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From Flashcardlet > A&P Chapter 12 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Elaboration of the rostral or anterior portion of the CNS, an increase in the number of neurons in the head

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3
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

The brain and spinal cord begin as this embryonic structure

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4
Q

What is rostral?

A

Anterior

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5
Q

What is caudal?

A

Posterior

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6
Q

How does the neural tube compartmentalize?

A

The rostral end expands and constrictions appear that mark off three primary brain vesicles

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7
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles that result from the neural tube?

A
  1. Forebrain - prosencephalon
  2. Midbrain - mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain - rhombencephalon
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8
Q

What does the caudal portion of the neural tube become?

A

Develops into the spinal cord

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9
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles of the forebrain (prosencephalon)?

A

Telencephalon - endbrain

Diencephalon - interbrain

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10
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles of the hindbrain (mesencephalon)?

A

Metencephalon - afterbrain

Myelencephalon - spinal brain

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11
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles of the midbrain (rhombencephalon)?

A

The midbrain does not divide

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12
Q

What happens once the primary brain vesicles form?

A

They rapidly develop to produce the major structures of the adult brain

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13
Q

Where does the greatest development occur?

A

The greatest change occurs in the telencephalon which sprouts two mickey mouse ears resulting the the two cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and retina

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15
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

Midbrain

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16
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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17
Q

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

Medulla

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18
Q

What does the central cavity of the neural tube develop into?

A

It enlarges in four areas to form the fluid filled ventricles

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19
Q

Why does the brain fold?

A

Because the brain grows faster than the skull so it folds to occupy more space

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20
Q

What vesicle arises from the telencephalon?

A

Lateral

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21
Q

What vesicle arises from the diencephalon?

A

Third

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22
Q

What vesicle arises from the mesencephalon?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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23
Q

What vesicle arises from the metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A

Fourth

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24
Q

What do the convolutions of the brain do?

A

The increase the surface area and allow more neurons to occupy a limited space

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25
Q

What are the four major regions of the adult brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
  4. Diencephalon
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26
Q

Where are the gray and white matter in the brain?

A

Gray matter - cortex on the outer periphery

White matter - inside

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27
Q

What is found in gray matter?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

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28
Q

What is found in white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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29
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum and cerebellum of gray matter?

A

Cortex

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30
Q

What are the ventricles filled with? What are the ventricles lined with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid, ependymal cells

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31
Q

What structure separated the lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

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32
Q

How does the pair of lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?

A

The interventricular foramen, or foramen of Monroe

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33
Q

What is the third ventricle located above? What is the third ventricle located between?

A

Above the hypothalamus, between the thalamic nuclei

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34
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth?

A

Cerebral aqueduct, or the aqueduct of Sylvius

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35
Q

What are the three openings of the fourth ventricle?

A 
Lateral apertures (2)
Median aperture
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36
Q

What is the other name for the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle? Where are they located?

A

The foramen of Magendie, located on the side walls of the fourth ventricle

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37
Q

What is the other name for the median aperture of the fourth ventricle? Where is it located?

A

Foramen of Luschka, located on the roof of the fourth ventricle

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38
Q

Where does the fourth ventricle lie?

A

Between the brainstem and the cerebellum

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39
Q

Where does CSF travel through the spinal cord?

A

The central canal

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40
Q

What structure reabsorbs CSF back into the blood stream?

A

Arachnoid villa

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41
Q

What does the arachnoid villa look like?

A

Fingerlike extensions that project into the venous sinuses of the dura

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42
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

The choroid plexuses

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43
Q

Where are choroid plexuses found?

A

In the superior portion of ventricles

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44
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  1. Mechanical/chemical protection

2. Circulation - exchange of nutrients and waste products

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45
Q

What elements are including in CSF analysis?

A
  1. Opening pressure
  2. Color
  3. Cell count and differential
  4. Gram stain
  5. Culture
  6. Protein level
  7. Glucose level
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46
Q

What color is normal CSF? What color is abnormal?

A

Normal - clear

Abnormal - yellow, orange, pink, green

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47
Q

What structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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48
Q

What are gyri?

