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From Flashcardlet > A&P Chapter 14 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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2
Q

What are some functions of the ANS?

A
  1. Nerves make adjustments
  2. Shunts blood to needy areas
  3. Speeds or slows HR
  4. Adjusts BP
  5. Adjusts temperature
  6. Increases or decreases stomach secretions
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3
Q

Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system’s axon look like?

A

Heavily myelinated with one neuron

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system’s axon look like?

A

Preganglionic fiber is heavily myelinated
Postganglionic fiber is nonmyelinated
Two neurons

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6
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron reside?

A

Brain or spinal cord

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7
Q

Where does the postganglionic neuron reside?

A

The cell body is in an autonomic ganglion outside of the CNS

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8
Q

Which is thinner, the pre or postganglionic fiber?

A

Postganglionic is thinner

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9
Q

Is conduction fast or slow in the ANS?

A

Slow conduction

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10
Q

What glands does the ANS innervate?

A
  1. Lacrimal
  2. Salivary
  3. Digestive
  4. Sweat
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11
Q

Is the ANS part of the sensory or motor division of the PNS?

A

Motor division

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12
Q

What NT are released by postganglionic fibers?

A

NE and Ach

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13
Q

What NT are released by preganglionic fibers?

A

Just Ach

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14
Q

Which fibers release Ach?

A

Preganglionic of para and sympathetic

Postganglionic of para

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15
Q

Which fibers release NE?

A

Postganglionic of sympathetic

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16
Q

What does a sympathetic nerve fiber look like?

A

Cell body –heavy myelinated —- Ach & cell body —nonmyelinated—– effector & NE

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17
Q

What does a parasympathetic nerve fiber look like?

A

Cell body –heavy myelinated —- Ach & cell body —nonmyelinated—– effector & Ach

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18
Q

What are the effectors of the ANS?

A

Viscera

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19
Q

What is the effect on the target organ dependent on?

A

The NT and the receptor type on the effector organ

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20
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

Both systems can affect the same organ but one stimulates and one inhibits the organ, producing a counterbalance

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21
Q

What is the slang term for the parasympathetic NS?

A

Rest and digest

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22
Q

What letter activities does the para NS control?

A

D activities:

  1. Digestion
  2. Defecation
  3. Diuresis (urination)
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23
Q

What does the para NS do to BP, HR, and respiration?

A

Decrease

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24
Q

What does the para NS do to GI activity?

A

Increase

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25
Q

What do the skin and pupils look like when the para NS is in control?

A

Warm skin, constricted pupils

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26
Q

What is the slang term for the sympathetic NS?

A

Fight or flight

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27
Q

What letter activities does the SNS control?

A

E activities:

  1. Exercise
  2. Excitment
  3. Emergency
  4. Embarassment
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28
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to BP, HR, and respiration?

A

Increase

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29
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to GI activity?

A

Decreases

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30
Q

What do the skin and pupils look like when the sympathetic NS is in control?

A

Skin is cold and sweaty, pupils dilate

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31
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to blood vessels?

A

Constricts them

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32
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to bronchioles?

A

Dilates them, increasing ventilation

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33
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to the liver?

A

Causes the liver to release more glucose to accommodate the increased energy needs

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34
Q

Where do para fibers originate?

A

Craniosacral

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35
Q

Are preganglionic fibers of the para NS short or long?

A

Long

36
Q

Are postganglionic fibers of the para NS short or long?

A

Short

37
Q

Where are the ganglia of the para NS located?

A

In visceral effectors

38
Q

Where do sympathetic fibers originate?

A

Thoracolumbar

39
Q

Are preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS short or long?

A

Short

40
Q

Are postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS short or long?

A

Long

41
Q

Where are the ganglia of the sympathetic NS located?

A

Close to the spinal cord

42
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the para NS?

A

III occulomotor, VII facial, IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus

43
Q

What are the ganglion and effector of CN III?

A

Ciliary ganglion, eye effector

44
Q

What is the action of CN III?

A

Focus on objects, pupils constrict and lens bulges

45
Q

What are the ganglion and effector of CN VII?

A

Pterygopalatin and submandibular ganglion, salivary, nasal, lacrimal glands effectors

46
Q

What are the ganglion and effector of CN IX?

A

Otic ganglion, parotid salivary gland effector

47
Q

What are the ganglion and effector of CN X?

A

Walls of target organs ganglion, heart, lungs, and most viscera effectors

48
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the preganglionic para NS to the head?

A

III, VII, IX

49
Q

Which cranial nerve supplied the postganglionic para NS?

A

Trigeminal V

50
Q

Where is the sacral outflow of the para NS?

A

S2 to S4

51
Q

What are the ganglion and effector of the sacral level?

A

Walls of target organs ganglion, LI, bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs effectors

52
Q

What are intramural ganglia?

A

Ganglia located in the walls of target organs

53
Q

What levels of the spinal cord innervate the sympathetic NS?

A

T1 to L2

54
Q

Where do the cell bodies of the sympathetic fibers arise?

A

Lateral horns of the spinal cord

55
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS pass?

A

Through the white rami communicantes

56
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS synapse?

A

The paravertebral ganglia (aka sympathetic trunk ganglion or sympathetic chain)

57
Q

What are the effectors of the sympathetic NS?

A 
Eye
Skin
Salivary glands
Lungs, heart, stomach, pancreas
Liver, gall bladder
Adrenal gland
Bladder
Genitals
58
Q

How many ganglia are part of the paravertebral ganglia?

A 
23:
3 cervical
11 thoracic
4 lumbar
4 sacral
1 coccygeal
59
Q

What are the three pathways the preganglionic sympathetic fiber could follow after entering the paravertebral ganglia?

A
  1. Synapse at same level
  2. Synapse at a higher or lower level
  3. Pass through the paravertebral ganglia without synapsing
60
Q

What NT do cholinergic fibers release?

A

Ach

61
Q

What NT do adrenergic fibers release?

A

NE or epinephrine

62
Q

Which fibers are cholingeric?

A

All preganglionic
Para postganglionic
Sympathetic postganglionic secreting to sweat glands

63
Q

Which fibers are adrenergic?

A

Sympathetic postganglionic

64
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic fibers?

A
  1. Nicotinic

2. Muscarinic

65
Q

What is the effect of Ach binding to nicotinic receptors, stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Stimulatory

66
Q

Where are nicotinic fibers found?

A
  1. Motor end plate
  2. Cell bodies and dendrites of all postganglionic neurons
  3. Hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla
67
Q

Where are muscarinic fibers found?

A

Para postganglionic neurons

68
Q

What is the effect of Ach binding to muscarinic receptors, stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Could be either depending on specific target organ’s receptors

69
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors and their subdivisions?

A

Alpha 1 and 2

Beta 1, 2, and 3

70
Q

What is dynamic antagonism?

A

Action potentials are continuously fired down both sympathetic and para axons, precisely controlling visceral activity

71
Q

Where might the integration center be located?

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron
  2. Dorsal horn interneuron
  3. Within the walls of the GI tract
72
Q

What neurons make up the efferent pathway?

A

Preganglionic and ganglionic neurons

73
Q

What body processes are influenced by antagonistic interactions of the para and sympathetic NSs?

A

Heart rate, respiratory rate, and GI tract activity

74
Q

What is sympathetic tone?

A

The continual state of partial constriction of the vascular system’s blood vessels

75
Q

What is another name for sympathetic tone?

A

Vasomotor tone

76
Q

What happens when BP is too low?

A

Sympathetic division will fire rapidly causing the blood vessels to constrict and the blood pressure to increase

77
Q

What are some unique roles of the sympathetic division?

A 
Adrenal medulla
Sweat glands
Arrector pili
Kidney release of renin 
Blood vessels
Metabolic effects
78
Q

What system is effected by the cooperative effects of the para and sympathetic divisions and how so?

A

Reproductive system:
Para - vasodilation of blood vessels causing erection
Sympathetic - ejaculation or contractions of vagina

79
Q

Does the para division produce short or long lasting effects, and localized or diffuse effects? Why?

A

Short lived, highly localized control, because Ach is quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase and it only synapses once

80
Q

Does the sympathetic division produce short or long lasting effects, and localized or diffuse effects? Why?

A

Long lasting, diffuse effects, because the preganglionic fibers branch profusely, it synapses several times, and NE is inactivated slowly (also adrenal secretes NE too)

81
Q

What is the integration center for all autonomic activity?

A

Hypothalamus

82
Q

What is the order of integration centers for the flow of autonomic activity?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Limbic system
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Brain stem
  5. Spinal cord
83
Q

What does the limbic system integrate?

A

Emotional input

84
Q

What does the brain stem integrate?

A

Regulates pupil size, heart, BP, airflow, and salivation

85
Q

What is the specific structure of the brain stem that integrates autonomic activity?

A

Reticular formation

86
Q

What does the spinal cord integrate?

A

Reflexes - urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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