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From Flashcardlet > A&P Lab Exercise 5&6 > Flashcards

A&P Lab Exercise 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that function together to carry out specific activities

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2
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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3
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

Covering the body surfaces and lines the hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts

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4
Q

What does epithelial tissue sometimes form?

A

Glands

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5
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

Connecting structures together

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6
Q

What are the five functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Protects and supports the body
  2. Secures organs to other structures
  3. Serves as an energy reserve (fat)
  4. Provides immunity
  5. Transports substances throughout the body (blood)
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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

Two or more tissue types that function together to perform specific activities

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8
Q

What four cells does the mesenchyme produce?

A

Fibroblasts
Chrondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Hematopoietic stem cell

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9
Q

What type of tissue do fibroblasts lay down?

A

Connective tissue proper

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10
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A

Loose and dense connective tissue

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11
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
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12
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
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13
Q

What type of tissue do chondroblasts lay down?

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
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15
Q

What is a mature fibroblast/chondroblast called?

A

Fibrocyte/Chondrocyte

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16
Q

Where are the epithelial and connective tissue located in reference to one another?

A

Epithelial is superior to connective tissue

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17
Q

What are the six types of epithelial classifications?

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple columnar
  3. Simple cuboidal
  4. Pseduostratified columnar
  5. Stratified squamous
  6. Transitional
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18
Q

What does a simple squamous epithelium look like?

A

One layer of flat, thin cells

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19
Q

Where are simple squamous cells found (6)?

A
  1. Air sac of the lung*
  2. Blood vessels*
  3. Kidney glomeruli
  4. Lining of the heart
  5. Lymphatic vessels
  6. Ventral body cavity lining
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20
Q

What is the kidney glomeruli?

A

The blood vessels in the kidney

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21
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium (2)?

A
  1. Diffusion*

2. Secreting lubricating substances in serosae

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22
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium look like?

A

A single layer of square cells with the nucleus in the center

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23
Q

What is the lumen?

A

An open space in hollow tubes (like where the air travels in the airways)

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24
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found (3)?

A
  1. Kidney tubules*
  2. Ducts and secretory portions of small glands
  3. Ovary surface
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25
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium (2)?

A

Secretion and absorption

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26
Q

What does the slide of simple cuboidal cells look like?

A

A circle of one layer of simple cuboidal cells around the lumen

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27
Q

Where is the basement membrane/apical on the slide of simple cuboidal cells?

A

The basement membrane is one the outside of the ring of cells; the apical is the side of the cells lining the lumen

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28
Q

What do simple columnar epithelial cells look like?

A

A single layer of rectangular cells with the nuclei lined up at the bottom of the cells

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29
Q

What cells are interspersed among the simple columnar cells?

A

Goblet cells

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30
Q

What does a goblet cell do?

A

It secretes mucus

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31
Q

What are the two distinctions in simple columnar epithelial cells?

A

Ciliated and nonciliated

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32
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelia located (6)?

A
  1. Nonciliated line the digestive tract*
  2. Gall bladder
  3. Excretory duct of glands
  4. Ciliated in bronchi
  5. Ciliated in uterine tubes
  6. Ciliated in uterus
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33
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells (2)?

A

Secretion and absorption

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34
Q

What do simple columnar epithelia look like in a slide?

A

Wavy apical region, tall column cells, nuclei lined up orderly at the bottom of the cells, goblet cells in between

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35
Q

What is a pseudostratified columnar epithelial cell?

A

Single layer of rectangular cells with nuclei at multiple layers of the cells, with cilia at the apical

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36
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar cells attached?

A

All are attached at the basement membrane, not all reach the surface of the layer

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37
Q

Where are pseduostratified columbar cells found (2)?

A
  1. Trachea*

2. Upper respiratory tract

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38
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

To pass mucus in one direction

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39
Q

What does a pseudostratified columnar cell look like in a slide?

A

Single layer of cells with nuclei at different levels, cilia, goblet cells in between

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40
Q

What does simple mean?

A

One layer, all cells sit at the basement membrane

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41
Q

What is the function of pseduostratified columnar cells (2)?

A
  1. Secrete substances, especially mucus*

2. Propulsion of mucus by cilia

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42
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Layers of cells with squamous cells at the top and columnar or cuboidal cells at the bottom

43
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelia found (2)?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Lining any area exposed to the environment at the beginning or end of systems (mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus, urethra)
44
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous cells?

A

Protection against abrasive forces

45
Q

What are two types of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Keratinized and nonkeratinized

46
Q

Where are keratinized stratified squamous epithelia found?

A

Skin

47
Q

What is transitional epithelia?

A

Layers of cells that are cuboidal but dome at the most superficial layer

48
Q

Where are transitional cells found?