A

Elevated ridges of tissue

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49
Q

What are gyri separated by?

A

Shallow grooves called sulci

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50
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Deeper groove that separates large portions of the brain

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51
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Separates the cerebral hemispheres

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52
Q

What is the transverse cerebral fissure?

A

Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below

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53
Q

How many lobes is each cerebral hemisphere divided into?

A

5

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54
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Between the frontal and parietal lobes

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55
Q

What is the precentral sulcus?

A

Anterior to the central sulcus

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56
Q

What is the postcentral sulcus?

A

Posterior to the central sulcus

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57
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

Between the occipital and parietal lobes, lies deep

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58
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

Outlines the temporal lobe and separates the parietal and the frontal lobes

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59
Q

Where is the insula?

A

Buried deep within the lateral sulcus

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60
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
  5. Insula
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61
Q

What cortex is found in the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

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62
Q

What cortex is found in the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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63
Q

What part of the skull does the frontal lobe sit in?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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64
Q

What part of the skull does the temporal lobe sit in?

A

Middle cranial fossa

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65
Q

What part of the skull does the brain stem and cerebellum sit in?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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66
Q

What are basal nuclei (WM/GM? Where are they located)?

A

Islands of gray matter situated deep with the white matter

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67
Q

What do association areas function in?

A

Emotional and intellectual processes

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68
Q

What do the basal ganglia function in?

A

Coordination of gross, automatic muscle movement and regulation of muscle tone

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69
Q

What does the limbic system function in?

A

Emotional aspects of behavior related to survival

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70
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A
  1. Right side’s: sensory signals, muscles, and images
  2. Reasoning
  3. Numerical and scientific skills
  4. Ability to use and understand sign language
  5. Spoken and written language
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71
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A
  1. Left side’s: sensory signals, muscles, and images
  2. Musical and artistic awareness
  3. Space and pattern perception
  4. Recognition of faces and emotion on faces
  5. Generating emotional content of language
  6. Generating mental images to compare spatial relationships
  7. Identifying and discriminating among odors
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72
Q

What are the three areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor cortex, Broca’s motor speech area, prefrontal eye field area

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73
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

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74
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organized?

A

Somatotopic organization

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75
Q

What is somatotopic organization?

A

It is the point for point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific area of the CNS

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76
Q

What are larger areas of the primary motor cortex devoted to? What is an example?

A

Larger areas for muscle groups that do skilled motions (example, hands and mouth)

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77
Q

What does Broca’s area produce?

A

Speech

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78
Q

Which hemisphere is Broca’s area usually found in?

A

Left

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79
Q

What does damage to the Broca’s area result it?

A

Broca’s aphasia or expressive aphasia, comprehension is fine, but the patient has difficulty articulating

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80
Q

What does the prefrontal eye field area control?

A

Voluntary eye movement

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81
Q

What personal characteristics are controlled by the frontal lobe?

A

Behavior and personality

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82
Q

What are the major areas of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex, primary gustatory area

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83
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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84
Q

How is the primary somatosensory cortex organized?

A

Somatotopic organization

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85
Q

What are larger areas of the primary somatosensory cortex devoted to? What is an example?

A

Body areas with a larger number of sensory receptors (example, fingertips and mouth)

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86
Q

What is the major area of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex

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87
Q

What are the primary areas of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory area, Wernicke’s area

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88
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area precisely located?

A

Within the temporal and parietal lobes

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89
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

It interprets the meaning of words - provides comprehension

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90
Q

What does damage to the Wernicke’s area result in?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia or receptive aphasia - trouble with comprehension

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91
Q

What does the insula function in?

A

Interoception, gut feelings, info about homeostatic balance, addiction, emotions

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92
Q

What is interoception?

A

Somatic sensation that is oriented inward or viscerally

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93
Q

What are some examples of places to feel interoception?

A

Heart, lungs, GI tract

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94
Q

What are some examples of gut feelings?

A

Hunger, thirst, air hunger

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95
Q

What are some examples of information about homeostatic balance?

