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From Flashcardlet > A&P Lab Exercise 12&13 > Flashcards

A&P Lab Exercise 12&13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

PNS and CNS

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2
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

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3
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

carry impulses away from the CNS

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4
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

carry impulses towards the CNS

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5
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Integrates and interprets incoming sensory impulses from the PNS and sends outgoing impulses along PNS motor pathways to stimulate appropriate effectors

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7
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

Detects changes in the internal and external environment

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8
Q

Where are nerve impulses sent along?

A

A neuron

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9
Q

What is an effector?

A

Muscle or gland of the body

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10
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue cells?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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11
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The cell that carries the nerve impulse

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12
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, association, and motor

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13
Q

What are the five functions of glial cells?

A
  1. Support and hold neurons in place
  2. Supply oxygen and nutrients
  3. Insulate neurons
  4. Destroy pathogens
  5. Modulate neurotransmission
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14
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, processes (axons and dendrites)

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15
Q

What do dendrites look like?

A

Short and branched

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16
Q

What do dendrites function in?

A

They function to receive impulses and carry the nerve impulse to the nerve cell body

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17
Q

How many axons does a cell have?

A

One

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18
Q

What does the axon function in?

A

Axons function to carry impulses away from the nerve cell body

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19
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The junction between two neurons

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20
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

The end of the axon where it branches into many tiny processes

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21
Q

What is the synaptic end bulb?

A

The axon terminal swells to form this structure that stores neurotransmitters

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22
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical responsible for the sending of the nerve impulse

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23
Q

What is the myelin sheath and what produces it?

A

Axons are covered in this lipoprotein layers which is produced by glial cells

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24
Q

What do bipolar sensory neurons function in?

A

Special sensory organs like olfactory mucosa and the retina of the eye

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25
Q

What do unipolar sensory neurons function in?

A

Mainly PNS dorsal root ganglia that are afferent sensory neurons sending impulses towards the CNS

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26
Q

What are the most abundant type of neuron?

A

Multipolar motor neurons

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27
Q

Which cells are smaller, neurons or glial cells?

A

Glial cells

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28
Q

Which cells are more abundant, neurons or glial cells?

A

Glial cells

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29
Q

What is white matter?

A

Areas in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) where myelinated axons are concentrated

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30
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Nonmyelinated nervous tissue in the CNS and ganglia (cell bodies and dendrites)

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31
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of myelinated nerve fibers in the CNS

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32
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundles of nerve cell fibers located in the PNS, either cranial or spinal

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33
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Nerve cell bodies grouped together within the PNS

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34
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Nerve cell bodies grouped together within the CNS

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35
Q

Where is the gray and white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Gray butterfly and white around the periphery

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36
Q

Where is the gray and white matter of the brain?

A

Gray cortex around the periphery and white matter inside

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37
Q

What are the grooves separating the spinal cord?

A

The ventral median fissure and the dorsal median sulcus

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38
Q

A

A

Cell body

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39
Q

B

A

Nucleolus

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40
Q

C

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

D

A

Dendrite

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42
Q

E

A

Axon Hillock

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43
Q

F

A

Axon

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44
Q

G

A

Schwann cell

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45
Q

H

A

Myelin sheath

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46
Q

I

A

Node of Ranvier

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47
Q

J

A

Collateral branch

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48
Q

K - two names

A

Axon terminals (telodendria)

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49
Q

L

A

Synaptic end bulb

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50
Q

M

A

Synapse

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51
Q

N

A

Synaptic vesicle

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52
Q

O

A

Calcium

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53
Q

P

A

Neurotransmitter

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54
Q

Q

A

Synapse

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55
Q

R

A

Receptor

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56
Q

1

A

Bipolar sensory neuron

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57
Q

2

A

Unipolar sensory neuron

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58
Q

3

A

Multipolar motor neuron

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59
Q

4

A

White matter

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60
Q

5

A

Gray matter

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61
Q

6

A

Dorsal median sulcus

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62
Q

7

A

Central canal

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63
Q

8

A

Ventral median fissure

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64
Q

9

A

Dorsal root

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65
Q

10

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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66
Q

11

A

Ventral root

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67
Q

12

A

Motor axon

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68
Q

13

A

Sensory axon

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69
Q

14

A

Effector

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70
Q

15

A

Receptor

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71
Q

16

A

Sensory cell body

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72
Q

17

A

Spinal nerve

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73
Q

Which root carries motor neurons?

