A&PII Lab 14: The Urinary System

Question 1

Excretion

Answer 1

process of the kidneys removing metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water that leave the body as urine, while returning needed substances back to the blood

Question 2

Renal hilus

Answer 2

concave side of the kidney facing medially

Question 3

Renal fascia

Answer 3

strands of dense irregular connective tissue; attach the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 4

Renal capsule

Answer 4

thin shell that forms the outer layer of the kidney

Question 5

Adipose capsule

Answer 5

between the renal capsule and renal fascia is this cushion of fat that helps protect the kidney from injury

Question 6

Renal cortex

Answer 6

outermost region of the kidney; appears slightly granular

Question 7

Renal medulla

Answer 7

deep to the renal cortex, this layer of the kidney appears striated due to the presence of tubules and ducts extending through

Question 8

Renal pyramids

Answer 8

the renal medulla includes numerous of these prism-like structures

Question 9

Renal columns

Answer 9

between the renal pyramids are granular areas similar in appearance to the renal cortex

Question 10

Renal papilla

Answer 10

apex of the renal pyramids; points to the innermost region of the kidney

Question 11

Renal pelvis

Answer 11

innermost region of the kidney

Question 12

Nephrons

Answer 12

urine is formed from processes occurring within these structures located within the cortex and renal medulla; functional subunits of the kidneys

Question 13

Minor calyces

Answer 13

the renal pelvis includes these cup-like extensions that collect urine from the renal papilla

Question 14

Major calyx

Answer 14

several minor calcyes connect to this larger structure

Question 15

Ureters

Answer 15

tubes connecting the kidneys with the urinary bladder

Question 16

Renal sinus

Answer 16

fat-filled depression surrounding the renal pelvis at the renal hilus

Question 17

Renal artery

Answer 17

within each kidney, this artery divides to form 2+ segmental arteries

Question 18

Segmental arteries

Answer 18

arteries that divide to form lobar arteries

Question 19

Lobar arteries

Answer 19

arteries extending between renal pyramids

Question 20

Arcuate arteries

Answer 20

at the base of each pyramid, the interlobars branch to form these arteries that extend along the base

Question 21

Interlobar arteries

Answer 21

the arcuates give off numerous interlobular arteries, which extend through the renal cortex

Question 22

Afferent arteriole

Answer 22

small artery extending to each nephron to supply the glomerulus

Question 23

Glomerulus

Answer 23

ball of capillaries supplied by an afferent arteriole extending to each nephron

Question 24

Efferent arterioles

Answer 24

the path by which blood exits the glomerulus; carry blood to a 2nd capillary network of the nephron (peritubular capillaries)

Question 25

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 25

2nd capillary network of the nephron

Question 26

Vasa recta

Answer 26

blood supply of the kidney; a series of straight capillaries in the medulla

Question 27

Ureters

Answer 27

2 narrow tubes that channel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Question 28

Urinary bladder

Answer 28

hollow sac located at the base of the abdominopelvic cavity that collects urine and stores it temporarily

Question 29

Rugae

Answer 29

when the bladder is empty, the mucous membrane contains these folds, which flatten when the bladder fills with urine to increase its capacity

Question 30

Detrusor muscle

Answer 30

muscularis which contracts to expel urine from the bladder

Question 31

Ureteral openings

Answer 31

2 posterior openings of the bladder

Question 32

Internal urethral orifice

Answer 32

single anterior opening of the bladder

Question 33

Trigone

Answer 33

triangle formed by the 3 openings of the bladder

Question 34

Urethra

Answer 34

tubular organ that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior during voiding

Question 35

Micturition

Answer 35

urination/voiding

Question 36

External urethral orifice

Answer 36

opening of the bladder to the exterior

Question 37

Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 37

layer of circular smooth muscle near the internal urethral orifice

Question 38

External urethral sphincter

Answer 38

embedded within the urogenital diaphragm is this layer of skeletal muscle; voluntary muscle that permits urine to flow through the external urethral orifice

Question 39

Prostatic urethra

Answer 39

most proximal segment of the male urethra, extending from the internal urethral orifice through the soft prostate gland

Question 40

Membranous urethra

Answer 40

middle segment of the male urethra, which passes through the urogenital diaphragm

Question 41

Spongy (penile) urethra

Answer 41

distal segment of the male urethra; passes through the penis and terminates at the external urethral orifice

Question 42

Renal corpuscle

Answer 42

1 of 2 nephron parts; filters blood as the 1st step in urine formation

Question 43

Renal tubule

Answer 43

1 of 2 nephron parts; where the filtrate is modified by the reabsorption of water and sodium and the secretion of excess ions

Question 44

Glomerulus

Answer 44

capillary network within a nephron

Question 45

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

Answer 45

glomerulus is enclosed within this cup-shaped structure

Question 46

Capsular space

Answer 46

interior of the glomerular capsule

Question 47

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 47

1st segment of the renal tubule; begins from its union with the renal corpuscle; primary site for reabsorption, in which water and solutes pass from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid and onward into nearby capillaries

Question 48

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer 48

as the renal tubule descends into the renal medulla, it forms this; here, about 15% of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed

Question 49

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer 49

ascending component of the renal tubule; permeable to sodium and chloride but impermeable to water; where reabsorption of solutes occur

Question 50

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 50

within the renal cortex, the tubule makes several twists to form this tubule; reabsorbs a small amount of water and solutes; secretion is the primary function (excess ions are transported from the blood and interstitial fluid into the renal tubule)

Question 51

Collecting duct

Answer 51

distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons drain into this, which descends through a renal pyramid; cells forming these include receptors for ADH, which increases reabsorption of water to produce a more solute-concentrated urine

Question 52

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 52

low-pressure vessels branching from the efferent arteriole, which are adjacent to the renal tubules primarily in the renal cortex

Question 53

Vasa recta

Answer 53

capillaries that parallel the loops of Henle in the medulla

Question 54

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 54

region of cells in the nephron that participates in blood pressure regulation

Question 55

Visceral layer

Answer 55

inner layer of the glomerular capsule wall adjacent to the glomerulus

Question 56

Parietal layer

Answer 56

outer layer of the glomerular capsule

Question 57

Podocytes

Answer 57

foot-like processes that wrap around the walls of the glomerulus to form part of the filtration membrane