A

Temperature, pain, sexual arousal, itch, muscle ache, crude to touch, sensual touch

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96
Q

What two things coemerge at the insula?

A

Conscious physical sensation and conscious emotional awareness

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97
Q

What are some examples of emotions that arise from the insula?

A

Love/lust, hate, disgust, humiliation, guilt, gratitude

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98
Q

What kind of neurons are found in the cerebral cortex?

A

Interneurons

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99
Q

What does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Conscious mind - awareness of self, sensation, communication, understanding, voluntary movement

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100
Q

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

A

6 layers - 40% of the brains mass

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101
Q

What are the three kinds of cortex areas?

A

Sensory, motor, association

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102
Q

Where is the cortex found (lobe)?

A

All lobes of the brain

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103
Q

What is the cortex connected by?

A

Association fibers

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104
Q

What is the function of the cortex in relation to the adjacent lobe?

A

It helps give meaning and interpretation to the info that arrives at primary areas (motor, visual, auditory, sensory)

105
Q

What are association tracts?

A

Horizontal axons in the white matter that connect gyri in the same hemisphere

106
Q

What might short association tracts connect? Long tracts?

A

Short - adjacent gyri

Long - different lobes

107
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Horizontal axons in the white matter that connect gyri in one hemisphere to the other hemisphere

108
Q

What is the largest commissural tract?

A

Corpus callosum

109
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

Vertical axons in the white matter that connect lower brain centers with higher centers and visa versa

110
Q

What are two examples of projection tracts?

A
  1. Internal capsule

2. Corona radiata

111
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

At the top of the brain stem where fibers form a compact band passing between the thalamus and the basal nuclei

112
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Where fibers radiate fanlike through the cerebral white matter to the cortex

113
Q

What is another word for the basal nuclei?

A

Basal ganglia - nuclei is a better term because they are located in the CNS

114
Q

What are the three basal ganglia?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globis pallidus
115
Q

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia? Therefore, what area of the brain do the basal ganglia rely on?

A

Motor function, relies on sensory input of the thalamus

116
Q

What is the striatum?

A

The caudate nucleus and the putamen (the internal capsule fibers pass through making it look striated)

117
Q

What is the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globis pallidus

118
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and globis pallidus

119
Q

What is located at the end of the tail of the caudate nucleus?

A

Amygdala

120
Q

What are the five motor ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globis pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei

121
Q

Where do all impulses begin and end?

A

The cortex (cortex - putamen - circuit - thalamus - cortex)

122
Q

What does the basal ganglia function in?

A
  1. Regulating the initiation and termination of motor movement
  2. Controlling subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle (posture, arm swinging, gait)
  3. Initiating and terminating some cognitive processes
  4. May act with limbic system to regulate emotional behaviors
  5. May play role in OCD, schizo, anxiety, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases
123
Q

When do putamen neurons fire?

A

Prior to body movement

124
Q

When do caudate nucleus neurons fire?

A

Prior to eye movement

125
Q

What neurotransmitter does the substantia nigra release?

A

Dopamine

126
Q

How does a person have trouble with walking if they have Parkinson’s?

A

They have trouble getting started walking, and once they have started they have trouble stopping (may walk until they fall)

127
Q

What is balismus?

A

Uncontrollable arm swinging

128
Q

How does a person have trouble controlling subconscious contractions if they have a basal ganglia disorder?

A

Huntington’s disease - they have a resting tremor, and when they start to do something the tremor decreases

129
Q

Why does a dopamine deficient patient show symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine helps control muscle movement

130
Q

What does the thalamus look like?

A

Paired oval masses of gray matter with interspersed tracts of white matter

131
Q

What is the gray matter of the thalamus called?

A

Thalamic nuclei

132
Q

What is the white matter of the thalamus called?

A

Internal medullary lamina

133
Q

What ventricle is associated with the thalamus?

A

Third

134
Q

What is the name for the structure that connects the right and left thalamus?

A

Massa intermedia - intermediate mass, interthalamic adhesion

135
Q

How much of the diencephalon is the thalamus %?

A

80%

136
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A thick band of WM that runs immediately lateral the the thalamic nuclei that carries ascending sensory fibers and descending motor fibers

137
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  1. Primary relay station for sensory info in route to the cerebral cortex
  2. Transmits neural info from basal ganglia and cerebellum to motor cortex
  3. Plays role in autonomic functions and level of consciousness
138
Q

How are the fibers of the thalamus specific?

A

Each nucleus has specific function and projects fibers to and receives fibers from a specific region of the brain

139
Q

How much of the sensory input runs through the thalamus?

A

All of it - afferent impluses from all senses and body parts converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei

140
Q

What ventricle is associated with the hypothalamus?

A

Third

141
Q

What gland hands off of the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary

142
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

143
Q

What are the four main regions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Mammilary region
  2. Tuberal region
  3. Supraoptic region
  4. Preoptic region
144
Q

What is the mammilary region of the hypothalamus?

A

The relay station for olfactory pathways

145
Q

What is located in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum

146
Q

What nuclei are located near the supraoptic region?

A

Nuclei near the optic chiasm

147
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Regulator of homeostasis -controls autonomic NS
  2. Regulates emotional/behavioral patterns
  3. Regulates eating and drinking
  4. Controls body temperature
  5. Regulates circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
  6. Monitors blood glucose levels, osmotic pressure, hormone concentrations, temp of blood
  7. Physical response to emotions
148
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the endocrine system?

A

Releasing of inhibitory and excitatory hormones, oxytocin, ADH (antidiuretic hormone - causes kidneys to retain water)

149
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the autonomic nervous system?

A

heart rate, smooth/cardiac muscle and gland secretion, contraction of GI tract, endocrine system

150
Q

What does the epithalamus consist of?

A

Pineal gland and habenular nuclei

151
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

152
Q

What does the pineal also regulate?

A

Sleep cycles

153
Q

What does the habenular nucleus regulate?

A

Emotional response to smell

154
Q

What do the subthalamic nuclei connect to?

A

The motor areas of the cortex

155
Q

What are two examples of subthalamic nuclei?

A

Substantia nigra and red nucleus

156
Q

Where does Parkinson’s arise in the brain?

A

The substantia nigra - affected ability to produce dopamine

157
Q

How many cranial nerves are found in the brain stem?

A

10 out of 12

158
Q

What are the white matter tracts of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles

159
Q

What are crus cerebri?

A

Located in the cerebral peduncles, contain large pyramidal motor tracts descending towards the spinal cord

160
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles connect?

A

The midbrain and the cerebellum dorsally

161
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Roof of the midbrain

162
Q

What separates the cerebral peduncles from the tectum?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

163
Q

What are the rounded elevations in the midbrain called?

A

Colliculi

164
Q

What are the superior colliculi involved with?

A

Vision

165
Q

What are the inferior colliculi involved with?

A

Hearing

166
Q

What is the largest midbrain nucleus?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

167
Q

What are the two pigmented nuclei that are embedded in each side of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra and red nucleus

168
Q

Why is the substantia nigra called its name?

A

It is dark in color due to the high concentration of melanin

169
Q

What is melanin a precursor for?

A

Dopamine

170
Q

Why is the red nucleus called by its name?

A

It is red due to the rich blood supply and presence of iron pigment in the neurons

171
Q

What do the fibers of the red nucleus do?

A

They work with the motor cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum to regulate motor movement

172
Q

Where does the midbrain relay motor impulses to and from?

A

Motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons

173
Q

Where does the midbrain relay sensory impulses to and from?

A

From the spinal cord to the thalamus

174
Q

Where is the red nucleus embedded?

A

The reticular formation

175
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A system of small nuclei scattered through the core of the brain stem, functioning to maintain consciousness

176
Q

What does pons mean?

A

Bridge

177
Q

What are the white matter tracts of the pons?

A

Ascending sensory
Descending motor
Transverse and dorsal connect the cerebellum

178
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Regulation of heart rate and breathing rate

179
Q

What area does the pons share functions with?

A

Medulla

180
Q

What are the two areas of the pons that helping control breathing?