A

Ventral

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74
Q

Which root carries sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal

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75
Q

What is a spinal nerve comprised of?

A

The fusion of the motor and sensory axons

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76
Q

What does the vertebral foramen house?

A

Spinal cord

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77
Q

What does the intervertebral foramen house?

A

Spinal nerves

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78
Q

AA

A

Frontal lobe

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79
Q

BB

A

Central sulcus

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80
Q

CC

A

Precentral gyrus

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81
Q

DD

A

Postcentral gyrus

82
Q

EE

A

Parietal lobe

83
Q

FF

A

Temporal lobe

84
Q

GG

A

Cerebellum

85
Q

HH

A

Brainstem

86
Q

II

A

Lateral cerebral sulcus (silvian fissure)

87
Q

JJ

A

Longitudinal fissure

88
Q

KK

A

Occipital lobe

89
Q

LL

A

Transverse fissure

90
Q

MM

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

91
Q

NN

A

Thinking, problem solving, planning

92
Q

OO

A

Word formation - Broca’s area

93
Q

PP

A

Primary motor area

94
Q

QQ

A

Primary sensory area

95
Q

RR

A

Primary visual area

96
Q

SS

A

Language - Wernicke’s area

97
Q

TT

A

Hearing

98
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The convoluted surface gray matter

99
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Fold of the gray matter

100
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Shallow grove between folds or gyri

101
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Depression in cerebral cortex deeper than a sulcus

102
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

103
Q

What is the transverse fissure?

A

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

104
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White transverse fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres

105
Q

What is the lateral cerebral sulcus?

A

Separates the frontal and temporal lobes

106
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

107
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

Suclus separating parietal and occipital lobes, seen deep

108
Q

What areas are located in the frontal lobe?

A

The primary motor area, Broca’s area, and the frontal eye field

109
Q

What areas are located in the parietal lobe?

A

The primary sensory area and the primary gustatory area

110
Q

What areas are located in the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory area, Wernicke’s area, olfactory area

111
Q

What areas are located in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual area, visual association area

112
Q

Where is the primary area for speech located?

A

The left temporal lobe

113
Q

What feelings does the insula regulate?

A

Gut feelings, addictions, medications

114
Q

What is the vermis?

A

The midline of the cerebellum

115
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Damage to the cerebellum causes a general disoriented movement

116
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Target movement, balance, coordination

117
Q

What is the gray matter of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

118
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebellum called?

A

Arbor vitae

119
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

From the lower part of the cerebrum to the pons

120
Q

What does the midbrain function in?

A

Reflex centers present for movement of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli

121
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum

122
Q

What does the pons function in ?

A

Areas that control respiration

123
Q

Where is the medulla located?

A

Below the pons and continues as the spinal cord

124
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

All the tracts between the brain and the spinal cord (and where the motor tracts cross)

125
Q

What does the medulla function in?

A

Reflex centers for heart rate, rhythm of breathing, and diameter of blood vessels

126
Q

20

A

Corpus callosum

127
Q

21

A

Pineal gland

128
Q

22

A

Midbrain

129
Q

23

A

Cerebellum

130
Q

24

A

Pons

131
Q

25

A

Medulla

132
Q

26

A

Spinal cord

133
Q

27

A

Folia

134
Q

28

A

Arbor vitae

135
Q

29

A

Epithalamus

136
Q

30

A

Thalamus

137
Q

31

A

Massa intermedia

138
Q

32

A

Septum palucidum

139
Q

33

A

Hypothalamus

140
Q

34

A

Pituitary gland

141
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

The epi, hypo, and thalamus

142
Q

What ventricle is associated with the diencephalon?

