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From Flashcardlet > NURSING III: FON - Ch 40 Oxygenation > Flashcards

NURSING III: FON - Ch 40 Oxygenation Flashcards

0
Q

Three steps involved in the PROCESS of OXYGENATION:

A
  1. ventilation
  2. perfusion, and
  3. exchange of resp. gases
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1
Q

Two SYSTEMS that SUPPLY the oxygen demands of the body

A
  1. Cardiac

2. Respiratory

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2
Q

Neural and Chemical regulators control the __ and __ of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.

A

rate and depth

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3
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases occurs between the _____.

A

environment and the blood.

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4
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism

A

Respiration

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5
Q

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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6
Q

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the TISSUES, and return DEoxygenated blood to the LUNGS

A

Perfusion

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7
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

Effort required to expand and contract the lungs

A

(work of) *Breathing (WOB)

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9
Q

Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

A

*Surfactant

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10
Q

COLLAPSE OF THE ALVEOLI that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

*Atelectasis

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11
Q

Major inspiratory muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

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12
Q

__ is responsible for moving respiratory gases from one area to another (by concentration gradients).

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

The amount of energy expended on breathing depends on (3)

A
  1. rate & depth of breathing
  2. compliance
  3. airway resistance
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14
Q

The ability of the lungs to DISTEND or EXPAND in response to increased intraalveolar pressure

A

Compliance

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15
Q

An ACTIVE PROCESS stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta

A

Inspiration

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16
Q

A PASSIVE PROCESS that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

A

Expiration

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17
Q

Pts with ___ lose the elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax. As a result, the Pt’s WOB increases.

A

COPD

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18
Q

Pts with certain pulmonary diseases have decreased surfactant production and sometimes develop __.

A

atelectasis

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19
Q

Prolonged use of accessory muscles does not promote (1)__ __ and causes (2)__.

A
  1. effective ventilation
  2. fatigue
    (Pts with COPD, esp emphysema)
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20
Q

During assessment, observe for ___ during inspiration, which can indicate ventilatory fatigue, air hunger, or decreased lung expansion.

A

elevation of Pt’s clavicles

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21
Q

Compliance decreases in diseases such as (3):

A
  1. pulmonary edema
  2. interstitial & pleural fibrosis
  3. congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities (kyphosis, fractured ribs)
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22
Q

The increase in pressure that occurs as - the diameter of the airways from mouth/nose to alveoli

A

Airway resistance

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23
Q

(2) Diseases that cause airway obstruction, and increase airway restriction

A
  1. asthma

2. tracheal edema

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24
Q

(3) Conditions that increase the WOB, resulting in increased energy expenditure

A
  1. decreased LUNG COMPLIANCE
  2. increases AIRWAY RESISTANCE
  3. increased USE OF ACCESSORY MUSCLES
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25
Q

Normal lung values are determined by (3)

A
  1. age
  2. gender
  3. height
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26
Q

Amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

A

Tidal Volume

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27
Q

Amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration

A

Residual Volume

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28
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

A

Forced Vital Capacity

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29
Q

Primary function of Pulmonary Circulation

A

To move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange

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30
Q

Pulmonary circulation begins at the __ __.

A

pulmonary artery

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31
Q

Diffusion of respiratory gases occurs at the __ __ __. The thickness impedes diffusion (gases take longer to transfer across).

A

alveolar capillary membrane.

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32
Q

Pts with (3)__ have thickened membrane, resulting in slow diffusion, slow exchange of respiratory gases, & decreased delivery of oxygen to tissues.

A
  1. pulmonary edema
  2. pulmonary infiltrates, or
  3. pulmonary effusion
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33
Q

Chronic diseases (emphysema), Acute diseases (pneumothorax), and Surgical processes (lobectomy) - often alter the amount of __ __ __ surface area.

A

alveolar capillary membrane

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34
Q

The oxygen-transport system consists of the __ and __ system.

A

lungs and cardiovascular

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35
Q

Three things that influence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

A
  1. amount of dissolved O2 in plasma
  2. amount of hemoglobin
  3. the tendency of hemoglobin to bind with O2
36
Q

The hemoglobin molecule combines with oxygen to form __.

A

oxyhemoglobin.

37
Q

Neural regulation includes the __ __ __ control of respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.

A

central nervous system

38
Q

Chemical regulation maintains the appropriate rate and depth of respiration based on changes in the (3) in the blood.

A
  1. carbon dioxide (CO2)
  2. oxygen (O2), and
  3. hydrogen ion (H+) concentration (pH)
39
Q

Cardiopulmonary physiology involves delivery of __ blood to the right side of the heart, and then to the lungs, where it is __.

A

deoxygenated, oxygenated

40
Q

The cardiac system delivers (3) to the tissues and facilitates the removal of cellular metabolism waste products

A
  1. oxygen
  2. nutrients
  3. other substances
41
Q

Primary functions of the heart

A
  1. Deliver deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation

2. Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues

42
Q

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole

A

stroke volume

43
Q

Hemorrhage and dehydration cause a (1)___ and a (2)___.