A

Pneumotaxic area and apneustic area

181
Q

Where does the medulla oblongata become the spinal cord?

A

At the level of the foramen magnum

182
Q

What is special about the medulla’s white matter tracts?

A

Ascending sensory fibers (normal)

Descending motor fibers - decussation of the pyramids

183
Q

What is decussation and what is its implication?

A

Crossing, means that movement is controlled for the opposite side of the body

184
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Cardiovascular center - regulation of heart beat, blood vessel diameter
Respiratory center - regulation of breathing rate
Involuntary responses like coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, vomiting, swallowing

185
Q

What are the medulla’s nuclei associated with?

A

Transmission of proprioception and vibration, discriminative touch

186
Q

What are the two nuclei associated with the medulla?

A

Nucleus gracile and nucleus cuneatus

187
Q

What is the vermis?

A

The midline portion of the cerebellum

188
Q

What is the function of the vermis?

A

Provides postural control and stability for head and trunk (axial control)

189
Q

What do the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum control?

A

Extremities - appendicular

190
Q

What does the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum control?

A

Equilibrium and balance

191
Q

What are folia?

A

Gray matter ridges of the cerebellar cortex

192
Q

What is the arbor vitae?

A

White matter tracts below the cerebellar cortex

193
Q

What are the white matter tracts of the cerebellum called?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles

194
Q

Are the cerebellar peduncles ipsilateral or bilateral?

A

Ipsilateral - they control the same side of the body

195
Q

Where does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

The midbrain

196
Q

Where does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

The pons

197
Q

Where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

The medulla

198
Q

What are the five cerebellar cells?

A
  1. Purkinje
  2. Granule
  3. Stellate
  4. Basket
  5. Golgi
199
Q

What cell is the sole output of the cerebellum and is only made up of axons?

A

Purkinje

200
Q

What cells provide input to the purkinje cell?

A

Granule, stellate, golgi, basket cells

201
Q

What is the most numerous neuron in the brain?

A

Granule cell

202
Q

What is the largest neuron in the brain?

A

Purkinje cell

203
Q

What does the granule cell’s axon look like?

A

It runs vertically and makes multiple contacts with the overlying purkinje cell
The axon then splits into two segments that move in opposite directions and run through the arms of the Purkinje cell

204
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  1. One key area related to voluntary motor activity - smooth and coordinated movements
  2. Posture
  3. Balance
  4. Sensory systems
205
Q

How does the cerebellum control balance?

A

It works closely with the vestibular system’s proprioceptive pathways and vision

206
Q

How does the cerebellum ensure smooth and coordinated movement?

A

The motor movement initiated by pyramidal cells in the motor cortex are modified based on the cerebellar role of “comparator”

207
Q

How is the cerebellum involved in sensory systems?

A

Short term memory, attention, impulse control, emotions, ability to schedule and plan tasks

208
Q

How do cerebral and cerebellar pathways cross (contrast)?

A

Cerebral pathways cross - controlling opposite side of the body
Cerebellar pathways cross and recross - controlling the same side of the body

209
Q

What would happen if you had cerebral damage to the right hemisphere?

A

Weakness in the left side of your body

210
Q

What would happen if you had cerebellar damage to the right hemisphere?

A

Weakness in the right side of your body

211
Q

What specifically does cerebral damage result in?

A
  1. Incoordinated movement
  2. Gait ataxia
  3. Dysmetria
  4. Difficulty with rapidly alternating movement
212
Q

What is the term for difficulty with rapidly alternating movement?

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

213
Q

What is dymetria?

A

Overshooting or undershooting your target

214
Q

What does the limbic system look like?

A

The ring of structures at the inner portion of the cerebrum and parts of the diencephalon

215
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Parahippocampal gyrus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
  5. Denate gyrus
  6. Septal nuclei
  7. Mammary bodies
  8. Several thalamic nuclei
  9. Olfactory bulb
  10. Fornix
216
Q

What is the fornix?

A

It links the hypothalamus and the anterior thalamic nuclei (it links the limbic system structures together)

217
Q

What does the angulate gyrus do?

