Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > A&P Chapter 16 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the nervous and the endocrine systems?

A

Nervous - neurons and NT, milliseconds

Endocrine - hormones, lag of seconds to days, prolonged effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What major processes does the endocrine system control?

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth and development
  3. Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance in the blood
  4. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  5. Mobilization of body defenses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many receptors do target cells have?

A

2,000-100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do hormones exert their effect?

A

By binding to specific receptor sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the exocrine system?

A

Produces nonhormonal substances (sweat and saliva), has ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Ductless, produces hormones and secretes into the surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the endocrine glands of the body (5)?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of a neuroendocrine organ?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structures produce hormones but also have other functions?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Gonads
  3. Placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where might you find a few, scattered endocrine cells?

A
  1. Adipose cells
  2. Thymus
  3. Walls of organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Long distance chemical signal that travels in the blood or lymph throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is different about autocrines and paracrines?

A

They are short distance signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two (three) classifications for hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid based
  2. Steroid
  3. Eicosanoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the majority of hormones classified as?

A

Amino acid based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are steroids synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are two examples of steroidal hormones?

A
  1. Gonadal

2. Adrenocortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do hormones alter target cell activity (5)?

A
  1. Alter PM permeability or membrane potential by opening/closing ion channels
  2. Stimulate synthesis of enzymes and proteins
  3. De/activates enzymes
  4. Induces secretory activity
  5. Stimulates mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are two types of soluble hormones?

A
  1. Water soluble

2. Lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of hormones are water soluble?

A

All amino acid based except thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of hormones are lipid soluble?

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do water soluble hormones act?

A

On plasma membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do lipid soluble hormones act?

A

On receptors inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

The receptor/chaperone complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens when the lipid soluble hormone bind to the receptor chaperone complex?

A

They move to a specific site on DNA and results in transcription, ultimately translation for production of proteins to be used inside the cell or exported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What system does a water soluble hormone use?

A

Second messenger system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the first messenger?

A

The water soluble hormone (it doesn’t enter the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when the hormone binds to the receptor (what does it activate)?

A

It activates the G protein - the receptor changes shape when the hormone binds and so the receptor can now bind to the inactive G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the active G protein?

A

GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the inactive G protein?

A

GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two effector proteins?

A
  1. Adenylate cyclase

2. Phospholipase C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does adenylate cyclase do?

A

It converts ATP to cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the second messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

Activates protein Kinase A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do kinases do?

A

Phosphorylate proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What inactivates cAMP?

A

Phosphodiesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why does the second messenger system produce an amplified response?

A

A single adenylate cylase can generate many cAMPs, and a single kinase can phosphorylate many substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are G proteins stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Can be either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is phosphorylation stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Can be either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the second messenger of the PIP2 Calcium signaling mechanism?

A

Intracellular CA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the effector protein of the PIP2 Ca signaling mechanism?

A

Phospholipase C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does phospholipase C do?

A

Splits a membrane phospholipid called PIP2 (phophatidylinositol biphosphate) into two second messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the two second messengers phospholipase C creates?

A
  1. DAG - diacylglycerol

2. IP3 - Inositol triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does DAG do?

A

Activates protein kinase C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does IP3 do?

A

Releases Ca from intracellular storage sites (then Ca binds to cadmodulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What influences the target cell activation?

A
  1. Hormone binding to the receptor
  2. Blood levels of the hormone
  3. Number of receptors
  4. Affinity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What produces a pronounced hormonal effect (in terms of number or receptors and affinity)?

A

Large number of high affinity receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is up regulation?

A

Low levels of hormones cause the target to form more receptors (makes the target more sensitive to the hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is down regulation?

A

High levels of the hormone causes the target to decrease the number of receptors (desensitizes and decreases the responsiveness of the target tissue, which prevents overreaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What two forms do hormones circulate the blood in?

A

Free

Bound to carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does the hormone concentration in the blood reflect?

A
  1. Rate of release

2. Speed at which it is inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is half time?

A

The length of time for a hormone’s blood level to decrease by half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Which hormones have the shortest half life, water or lipid soluble?

A

Water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are three types of hormone interaction ( more than one hormone can act on a target organ at once)?

A
  1. Permisiveness
  2. Synergism
  3. Antagonism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is permisiveness?

A

One hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is synergism?

A

More than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and the combined effects are amplified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is antagonism?

A

One hormone opposes the action of another hormone, they compete for the same receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are three types of stimuli that trigger the manufacture and release of hormones?

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is a humoral stimulus?

A

Glands secrete their hormones in direct responses to changing blood level of certain critical ions and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a neural stimulus?