A
  1. decrease in circulating blood volume

2. decrease in stroke volume

44
Q

Heart rate affects blood flow because of the relationship between __ and __ __ __.

A

rate and diastolic filling time.

45
Q

The branch of the Systemic Circulation that supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste

A

Coronary Artery Circulation

46
Q

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac Output

47
Q

Normal cardiac output (CO) in the healthy adult at rest

A

4-6 L/min

48
Q

SV x HR = ____

A

CO

(stroke vol) x (heart rate) = cardiac output

49
Q

The end-diastolic volume

A

preload

50
Q

The resistance to left ventricular ejection

A

afterload

the diastolic aortic pressure is a good clinical measure of afterload

51
Q

The conduction system of the heart generates (1)___ to initiate the (2)___ for a normal heartbeat.

A
  1. impulses needed

2. electrical chain of events

52
Q

A(n) ___ reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system.

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

it does not reflect the muscular work of the heart

53
Q

NSR

A

normal sequence on the ECG (normal sinus rhythm)

54
Q

Normal QRS duration

A

0.06 - 0.1 second

55
Q

An increase in QRS duration indicates a __ in conduction time through the ventricles

A

delay

56
Q

Normal QT interval

A

0.12 - 0.42 second

57
Q

The QT interval represents the time needed for __ __ and __.

A

ventricular depolarization and repolarization

58
Q

Four factors that affect oxygenation

A
  1. physiological
  2. developmental
  3. lifestyle
  4. environmental
59
Q

(3) Respiratory Disorders that affect Cardiopulmonary Functioning > directly affects ability to meet O2 demands

A

hyperventilation
hypoventilation
hypoxia

60
Q

(5) Cardiac Disorders that affect Cardiopulmonary Functioning > directly affects ability to meet O2 demands

A 
disturbances in conduction
impaired ventricular function
myocardial hypoxia
cardiomyopathic conditions
peripheral tissue hypoxia
61
Q

Anemia and inhalation of toxic substances (1)__ the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by (2)__ the amount of available (3)__ to transport oxygen

A
  1. decrease
  2. reducing
  3. hemoglobin
62
Q

Increased RBC

A

polycythemia

63
Q

In CO toxicity, __ strongly binds to CO, creating a functional anemia.

A

hemoglobin

64
Q

Conditions such as shock and severe dehydration cause extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume, or __.

A

hypovolemia.

65
Q

Decreased circulating blood volume results in __ to body tissues.

A

hypoxia

66
Q

In the last trimester of pregnancy, the inspiratory capacity declines, resulting in (1)__ on exertion and increased (2)__.

A
  1. dyspnea

2. fatigue

67
Q

Difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

68
Q

Decreased Inspired Oxygen Concentration

A
  1. increased Metabolic Rate
  2. conditions affecting chest wall movement
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Obesity
  5. Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
  6. Trauma
  7. Neuromuscular Diseases
  8. CNS Alterations
  9. Influences of Chronic Diseases
69
Q

Normal PaCO2 (atrial carbon dioxide tension)

A

35-45 mm Hg

70
Q

Normal PaO2 (atrial oxygen tension)

A

80 - 100 mm Hg

71
Q

Low oxygen in blood

A

hypoxemia

72
Q

Low oxygen in tissues

A

hypoxia

73
Q

Nurses monitor arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) using a noninvasive O2 saturation monitor __ __.

A

pulse oximeter

74
Q

Normal SpO2

A

greater than or equal to 95%

75
Q

Occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the O2 demand of the body or eliminate CO2.

A

Hypoventilation

76
Q

In Pt with COPD, administration of __ __ results in hypoventilation.

A

excessive oxygen

77
Q

In Pts with COPD, the resulting hypoventilation causes excessive retention of (1)__, which can lead to (2)__ and __.

A
  1. CO2

2. respiratory acidosis and respiratory arrest

78
Q

A deviation from the normal sinus heart rhythm

A

dysrhythmias

79
Q

Tachycardia (beats/min)

A

greater than 100 beats/min

80
Q

Bradycardia (beats/min)

A

less than 60 beats/min

81
Q

Atrial fibrillation is a common (1)__ frequently seen in (2)__.

A
  1. dysrhythmia

2. older adults

82
Q

Abnormal impulses originating above the ventricles are __ dysrhythmias.

A

supraventricular

83
Q

__ __ tachycardia is a sudden, rapid onset of tachycardia originating above the AV node. (excitement, fatigue, caffeine, smoking, alcohol use)

A

Paroxysmal supraventricular

84
Q

__ __ results when the supply of blood to thy myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial demands.

A

Myocardial ischemia

85
Q

Two outcomes of myocardial ischemia

A
  1. angina pectoris

2. MI

86
Q

A transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

A

Angina pectoris (results in chest pain that is aching, sharp, tingling or burning or that feels like pressure)

87
Q

__ or __ results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without coronary perfusion.

A

Myocardial infarction (MI) or Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

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