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From Flashcardlet > A & P II: Week 2 Review > Flashcards

A & P II: Week 2 Review Flashcards

0
Q

Interstitial fluid that passes through Lymphatic Vessels

A

Lymph

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1
Q

Three Functions of Lymphatic System

A
  1. Immune Response
  2. TRANSPORT digested FAT to blood
  3. DRAINS Interstitial Fluids
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2
Q

Found along Lymphatic Vessels
Function as a filter
Produce Lymphocytes

A

Lymph nodes

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3
Q

Stores and matures Lymphocytes
Produces T-cells
Located between sternum and aorta

A

Thymus Gland

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4
Q

Largest mass of Lymphatic Tissue
Produces Lymphocytes
Stores blood (for release during hemorrhage)

A

Spleen

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5
Q

Lymphocytes in the ___ destroys worn out/defective RBC.

A

spleen

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6
Q

How does Lymph move through the Lymphatic Vessels?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle contraction
  2. Smooth Muscle contraction
  3. Respiration (breathing)
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7
Q

Lymph fluid joins the vascular system at the ___.

A

subclavian vein

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8
Q

Type of immunity:
No specific recognition of a microbe
Acts against all microbes the same way

A

Innate (non-specific) Immunity

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9
Q

Type of Immunity:
Specific recognition/response to specific microbe
Involves B-cells & T-cells

A

Adaptive (specific) Immunity

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10
Q

Type of Immunity:

B-cells contact antigen and produce antibodies

A

Active Immunity

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11
Q

Natural exposure to infection is a form of ____.

A

natural active immunity

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12
Q

Receiving a vaccine is a way to develop ____.

A

Acquired Active Immunity

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13
Q

Results when antibodies are transferred to a person who has never been exposed to the pathogen

A

Passive Immunity

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14
Q

Antibodies from mother to fetus develops ___.

A

Passive Immunity

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15
Q

Receiving Gamma Globulin injections develops ___.

A

Acquired Passive Immunity

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16
Q

The 1st and 2nd Lines of Defense are both considered ____.

A

Innate Immunity

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17
Q

Three Levels of Defense

A
  1. Physical & Chemical Barriers
  2. Internal non-specific defense
  3. Adaptive Immunity
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18
Q

(Mechanical Barrier) Tough for bacteria and viruses to penetrate; shedding of epidermal cells help remove microbes

A

Skin

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19
Q

Secretes mucus

A

Mucous Membranes

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20
Q

Traps microbes and foreign substances that have breached Innate Immunity

A

Mucus

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21
Q

Defensive response to tissue damage

A

Inflammation

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22
Q

______ prevents pathogens from spreading to other tissue, and prepares site to restore tissue.

A

Inflammation

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23
Q

What occurrences lead to Inflammation?

A

Injured cell releases Histamines >
Histamines cause vasodilation and permeability >
WBC flock to area, blood accumulates (HEAT & REDNESS) >
more fluid into tissue spaces (EDEMA) >
pain receptors activate

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24
Q

Fever: Elevated temperatures (3)

A
  1. Intensifies effects of interferons
  2. Inhibits growth of microbes
  3. Speeds up body reactions that aid repair
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25
Q

B-cells are involved in ___ mediated immunity.

A

humoral

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26
Q

B-cells mature in ___.

A

bone marrow.

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27
Q

____ produce antibodies in response to antigen.

A

B-cells

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28
Q

Divides into Clonal Cells

A

B-cells

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29
Q

2 kinds of Clonal Cells

A
  1. Effector Cells (short-lived)

2. Memory Cells (long-lived)

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30
Q

Long-lived cells that bear receptors for the same antigen (should it appear at a future time); do not secrete antibodies

A

Memory cells

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31
Q

T-cells are involved in ___ - mediated Immunity.

A

cell

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32
Q

T-cells mature in the ____.

A

Thymus

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33
Q

Two types of T-cells

A
  1. Tc (cytotoxic)

2. Th (helper)

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34
Q

Directly kills infected cells and tumor (cancer) cells

A

Tc (cytotoxic)

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35
Q

Divides & secreted cytokines that help immune response

A

Th (Helper)

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36
Q

Stimulates B-cells and Tc to proliferate

A

Th (Helper)

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37
Q

In Cell-Mediated Immunity, T-cells fight ____ viruses, fungi, parasites, and ___.