A
  1. Bladder

2. Ureters

49
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelia?

A

To allow stretching and to permit stored urine to distend the urinary organ

50
Q

Is loose or dense connective tissue yielding?

A

Loose

51
Q

Where do the cells of connective tissue lie?

A

In the matrix

52
Q

What is the matrix composed of?

A

Ground substance, fibers, and cells

53
Q

What kind of cells lay down connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

54
Q

What fibers does areolar tissue have?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular

55
Q

What are the most prevalent cells in areolar tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

56
Q

Where is areolar tissue found (3)?

A
  1. Under the epithelia of the body
  2. Packaging organs
  3. Surrounding capillaries
57
Q

What is the function of areolar tissue (2)

A

The support and cushioning of organs

58
Q

What is a collagen fiber?

A

The largest and the strongest

59
Q

What is an elastic fiber?

A

They stretch and recoil, medium size

60
Q

What is a reticular fiber?

A

The thinnest, most delicate, gentile support, create meshworks for filtering

61
Q

What does the slide of areolar tissue look like?

A

You can see fibers all over and fibroblasts

62
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue with large adipocytes (fat cells)

63
Q

What does the fat droplet do to adipocytes?

A

It pushes most of the innards of the cell to the periphery

64
Q

Where is the nucleus of the adipocyte?

A

On the periphery of the fat droplet

65
Q

Where is adipose tissue found (3)?

A
  1. Under the skin everywhere
  2. Around the eyeball
  3. Around the kidney
66
Q

What are the functions of the adipose tissue (3)?

A
  1. Protects and cushions bony areas
  2. Reserves food fuel
  3. Insulates against heat loss
67
Q

What is the third type of loose connective tissue?

A

Reticular

68
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue?

A

Bundles of collagen fibers are arranged in wavy rows with fibroblasts dispersed between

69
Q

Where is dense connective tissue found?

A

Tendons and ligaments

70
Q

What is the function of the dense connective tissue?

A

Attaching muscle to muscle, bone to muscle, and bone to bone

71
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

72
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to muscle and muscle to bone

73
Q

Which is more flexible, dense regular or irregular? Why?

A

Irregular because its collagen fibers are arranged irregularly so it can withstand tension from multiple directions

74
Q

Where is dense irregular tissue found (2)?

A
  1. The fibrous capsules of organs/joints

2. Dermis of the skin

75
Q

What is the third type of dense connective tissue?

A

Elastic

76
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Cavities where fibrocytes/chondrocytes are found

77
Q

What fibers to hyaline cartilage have?

A

Collagen and elastic

78
Q

Is hyaline cartilage more or less rigid than connective tissue?

A

More rigid

79
Q

What is the ground substance of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

80
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found (6)?

A
  1. Embryonic skeleton
  2. Covering the end of long bones
  3. Cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx
81
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage (2)?

A
  1. Support and reinforcement

2. Resilient cushion that resists compressive stress

82
Q

Wbat does the slide of hyaline cartilage look like?

A

A bunch of chondrocytes, surrounded by lacunae, within the matrix

83
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

Skin

84
Q

What types of tissue are found in the skin (4)?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
  3. Areolar connective tissue
  4. Adipose connective tissue
85
Q

What is the primary function of the skin (1)? What else (4)?

A
  1. Protection*
  2. Regulation of temperature
  3. Conservation of water
  4. Excretion of waste
  5. Synthesis of Vitamin D
86
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

87
Q

What does the straum basale do?

A

It constantly produces epidermal cells that are pushed towards the surface

88
Q

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

89
Q

What does the stratum corneum contain?

A

Rows and rows of dead cells filled with keratin

90
Q

What is below the epidermis?

A

The dermis

91
Q

What is the dermis comprised of?

A
  1. Connective tissue

2. Fibers - collagen and elastic

92
Q

What is the base of the hair follicle?

A

Hair bulb

93
Q

What is the papilla? What does it do?

A

The indentation of the bulb, has blood vessels that provide nourishment to the hair and stimulates its growth

94
Q

What is the hair surrounded by?

A

Follicle

95
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

The part of the hair that protrudes from the skin

96
Q

What is the root?

A

The part of the hair that is found beneath the surface of the skin

97
Q

What is an arrector pili and where is it located?

A

Smooth muscle that is associated with the follicle that makes the hair lift off the skin by straightening the follicle

98
Q

What is under the dermis?

A

Hypodermis

99
Q

What is the hypodermis comprised of?

A

Areolar and adipose connective tissues

100
Q

What are two other names for the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia, subcutaneous layer

101
Q

What is the sweat gland shaped like?

A

Coil

102
Q

What does keratin do for the skin?

A

Gives it its protective properties

103
Q

What is the name for the sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous

104
Q

What is the name for the oil glands?

A

Sebaceous

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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