A

Third

143
Q

What bony structure protects the pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcica and the sphenoid bone

144
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

It is where the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate

145
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

Large oval mass located superior to the hypothalamus and below the cerebrum

146
Q

What does the thalamus function in?

A

Major relay station for all sensory impulses and pain pathways (except smell)

147
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Small area of the brain located inferior to the thalamus and superior to the infundibulum and optic chiasma

148
Q

What does the hypothalamus function in?

A

Controls pituitary gland (endocrine system), regulates temperature, detects hunger and thirst, influences sleep-wake cycles, and controls the autonomic nervous system

149
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Attach to the hypothalamus

150
Q

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

The stalk-like infundibulum

151
Q

What does the pituitary gland function in?

A

Regulates growth, reproduction, and many other body functions

152
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Pea sized gland located posterior to the third ventricle

153
Q

What does the pineal gland function in?

A

Secretion of melatonin

154
Q

40

A

Lateral ventricles

155
Q

41

A

Interventricular foramen

156
Q

42

A

Third ventricle

157
Q

43

A

Cerebral aqueduct

158
Q

44

A

Fourth ventricle

159
Q

What do the lateral ventricles function in?

A

Responsible for forming the CSF

160
Q

What specific structure is located in the lateral ventricles?

A

The choroid plexus which forms CSF

161
Q

What does the third ventricle function in?

A

More CSF production

162
Q

How does the CSF get from the third to the spinal cord?

A

Through the cerebral aqueduct, to the fourth ventricle, to the central canal

163
Q

Where is the reticular formation found?

A

In the lower part of the brain that branches up to the cortex

164
Q

Name the sequence of meninges

A
  1. Cranium
  2. Epidural space (potential)
  3. Dura mater
  4. Subdural space (potential)
  5. Arachnoid mater
  6. Subarachnoid space
  7. Pia mater
  8. Gray matter
  9. White matter
165
Q

Which cranial spaces are quick and slow bleeders?

A

Epidural space is a quick bleeder, subdural space is a slow bleeder

166
Q

What meninges is tight to the brain?

A

Pia mater

167
Q

Where do you find CSF in the meninges?

A

Subarachnoid space

168
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The area of dura mater that transversely separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and the brainstem

169
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

The area of the dura mater that sits on the longitudinal fissure in between the cerebral hemispheres

170
Q

50

A

Cranium

171
Q

51

A

Epidural space

172
Q

52

A

Dura mater

173
Q

53

A

Subdural space

174
Q

54

A

Arachnoid mater

175
Q

55

A

Subarachnoid space

176
Q

56

A

Pia mater

177
Q

57

A

Gray matter

178
Q

58

A

White matter

179
Q

59

A

Arachnoid villi or granule

180
Q

Where are coroid plexuses found? In general, what are they structurally?

A

The roof of ventricles, modified blood vessels

181
Q

What are the two names for the structure that drains CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen of Monroe

182
Q

What are the two names for the structure that drains CSF from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvia

183
Q

What structure drains CSF from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A

The medial and lateral apertures

184
Q

How does CSF exit the brain?

A

Through the arachnoid granules into the bloodstream

185
Q

I

A

Olfactory

186
Q

II

A

Optic

187
Q

III

A

Oculomotor

188
Q

IV

A

Trochlear

189
Q

V

A

Trigeminal

190
Q

VI

A

Abducens

191
Q

VII

A

Facial

192
Q

VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (balance-auditory)

193
Q

IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (tongue-pharynx)

194
Q

X

A

Vagus

195
Q

XI

A

Accessory (spinal)

196
Q

XII

A

Hypogleal

197
Q

UU

A

Primary gustatory area

198
Q

VV

A

Primary visual association area

199
Q

WW

A

Frontal eye field

200
Q

XX

A

Olfactory area

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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