risk for bleeding

A

30 seconds

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26
Q

PT/INR Lab Values: Nursing Consideration - Provide direct pressure for 3-5 minutes if __ __ __ __

A

coagulation deficit is present.

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27
Q

PT/INR Lab Values: Nursing Consideration - Diets high in green, leafy vegetables can increase (1)__ __ __, and (2)__ __

A
  1. vitamin K absorption

2. shorten PT

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28
Q

Clotting Time

A

8 - 15 minutes

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29
Q

Clotting Time Lab Value: Nursing Consideration - Pt should NOT receive (1)__ therapy for (2)__ __ before specimen collection

A
  1. Heparin

2. 3 hours

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30
Q

Platelet Count

A

150,000 - 400,000

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31
Q

Platelet Count Lab Values: Nursing Consideration - (1)__ precautions should be instituted in Pts with (2)__

A
  1. Bleeding precautions

2. Thrombocytopenia

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32
Q

ESR

A

0 - 30 mm/h

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

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33
Q

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): Determines presence of ___

A

inflammation, inflammatory process

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34
Q

Hb

  1. Male
  2. Female
A
  1. (M) 14 - 16.5 g/dL

2. (F) 12 - 15 g/dL

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35
Q

Ht

  1. Male
  2. Female
A
  1. (M) 42 - 52%

2. (F) 35 - 47%

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36
Q

Hb transports __ and __

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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37
Q

Hb and Ht Studies: Fasting (is/is not) required for these blood studies

A

IS NOT required

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38
Q

Ht Lab Studies: Important measurement in the identification of __ or __

A
  1. anemia

2. polycythemia

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39
Q

Iron

  1. Male
  2. Female
A
  1. (M) 65 - 175 mcg/dL

2. (F) 50 - 170 mcg/dL

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40
Q

(3) increase the Platelet count

A
  1. High altitudes
  2. Chronic cold weather
  3. Exercise
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41
Q

RBC

A

4 - 6 million

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42
Q

RBC Lab Studies: Fasting (is/is not) required for this study

A

IS NOT required

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43
Q

RBC is formed by __ __ __

A

red bone marrow

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44
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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45
Q

RBCs are removed from the blood by (3)

A
  1. liver
  2. spleen
  3. bone marrow
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46
Q

RBC Lab Studies: Helps with diagnosing (2)

A
  1. anemias

2 blood dyscrasias

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47
Q

RBS Lab Studies: Evaluates the body’s ability to produce ______

A

RBCs in sufficient numbers

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48
Q

CK (Creatine Kinase)

A

26 - 174 units/L

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49
Q

CK (Creatine Kinase): An enzyme found in (2) tissue

A
  1. muscle tissue

2. brain tissue

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50
Q

CK Level begins to (1) rise within ___ of muscle damage, (2) peaks at ___, and (3) returns to normal in ____

A
  1. 6 hours
  2. 18 hours
  3. 2 - 3 days
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51
Q

CK Labs Studies: Performed to detect (2)

A
  1. myocardial/skeletal muscle damage

2. CNS damage

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52
Q

Isoenzymes include (3)

A
  1. CK-MB
  2. CK-BB
  3. CK-MM
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53
Q

CK-MB is found mainly in __ muscle (0-5% of Total)

A

cardiac

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54
Q

CK-BB is found mainly in __ tissue (0% of Total)

A

brain

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55
Q

CK-MM is found mainly in __ muscle (95-100% of Total)

A

skeletal

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56
Q

CK Labs Studies: Nursing Consideration - If used to evaluate skeletal muscle, instruct client to ___

A

avoid strenuous physical activity for 24h before test

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57
Q

CK Labs Studies: Nursing Consideration - Instruct pt to avoid ingestion of __ for 24h before test

A

alcohol

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58
Q

CK Labs Studies: Nursing Consideration - (2) may falsely elevate CK Levels

A
  1. Invasive procedures

2. IM injections

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59
Q

LDH

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase

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60
Q

Troponin I: Values that indicate MI

A

1.5 ng/mL

61
Q

Troponin T: Elevated Value over __ ng/mL indicates MI

A

> 0.1 - 0.2

62
Q

Troponins are Regulatory Proteins found in __ __

A

striated muscle (skeletal and myocardial)

63
Q

Myoglobin Value

A

.

64
Q

Myoglobin: Elevation could indicate __

A

MI

65
Q

Myoglobin Levels __ and __ rapidly

A

rise and fall

66
Q

Oxygen-Binding Protein found in striated muscle

A

Myoglobin

67
Q

Neuroendocrine Peptides that are used to identify HF

A

Natriuretic Peptides

68
Q

Natriuretic Peptides: 3 Major Peptides

A
  1. ANP (atrial)
  2. BNP (brain)
  3. CNP (C-type)
69
Q

Natriuretic Peptide synthesized in CARDIAC ATRIAL MUSCLE

A

ANP

70
Q

Natriuretic Peptide synthesized in CARDIAC VENTRICAL MUSCLE

A

BNP

71
Q

Natriuretic Peptide synthesized in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

A

CNP

72
Q

__ is the primary marker for identifying HF as cause of dyspnea

A

BNP

73
Q

Natriuretic Peptides Lab Values: Fasting (is/is not) required

A

IS NOT required

74
Q

Albumin

A

3.5 - 5 g/dL

75
Q

Main plasma found in blood

A

albumin

76
Q

Albumin is INCREASED in conditions such as: (3)

A
  1. dehydration
  2. diarrhea
  3. metastatic carcinoma
77
Q

Albumin is DECREASED in conditions such as: (3)

A
  1. acute infection
  2. ascites
  3. alcoholism
78
Q

Albumin Lab Studies: Fasting (is/is not) required

A

IS NOT required

79
Q

Ammonia

A

10 - 80 mcg/dL

80
Q

By-product of Protein Catabolism; most of it is created by bacteria acting on proteins in gut

A

ammonia

81
Q

Ammonia is metabolized by the (1)__, and excreted by the (2)__ as urea.

A
  1. liver

2. kidneys

82
Q

Ammonia Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - Fast, except for water and refrain from smoking for ___ before the test

A

8-10 hours

83
Q

Ammonia Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - __ increases ammonia levels

A

smoking

84
Q

Ammonia Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - Place specimen __ __ and transport immediately.

A

on ice

85
Q

ALT

A

10 - 40 units/L

Alanine Aminotransferase

86
Q

Used to identify *HEPATOCELLULAR INJURY and *INJURY of the Liver (and monitory improvement/worsening of disease)

A

ALT

87
Q

ALT/AST Labs Studies: Nursing Considerations - ____ may cause elevated levels

A

Previous IM injections

88
Q

ALT/AST Labs Studies: Fasting (is/is not) required)

A

IS NOT required

89
Q

AST

A

10 - 30 units/dL

Aspartate Aminotransterase

90
Q

Used to evaluate pt with suspected hepatocellular disease, injury, or inflammation; also used along with Cardiac Markers for CAD)

A

AST

91
Q

Enzyme produced by the Pancreas and Salivary Glands; Aids in digestion of complex Carbs; Excreted by the Kidneys

A

Amylase

92
Q

Amylase

A

25 - 151 units/L

93
Q

Amylase Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - (1) ___ may produce false-negative results, so (2) _____

A
  1. Many medications

2. list all medications on Lab form

94
Q

Lipase

A

10 - 140 units/L

95
Q

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholagio-Pancreatography may increase __ activity

A

Lipase

96
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipase

97
Q

Total Bilirubin

A

.

98
Q

Direct Bilirubin is excreted primarily via the __ __

A

intestinal tract

99
Q

Indirect Bilirubin circulated primarily in ____

A

the bloodstream

100
Q

Direct Bilirubin (conjugated)

A

0 - 0.3 mg/dL

101
Q

Indirect Bilirubin (unconjugated)

A

0.1 - 1 mg/dL

102
Q

Bilirubin Lab Studies: Fast for __ hours before blood is drawn

A

4 hours

103
Q

Bilirubin Lab Studies: Instruct client to avoid (4)

A

carrots, yams, yellow beans, pumpkin (yellow foods)

104
Q

Bilirubin Lab Studies: Nursing Considerations - Results will be elevated with the ingestion of (1)__, or administration of (4)

A
  1. alcohol
  2. Morphine sulfate
  3. Theophylline
  4. Vitamin C
  5. Aspirin
105
Q

Bilirubin Lab Studies: Nursing Considerations - Results are invalidated if pt has received ___ within 24 h before the test

A

radioactive scan

106
Q

Cholesterol

A

.

107
Q

LDL

A

.

108
Q

HDL

A

> 60 mg/dL (30-70)

109
Q

Triglycerides

A

.

