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From Flashcardlet > A&P Lab Exercise 3&4 > Flashcards

A&P Lab Exercise 3&4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The membrane that surrounds all cytoplasmic organelles; transport mechanisms

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2
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A

It makes ATP - contains cristae for the final step of ATP production; can replicate independently, has its own DNA, makes some of its own proteins)

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The liquid medium where organelles float (not just water - amino acids, sugars, carbs, hormones, vitamins, wastes, etc)

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4
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Site of protein modification and the final packaging of proteins; vesicles bud off and move around cell

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5
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Contains enzymes that break down substances; (also aids in maintaining and repairing cells?)

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6
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exceting a substance out of the cell

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7
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of lipid production and detoxification reactions

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8
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough refers to the ribosomes on the surface of the cell; contributes to protein synthesis; manufactures lipids for membranes

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10
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

More commonly seen in plants; inclusions where storage occurs (glycogen)

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11
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Membrane that encloses the nucleoplasm;

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12
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

The liquid medium where DNA is found in the nucleus

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13
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Protein complexes on the nuclear membrane that allow the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus

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14
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Extended threads containing DNA genetic information; located in the nucleoplasm

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15
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of ribosome synthesis

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16
Q

What are cytoskeletal proteins?

A

Asters made of microtubules extend and anchor the centrioles; They are structural components, also used in the mitotic spindle

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17
Q

What is the centriole?

A

Makes the mitotic spindle fibesr used in cell division

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18
Q

What makes up the centrosome?

A

The centriole and cytoskeletal proteins (asters)

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19
Q

What does a sperm cell look like?

A

Large body with the nucleus covered in the acrosome with two flagella extending from one end, lined with 100s of mitochondria

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20
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

The cap on the head of a sperm cell that contains enzymes that will eat through the membrane of the egg

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21
Q

What kind of organs of the body have smooth muscle tissues making up their wall composition?

A

Hollow organs of the body

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22
Q

What does smooth muscle tissue look like?

A

A long, thin strand with a noticeable nucleus towards the center

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23
Q

How does the size of a neuron compare to other cells?

A

It is much bigger

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24
Q

What is the central part of a neuron called?

A

The nerve cell body

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25
Q

What are the projections from the nerve cell body called?

A

The nerve cell processes

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26
Q

Are neurons short or long?

A

They vary in size but can grow to be very long

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27
Q

What does a neuron look like?

A

Like a POW picture in a comic book; many small, circular organelles in the cytoplasm with the nucleus and nuclear membrane visible in the middle of the cell

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28
Q

What is the fluid called in the blood?

A

Plasma

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29
Q

What are the two types of blood cells?

A

White and red blood cells

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30
Q

Which blood cell is most numerous in the smear sample?

A

Red blood cells

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31
Q

What does a red blood cell look like under the light microscope?

A

Smaller, pink/beige stain

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32
Q

What is another name for a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

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33
Q

What is the function of the erythrocyte?

A

To carry oxygen to other cells

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34
Q

What shape does the red blood cell take and why? How is this depicted on the slide?

A

Erythrocytes are round with a concave center; this is due to its lack of a nucleus. On the slide it looks like they have a hole in their center

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35
Q

What is the less common blood cell in the smear?

A

The white blood cell

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36
Q

Which cell is larger in the blood smear?

A

The white blood cell

37
Q

What is another name for a white blood cell?

A

Leukocyte

38
Q

Does a white blood cell have a nucleus?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is the shape of a white blood cell nucleus?

A

Multilobed - the nucleus can form into more than one lobe

40
Q

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

A

They play a major role in the immune system - they attack dangerous cells

41
Q

What does the blood smear look like under the microscope?

A

A lot of small, pale red blood cells and one or two larger, darker stained white blood cells

42
Q

Where are ciliated cells found?

A

They make up a lining layer of tubes in the airways or the fallopian tubes

43
Q

What do cilia look like under the microscope?

A

They are small, fringelike structures along the border of the cell

44
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

To pass material along the tube in one direction

45
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

Named for its shape, contains mucus

46
Q

How are the cilia and goblet cells related to one another?

A

The cilia help push the mucus out of the cell

47
Q

What do the ciliated cell slides look like under the microscope?

A

Columnar cells (because they are tall) lined with cilia; you can see the goblet cells dispersed in between the columnar cells. The columnar cells have noticeable nuclei

48
Q

Do all cells divide?

A

No

49
Q

What kind of cells always divide?

A

Epithelial, red bone marrow

50
Q

What kind of cells divide only as needed?

A

Liver

51
Q

What kind of cells never (very rarely) divide?

A

Neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle

52
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A process in which the DNA from the mother cell is parceled out to two daughter cells

53
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A kind of nuclear division where the nuclei have one half of the genetic material of the original cells (sperm and eggs)

54
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

At the end of nuclear division, the plasma membrane pinches together and results in the division of the cell into two daughter cells. The plasma membrane and cytoplasm split

55
Q

Where are the centromere and telomere located on a chromosome?

A

The centromere is in the center and the telomere is on the end

56
Q

What does a nucleosome look like and what is it made of?

A

It is the ball on the string of DNA (beads on a string) where the DNA wraps twice around; it is made up of 8 histones

57
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

58
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Rapid growth and metabolic activity; centriole replication

59
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Chromosome replication - DNA synthesis

60
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Growth and final preparations for cell division

61
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

62
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

Late anaphase

63
Q

What do chromosomes look like during interphase?

A

Extended

64
Q

What do chromosomes look like during prophase?

A

Condensed

65
Q

How do you distinguish early from late prophase?

A

The mitotic spindle is not complete and the nuclear membrane is still present in early prophase

66
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line at the middle of the cell and separate into two individual chromatids

67
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell?

68
Q

What happens during late anaphase?

A

The cleavage furrow begins to form

69
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes uncoil and extend, nuclear membrane forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes at each end of the cell

70
Q

What structures can you see in interphase?

A

Nucleolus, nuclear membrane, centrosome (chromatin is extended and not very visible)

71
Q

What happens to the cell structures during prophase?

A

The nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, the centrosomes move to poles of the spindle, mitotic spindle forms

72
Q

What are the components of the mitotic spindle?

A

Centrosomes at each end, kinetochores attach to chromosomes, polar tubules elongate the cell

73
Q

What enzyme splits chromosomes into single chromatids?

A

Separase

74
Q

What happens to the cell structures during telophase?

A

The nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform, the mitotic spindle disappears, the chromosomes uncoil into extended chromatin threads

75
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To produce two identical daughtercells

76
Q

Which stage does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

77
Q

Is interphase a phase of mitosis?

A

No, a phase of the cell cycle

78
Q

Define mitosis?

A

Parcels out replicated DNA of mother to two daughter cells

79
Q

Which phase of mitosis does the cleavage furrow make its first appearace?

A

Anaphase

80
Q

Which phase of mitosis do centrosomes move to opposite poles?

A

Prophase

81
Q

Which phase of mitosis do chromosomes move to opposite poles?

A

Anaphase

82
Q

Which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disappear?

A

Prophase

83
Q

Which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align on the euquatorial plate?

A

Metaphase

84
Q

Cell has a dark line down the center with small lines spanning the cell

A

Metaphase

85
Q

Cell has two dark lines on each end of picture with a line down the center of the cell

A

Telophase/Cytokinesis

86
Q

Cell has a blob in the middle with a line surrounding it

A

Interphase

87
Q

Cell has a blob in the middle with dark staining

A

Prophase

88
Q

Cell has two dark lines moving away from center of the cell towards the poles

A

Anaphase

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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