A

Expresses emotions through gestures, resolves mental conflicts when frustrated

218
Q

What does the hippocampus function in? What other structure functions in this?

A

Memory with the amygdala

219
Q

What does the amygdala function in?

A

Responds to perceived threats, like angry or fearful facial expressions

220
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Three connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the CNS

221
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A
  1. Cover and protects the CNS
  2. Protects blood vessels and encloses venous sinuses
  3. Contains CSF
  4. Forms partitions in the skull
222
Q

What is the order of the meninges, from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

223
Q

What does dura mater mean?

A

Tough mother

224
Q

What kind of CT is the dura mater?

A

Dense irregular

225
Q

What is the dural septa?

A

It extends inward to form a partition that divides the cranial cavity

226
Q

What is the falx cereberi?

A

A part of the dura mater that runs along the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres

227
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

A part of the dura mater that runs between the cerebellar hemispheres

228
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The part of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

229
Q

What kind of CT makes up the arachnoid mater?

A

Delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

230
Q

Is the arachnoid mater loose or tight on the brain?

A

Loose, it never dips into the sulci

231
Q

What do the extensions of the subarachnoid space do?

A

They attach and secure the arachnoid mater to the underlying pia mater

232
Q

What is located in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF and blood vessels

233
Q

What is the arachnoid villa and where does it protrude?

A

It protrudes through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus to absorb CSF into the venous blood of the sinus

234
Q

What does pia mater mean?

A

Gentle mother

235
Q

What does the pia mater have a lot of through out?

A

Tiny blood vessels

236
Q

Is the pia mater loose or tight on the brain?

A

Tight, it clings like cellophane, following every convolution

237
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Saw toothed modifications of the pia mater that merge with the arachnoid and dura maters to stabilize the spinal cord against displacement

238
Q

What levels does the spinal cord extend to and from?

A

From the foramen magnum to L1 or L2

239
Q

What three things protect the spinal cord?

A
  1. Bone
  2. Meninges
  3. CSF
240
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space extend to on the spinal cord? What is its clinical implication?

A

It extends to S2, making this an ideal spot for CSF removal (Lumbar puncture/tap)

241
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Inferiorly where the spinal cord terminates in a tapering cone shape

242
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Fibrous extension of the conus medullaris covered by pia mater, extending from the conus to the coccyx, anchoring the spinal cord

243
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

244
Q

Where are there enlargements of the spinal cord? What do these enlargements serve?

A

Cervical and lumbar enlargements, areas serve the upper and lower limbs

245
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

246
Q

Why isn’t the cauda equina covered by the vertebral column?

A

During fetal development, the verebral column grower faster than the spinal cord forcing the lower nerves to chase

247
Q

What do the anterior and lateral ascending sensory fiber tracts of the spinal cord function in?

A

Pain, temperature, itching, tickling, deep pressure, crude touch

248
Q

What do the posterior (dorsal) ascending sensory fiber tracts of the spinal cord function in?

A

Proprioception, vibration, light pressure, discriminative touch, two point discrimination

249
Q

What is the name of the deep groove of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral median fissure

250
Q

What is the name of the shallow groove of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal median sulcus

251
Q

Where is the gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Gray butterfly inside, white outside

252
Q

What are the wings of the butterfly called?

A

Posterior and anterior horns

253
Q

What is the gray commissure?

A

It connects the two sides of the spinal cord and encloses the central canal

254
Q

Where are the lateral horns found?

A

The thoracic and superior lumbar cord have additional smaller lateral horns (T1-L2)

255
Q

What are the direct pathways of the descending motor tracts of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts

2. Corticobulbar

256
Q

What do the direct descending motor pathways function in?

A

Carrying impulses for voluntary movement

257
Q

What are the indirect pathways of the descending motor tracts of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Rubrospinal
  2. Tectospinal
  3. Vestibulospinal
258
Q

What do the indirect descending motor pathways function in?

A

Carrying impulses for automatic movement, coordination of movement with vision, postural tone, and equilibrium

259
Q

Why is a pathway called direct?

A

Because in this pathway the axon descends without synapsing from the pyramidal neurons to the spinal cord

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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