Bio Ch 35 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the body’s cells and the environment

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

breathing; includes inspiration (entrance of air into the lungs) and expiration (exit of air from the lungs)

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3
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange between the air and the blood within the lungs; blood then transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid; blood then transports carbon dioxide to the lungs

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5
Q

Gills

A

finely divided, vascularized outgrowths of the body surface or the pharynx

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6
Q

Tracheae

A

insects have a system of air tubes called this through which oxygen is delivered directly to the cells without entering the blood

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7
Q

Lungs

A

terrestrial vertebrates usually have these, which are vascularized outgrowths from the lower pharyngeal region

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8
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

fish use this to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood

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9
Q

Pharynx

A

air and food passages in humans cross in this; advantage = letting you breathe through your mouth in case your nose is plugged up; also permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required

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10
Q

Glottis

A

air passes from the pharynx through this, which is an opening into the larynx

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11
Q

Larynx

A

voice box

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12
Q

Vocal cords

A

at the edges of the glottis are two folds of connective tissue covered by mucous membrane, called these; flexible and pliable bands that vibrate against each other, producing sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx

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13
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe; held open by a series of C-shaped, cartilaginous rings that do not completely meet in the rear

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14
Q

Epiglottis

A

when food is being swallowed, the larynx rises, and the glottis is covered by a flap of tissue called this

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15
Q

Bronchi

A

trachea divides into 2 primary ____, which enter the right and left lungs

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16
Q

Bronchioles

A

branching continues from the bronchi, eventually forming a great number of smaller passages called this

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17
Q

Alveoli

A

each bronchiole terminates in an elongated space enclosed by a multitude of air pockets, or sacs, called this, which fill the internal region of the lungs; internal gas exchange occurs between the air in these and the blood in the capillaries

18
Q

Inspiration

A

inhalation; act of moving air into the lungs

19
Q

Expiration

A

exhalation; act of moving air out of the lungs

20
Q

Diaphragm

A

horizontal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity (above) from the abdominal cavity (below)

21
Q

Tidal ventilation mechanism

A

all terrestrial vertebrates except birds use this, so called because the air moves in and out by the same route

22
Q

One-way ventilation mechanism

A

birds use this method of breathing; incoming air is carried past the lungs by a trachea, which takes it to a set of posterior air sacs; air then passes forward through the lungs into a set of anterior air sacs; from here it is expelled; fresh air never mixes with used air in the lungs, thereby greatly improving gas-exchange efficiency

23
Q

Respiratory center

A

rhythm of ventilation is controlled by this in the medulla oblongata of the brain; automatically sends out impulses by way of a spinal nerve to the diaphragm (phrenic nerve) and intercostal nerves to the intercostal muscles of the rib cage (inspiration occurs); when this stops sending neural signals, expiration occurs

24
Q

Carotid bodies

A

structure located at the branching of the carotid arteries; contains chemoreceptors sensitive to the O2, CO2, and H+ content in blood

25
Q

Aortic bodies

A

sensory receptor in the aortic arch sensitive to the O2, CO2, and H+ content of the blood

26
Q

Partial pressure

A

amount of pressure each gas exerts

27
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that speeds the breakdown of carbonic acid

28
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

iron-containing respiratory pigment occurring in vertebrate red blood cells and in the blood plasma of some invertebrates

29
Q

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

A

compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin

30
Q

Heme

A

iron-containing group found in hemoglobin

31
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

A

after CO2 diffuses into the blood, it enters the red blood cells, where a small amount combines with the protein portion of hemoglobin to form this

32
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

most of the CO2 in the blood is transported in the form of this, which diffuses out of the red blood cells to be carried in the plasma

33
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx; most cases caused by viruses; strep is acute ____ caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes

34
Q

Asthma

A

disease of the bronchi and bronchioles marked by coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness; airways usually sensitive to various irritants, which can include allergens or cigarette smoke; cold air or exercise can be irritants also

35
Q

Pneumonia

A

viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the lungs in which bronchi and alveoli fill with a discharge, such as pus and fluid

36
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis

A

caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

37
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

condition in which fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs; lungs can’t inflate properly and are always tending toward deflation

38
Q

Emphysema

A

chronic and incurable lung disorder in which the alveoli are distended and their walls damaged so that the surface area available for gas exchange is reduced

39
Q

Lung cancer

A

leading cause of cancer-related death in the US and worldwide; slightly more common in men; rates remain low until age 40, peak around age 70

40
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

lung disease that is genetic rather than infectious; most common genetic disease in the US white population; results from defective Cl channel protein