A

intracellular

cancer

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38
Q

In Humoral-Mediated Immunity, B-cells fight circulating ___ and ___ infections.

A

bacteria

viral

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39
Q

Formation of a clone/copy of B-cells

A

Clonal Selection

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40
Q

Substances recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses

A

Antigen (Ags)

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41
Q

Y-shaped molecule

Also, immunoglobulins (Igs)

A

Antibody

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42
Q

Organs of the Upper Respiratory System (4)

A
  1. Nose & Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx (Throat)
  3. Larynx (Voice box)
  4. Upper Trachea (Wind pipe)
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43
Q

Organs of the Lower Respiratory System (7)

A
  1. Lower Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Alveoli
  5. Lungs
  6. Pleural Membranes
  7. Muscles of Respiration
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44
Q

Routes food and liquid into the Esophagus

A

Epiglottis

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45
Q

The voice box is located in the ___.

A

Larynx

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46
Q

Blocks food and liquid from entering the Trachea (airways)

A

Epiglottis

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47
Q

The Trachea divides into the right ___ and left ____.

A

right primary bronchus

left primary bronchus

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48
Q

The point of division of the Bronchi is called the ___.

A

carina

49
Q

The ___ conducts air to the Bronchioles.

A

Bronchi

50
Q

Smooth muscle that regulates air flow to the Alveoli

A

Bronchioles

51
Q

Single layered membrane; grape-like structure

A

Alveoli

52
Q

Air sacs that where O2 and CO2 are exchanged

A

Alveoli

53
Q

Intrapleural Space (Pleural Cavity) contains ____ fluid.

A

lubricating

54
Q

Pleural fluid does two things

A
  1. reduces friction between membranes

2. causes surface to adhere (surface tension)

55
Q

2 Factors that OPPOSE lung expansion

A
  1. Elastic recoil

2. Surface tension

56
Q

Factor that PROMOTES lung expansion

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure

57
Q

Negative Intrapleural Pressure overcomes ___ and ___.

A

elastic recoil

surface tension

58
Q

What role do surfactants play in respiration?

A

Breaks up Surface Tension

59
Q

A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins in Alveolar Fluid

A

Surfactants

60
Q

“As volume changes, pressure changes”

A

Boyle’s Law

61
Q

The amount of air you breathe while at rest (volume of one breath)

A

Tidal Volume (V T)

62
Q

Hoe much MORE you can increase your respiration (Additional inhaled air when taking a deep breath)

A

Inspiratory Reserve

63
Q

Additional amount of exhaled air (normal inhalation with forced exhalation)

A

Expiratory Reserve

64
Q

Air remaining in lungs

A

Residual Volume

65
Q

Respiratory rates are controlled by (2)

A
  1. Nervous System (brain) Control

2. Chemical Control

66
Q

Four layers of the GI Tract

A
  1. Mucosal
  2. Submucosal
  3. Muscle
  4. Serosal
67
Q

System referred to as the “Brain of the Gut”

A

Enteric Nervous System

68
Q

Salivary Glands secrete ___ that begins the breakdown to starches in the mouth.

A

Salivary Amylase

69
Q

Air, food and liquids all pass through the ____.

A

Pharynx (throat)

70
Q

Contraction of the ___ and ___ in the Pharynx help propel food into the Esophagus.

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

71
Q

Secretes mucus and transports food into the Stomach; involved in DEGLUTINATION

A

Esophagus

72
Q

The ends of the Esophagus forms the ___ and the ___.

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

Lower esophageal sphincter

73
Q

The Lower Esophageal Sphincter separates the ___ from the ____.

A

stomach

small intestine

74
Q

If the LES does not close completely, it will cause ____.