A

Nerves fibers stimulate hormone release (few examples of this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a hormonal stimulus?

A

Many endocrine glands release their hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is an example of a hormonal stimulus?

A

Most anterior pituitary hormones are triggered by hormones released by the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the other name for pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What structure connects the pituitary gland with the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What bone protects the pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural tissue

66
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Neurohormones that it receives ready-made from the hypothalamus

67
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?

A

The down growth of hypothalamic tissue maintains neural connection with the hypothalamus via this nerve bundle

68
Q

Where does the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract arise?

A

The paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

69
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Glial like supporting cells

70
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

The posterior pituitary and the infundibulum

71
Q

When is oxytocin released?

A

During childbirth and in nursing women

72
Q

What are the target cells of oxytocin?

A

Uterus - contraction of smooth muscle

Breast - milk let down

73
Q

What is another name for the antidiuretic hormone? Why?

A

Vasopressin, because it also causes vasoconstriction, increasing BP after blood loss

74
Q

What does the ADH do?

A

Prevents wise swings in water balance, and helps the body avoid dehydration or water overload

75
Q

What is the target hormone of ADH?

A

Specific cells in the kidney which results in reabsorption of water to ensure adequate blood volume and BP

76
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

77
Q

What type of tissue in the anterior pituitary?

A

True glandular tissue

78
Q

What are the six hormones the anterior pituitary release?

A
  1. Human growth hormone
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  4. Leteinizing hormone
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone
  6. Prolactin
79
Q

What structure controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

80
Q

What is a tropin?

A

Regulates the secretory action of other endocrine glands

81
Q

Which hormones are tropins?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

82
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary gland originate?

A

Rathke’s pouch

83
Q

What do all anterior pituitary hormones (except GH) use as a system to affect target cells?

A

cAMP second messenger systems

84
Q

What is another name for human growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

85
Q

What hormones influence the release of GH?

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone

2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

86
Q

What else does GHIH do

A

Blocks release of TSH

87
Q

Where else is GHIH produced?

A

In the gut, inhibiting the release of GI and pancreatic secretions

88
Q

What is the main function of GH?

A

To promote the synthesis and release of small protein hormones called insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

89
Q

Where are IGFs produced?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Cartilage
  4. Bone
90
Q

What is the major target of GH?

A

Bone and skeletal muscle

91
Q

What do IGFs do?

A

Stimulate actions required for growth, like uptake of nutrients from blood or the formation of collagen and deposition into the bone matrix

92
Q

What are indirect GH responsible for?

A

Growth promoting tasks

93
Q

What are direct GH responsible for?

A

Metabolic and anti-insulin tasks

94
Q

What does an IGF do for kids vs. adults?

A

In kids it increases the growth rate of bone and skeletal muscle, in adults it maintains bone and muscle mass and repairs injured tissues

95
Q

What are IGF’s metabolic effects?

A
  1. Inhibit the break down of protein for ATP synthesis
  2. Enhance lipolysis in adipose (FA generate ATP)
  3. Decrease glucose uptake into cells (Rather, neurons)
  4. Stimulates liver to release glucose to the blood
96
Q

When does the body experience the highest level of IGF?

A

During evening sleep

97
Q

When does the total IGF production peak in life?

A

During adolescence and declines with age

98
Q

What does hypersecretion of IGF in kids produce?

A

Gigantism - prior to closure of epiphyseal plate

99
Q

What does hypersecretion of IGF in adults produce?

A

Acromegaly - overgrowth of bony areas like hands, feet, and face that are still responsive to GH

100
Q

What usually causes hypersecretion of IGF?

A

Anterior pituitary tumor

101
Q

What does hyposecretion of IGF in kids produce?

A

Pituitary dwarfism - slows long bone growth, can replace with synthetic GH

102
Q

What does hyposecretion of IGF in adults produce?

A

Typically no effect

103
Q

What is another name for the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thypotropin

104
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ?

A

Thyroid

105
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?

A

Isthmus

106
Q

What does follicles produce?

A

Thyroglobulin

107
Q

What are follicles made up of (type of cell)?

A

Cudoidal and squamous cells

108
Q

What structure stores colloid?

A

The lumen of the follicle stores colloid

109
Q

What is colloid?

A

The sticky material made of hyroglobulin attached to iodine

110
Q

What is the thyroid pathway?

A
  1. Hypothalamus - thyrotropin releasing hormone
  2. Anterior pituitary - thyrotropin
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Target organs
111
Q

What does TSH do?

A
  1. Causes the release of stored hyroid hormones

2. Triggers the synthesis of new TH to be stored in the colloid

112
Q

What is created when iodine attaches to the tyrosine of thyrodlobulin?