110
Q

Lipid Lab Studies: Increased (3) place client at risk for CAD

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. LDL
  3. Triglycerides
111
Q

Lipid Lab Studies: __ help protect against the risk of CAD

A

HDLs

112
Q

Blood Lipids consist primarily of (3)

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Phospholipids
113
Q

Lipid Assessment includes (4)

A
  1. Total Cholesterol
  2. HDL
  3. LDL
  4. Triglycerides
114
Q

Lipid Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - __ may increase the Lipid level

A

Oral Contraceptives

115
Q

Lipid Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - Instruct pt to abstain from foods and fluids except for water for (1)___ before the test, and from (2)__ for 24 h before the test.

A
  1. 12 -14 hours (just water)

2. alcohol (24hours)

116
Q

Protein

A

6 - 8 g/dL

117
Q

Reflects that total amount of Albumin and Globulins in the plasma

A

Protein (Lab Studies)

118
Q

Protein is the major source of building material for (5)

A
  1. blood
  2. skin
  3. hair
  4. nails
  5. internal organs
119
Q

Protein is increased in conditions such as (4)

A
  1. ADDISON’S disease
  2. CROHN’S disease
  3. Autoimmune COLLAGEN disorders
  4. Chronic INFECTION
120
Q

Uric Acid

A

2.5 - 8.0 mg/dL

121
Q

Creatinine

A

0.6 - 1.3 mg/dL

122
Q

Very specific indicator of RENAL FUNCTION

A

serum Creatinine

123
Q

Creatinine Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - Instruct pt to avoid (1) __ for __ h before test, and (2)____ for 24 h before test

A
  1. excessive EXERCISE for 8 hours

2. excessive RED MEAT for 24 hours

124
Q

BUN

A

8 - 25 mg/dL

125
Q

Increased Creatinine and BUD levels indicate ___

A

a slowing of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

126
Q

BUN determines renal function, but also may reflect __ __

A

hydration status

127
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose (without diabetes)

A

70 - 100 mg/dL

128
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose (with diabetes)

A

70 - 130 mg/dL

129
Q

Glucose, 2-hour (postprandial)

A

.

130
Q

Calcium: a CATION absorbed into bloodstream from dietary sources; functions in (3)

A
  1. BONE formation
  2. NERVE IMPULSE transmission
  3. contraction of MYOCARDIAL/SKELETAL muscles
131
Q

Calcium: Aids in __ __ by converting prothrombin into thrombin

A

blood clotting

132
Q

Calcium Lab Studies: Instruct pt to eat a diet with normal calcium levels (800 mg/day) for __ __ before the test

A

3 days

133
Q

Calcium Lab Studies: Fasting may be required for __ __ before the test

A

8 hours

134
Q

Calcium Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - Levels may be affected by (2)

A
  1. decreased PROTEIN levels

2. use of ANTICONVULSANT meds

135
Q
  • Needed for blood-clotting proces
  • Regulates neuromuscular activity
  • Acts as cofactor that modifies activity of enzymes
  • Has effect on metabolism of Calcium
A

Magnesium

136
Q

Used as index to determine metabolic activity and renal function

A

magnesium

137
Q

Magnesium Lab Studies: Nursing Consideration - (2) may decrease serum levels

A
  1. prolonged TPN

2. Excessive loss of body fluids

138
Q

High concentrations of Phosphorus are stored in (2)

A
  1. bone

2. skeletal muscle

139
Q

Important in

  • bone formation
  • energy storage and release
  • urinary acid-base buffering
  • carbohydrate metabolism
A

phosphorus

140
Q

Phosphorus Lab Studies: Fasting (is/is not) required before the test

A

IS required

141
Q

WBC

A

4500 - 11,000

142
Q

Hepatitis Tests (3)

A
  1. Radioimmunoassay
  2. ELISA
  3. Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay
143
Q

HIV Tests (3)

A
  1. ELISA
  2. Western blot (WB)
  3. Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
144
Q

Specific Gravity

A

0.016 - 0.022

145
Q

pH

A

4.5 - 7.8

146
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level: acetaminophen

A

10 - 20 mcg/mL

*Tylenol

147
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level: digoxin

A
  1. 5 - 2 ng/mL

* Lanoxin

148
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level: lithium

A
  1. 5 - 1.3 mEq/L

* Lithobid

149
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level: phenytoin

A

10 - 20 mcg/mL

*Dilantin

150
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level: theophylline

A

10 - 20 mcg/mL

*aminophylline

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