A

stomach contents to back up into esophagus (GERD)

75
Q

The act of swallowing

A

Deglutination

76
Q

Parts of the Stomach (7)

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Pylorus
  4. Pyloric Sphincter
  5. Lesser Curvature
  6. Greater Curvature
  7. Rugae
77
Q

Large folds of the Stomach

A

Rugae

78
Q

Three Muscles of the Stomach

A
  1. Longitudinal
  2. Circulatory
  3. Oblique
79
Q

Waves of muscle contraction/relaxation that pushes food from mouth to anus

A

Peristalsis

80
Q

Food after it is mixed inside the Stomach

A

chyme

81
Q

3 parts of Sm Intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jujunum
  3. Ileum
82
Q

Absorption occurs in the ____ part of the small intestine.

A

first 1/3

83
Q

Circular folds (of small intestine) that increase surface area for digestion and absorption

A

Villi and Microvilli

84
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
85
Q

Gas exchange occurs where

a. alveoli
b. bronchi
c. pleural space

A

a. alveoli

86
Q

The epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering the Trachea.

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

87
Q

Which is a function of the Lymphatic System?

a. Transporting fats to the blood
b. Immunity
c. Transporting excess interstitial fluid
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

88
Q

Innate Immunity includes mechanical ad chemical barriers.

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

89
Q

Which of the factors oppose lung expansion?

a. elastic recoil
b. surface tension
c. negative intrapleural space
d. a & b

A

d. a & b

90
Q

Which of the following is responsible for long-term immunity?

a. Effector Cells
b. Memory Cells
c. Antobodies

A

b. Memory Cells

91
Q

Helper T-cells activate which types of immune cells?

a. cytotoxic T-cells
b. B-cells
c. a & b

A

c. a & b

92
Q

Lymph vessels contain valves

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

93
Q

Antibodies are produces by B-cells in response to antigens

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

94
Q

Relaxation in the diaphragm and intercostal muscle causes the thoracic cavity to

a. decrease in volume
b. increase in volume

A

a. decrease in volume

95
Q

The skin and mucous membranes make up the

a. first line of defense
b. second line of defense
c. third line of defense
d. both a & b

A

a. first line of defense

96
Q

Surfactants help to promote lung expansion by

a. breaking up surface tension
b. reducing elastic recoil
c. producing negative intrapleural space

A

a. breaking up surface tension

97
Q

An antibody binds to antigens signaling other cells to destroy a pathogen

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

98
Q

T and B Lymphocytes must bind to specific antigens before they become activated

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

99
Q

Lymph fluid moves through the lymph vessels due to

a. skeletal muscle contraction
b. smooth muscle contraction
c. respiration
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

100
Q

Antibodies received from the mother or plasma therapies is

a. passive immunity
b. active immunity

A

a. passive immunity

101
Q

What structure allows the stomach to easily expand?

a. Fundus
b. Rugae
c. Pylorus

A

???

102
Q

The site of water and fluid absorption is

a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. large intestine

A

b. small intestine

103
Q

The gallbladder

a. produces bile
b. stores bile
c. produces digestive hormones
d. b & c

A

b. stores bile

104
Q

Enzymes that digest proteins are

A

proteases

105
Q

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates are called

A

amylases

106
Q

Enzymes that digest fats

A

lipases

107
Q

bile is needed for the digestion of

A

fat

108
Q

vitamin synthesis by the intestinal bacteria occurs in the

A

large intestine

109
Q

the pancreas produces

a. insulin
b. proteases
c. amylases
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

110
Q

bile is produced by the

A

liver

111
Q

end products of digestion are first sent to the liver for processing

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

112
Q

the innermost layer of the digestive tract is called

a. mucosal
b. submucosal
c. serosal

A

a. mucosal

113
Q

vitamin c dificiency

A

scurvy

114
Q

vitamin a deficiency

A

night-blindness

115
Q

the stomach controls the rate of gastric emptying

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

116
Q

iodine deficiency

A

goiter, developmental delays

117
Q

calcium deficiency

A

hypocalcemia/osteoporosis

118
Q

potassium deficiency

A

delayed clotting time in excessive bleeding

119
Q

folic acid deficiency

A

macrocytic anemia and neural tube defects

120
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

rickets

121
Q

the only ways to develop immunity are to be exposed to a pathogen or be vaccinated for it

a. true
b. false

A

b. false

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