A

Monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

Diiodotyrosine (DIT)

113
Q

What two substances produce T3?

A

MIT + DIT

114
Q

What two substances produce T4?

A

DIT + DIT

115
Q

What is T4 called?

A

Thyroxine

116
Q

Where is T4 converted into T3?

A

Peripheral tissues

117
Q

What is T3 called?

A

Triiodothyronine

118
Q

Which is the major hormone released by the thyroid gland, T3 or T4?

A

T4

119
Q

Which is the most physiologically active, T4 or T3?

A

T3

120
Q

How is thyroid hormone transported?

A

Binding of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), most body cells have TH receptors so there is a widespread effect

121
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate action of TH?

A

TH stimulates the use of oxygen in the process of generating ATP

122
Q

What is the calorigenic effect of the action of TH?

A

TH stimulates the synthesis of more Na K ATPase pumps, and as cells make more ATP, heat is given off

123
Q

What are the metabolic effects of TH?

A
  1. Stimulate protein synthesis
  2. Increase use of glucose and FA in ATP production
  3. Increase lypolysis
  4. Enhance cholesterol excretion
  5. Enhance action of NT like NE and Epi
  6. Increase HR and cardiac contractility
  7. Accelerate body growth
  8. Regulates for normal nervous system development
124
Q

What results when there is a deficiency of TH in nervous system development?

A

Cretinism - in infants, severe mental retardation and stunted growth

125
Q

What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

126
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Increased metabolic rate (HR, BP)
Hair/skin changes
Heat intolerance
Enhanced sweating

127
Q

What is myxedema?

A 
Low metabolic rate
Cold intolerance
Thick, dry skin
Coarse hair
Weight gain
Profound fatigue
Mental sluggishness
128
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

Paired glands superior to each kidney

129
Q

What are the two adrenal glands?

A
  1. Adrenal medulla (inner)

3. Adrenal cortex (outer)

130
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

C atecholamines like Epi, NE, and small amounts of dopamine

131
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Steroid hormones

132
Q

Where does the adrenal cortex derive from?

A

Mesoderm

133
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis (inner)
134
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone

135
Q

What do mineralocorticoids control?

A

The balance of minerals and water in the blood

136
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Glycocorticoids (metabolic hormones)

137
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Small amounts of gonadocorticoids

138
Q

What aregonadocorticoids?

A

Sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen

139
Q

What are some examples of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
  2. corticosterone
  3. Cortisone
140
Q

What is the pathway for the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
  2. Adrenocorticotropin hormone from anterior pituitary
  3. Target cells in adrenal cortex
141
Q

What is the action of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. Increase rate of protein breakdown to release amino acids
  2. Glucose formation
  3. Lypolysis
  4. Provide resistance to stress (more glucose available for ATP production, blood vessels more sensitive to other hormones)
  5. Anti inflammatory effects (inhibits WBCs and wound repair)
  6. Inhibits immune responses
142
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

143
Q

What does aldosterone control?

A
  1. Na and K regulation - Na reabsorbed into blood, K secreted into urine, therefore impacts blood volume and BP
  2. Promotes excretion of H+, therefore helps regulate blood pH
144
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas, endo or exocrine?

A

Both!

145
Q

What are the two types of cells in the pancreatic islets?

A
  1. Alpha (15%)

2. Beta (80%)

146
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

Glucagon

147
Q

What doe beta cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

148
Q

What happens when the blood glucose level is raised?

A

The pancreas secretes insulin, which stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells and stimulates glucose conversion to glycogen in the liver.

149
Q

What happens when the blood glucose level is lowered?

A

The pancreas secretes glucagon, which stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose

150
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A
  1. Accelerated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
  2. Speeds conversion of glucose to glycogen
  3. Increases uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins
  4. Speed synthesis of FA
  5. Slows glyconeogensis
  6. Anabolic
151
Q

What is another name for adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Corticotropin

152
Q

What is ACTH derived from?

A

The split of prohormone called POMC

153
Q

What does ACTH do?

A
  1. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids like glusocortoids
154
Q

What is the release of ACTH stimulated by?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

155
Q

What are two examples of gonadotropoins?

A

FSH and LH

156
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates production of gametes

157
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

Triggers ovulation and promotes the syntehsis of avarian hormones

158
Q

What does LF do in males?

A

Stimulates cells of testes to produce testosterone

159
Q

What stimulates gonadotropin release during puberty?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

160
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates milk production in breast

161
Q

What is prolactin controlled by?

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone, aka dopamine

162
Q

What stimulates PRL release?

A

Estrogen

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions