Bio Ch 35

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the body’s cells and the environment

Question 2

Ventilation

Answer 2

breathing; includes inspiration (entrance of air into the lungs) and expiration (exit of air from the lungs)

Question 3

External respiration

Answer 3

gas exchange between the air and the blood within the lungs; blood then transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

Question 4

Internal respiration

Answer 4

gas exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid; blood then transports carbon dioxide to the lungs

Question 5

Gills

Answer 5

finely divided, vascularized outgrowths of the body surface or the pharynx

Question 6

Tracheae

Answer 6

insects have a system of air tubes called this through which oxygen is delivered directly to the cells without entering the blood

Question 7

Lungs

Answer 7

terrestrial vertebrates usually have these, which are vascularized outgrowths from the lower pharyngeal region

Question 8

Countercurrent exchange

Answer 8

fish use this to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood

Question 9

Pharynx

Answer 9

air and food passages in humans cross in this; advantage = letting you breathe through your mouth in case your nose is plugged up; also permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required

Question 10

Glottis

Answer 10

air passes from the pharynx through this, which is an opening into the larynx

Question 11

Larynx

Answer 11

voice box

Question 12

Vocal cords

Answer 12

at the edges of the glottis are two folds of connective tissue covered by mucous membrane, called these; flexible and pliable bands that vibrate against each other, producing sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx

Question 13

Trachea

Answer 13

windpipe; held open by a series of C-shaped, cartilaginous rings that do not completely meet in the rear

Question 14

Epiglottis

Answer 14

when food is being swallowed, the larynx rises, and the glottis is covered by a flap of tissue called this

Question 15

Bronchi

Answer 15

trachea divides into 2 primary ____, which enter the right and left lungs

Question 16

Bronchioles

Answer 16

branching continues from the bronchi, eventually forming a great number of smaller passages called this

Question 17

Alveoli

Answer 17

each bronchiole terminates in an elongated space enclosed by a multitude of air pockets, or sacs, called this, which fill the internal region of the lungs; internal gas exchange occurs between the air in these and the blood in the capillaries

Question 18

Inspiration

Answer 18

inhalation; act of moving air into the lungs

Question 19

Expiration

Answer 19

exhalation; act of moving air out of the lungs

Question 20

Diaphragm

Answer 20

horizontal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity (above) from the abdominal cavity (below)

Question 21

Tidal ventilation mechanism

Answer 21

all terrestrial vertebrates except birds use this, so called because the air moves in and out by the same route

Question 22

One-way ventilation mechanism

Answer 22

birds use this method of breathing; incoming air is carried past the lungs by a trachea, which takes it to a set of posterior air sacs; air then passes forward through the lungs into a set of anterior air sacs; from here it is expelled; fresh air never mixes with used air in the lungs, thereby greatly improving gas-exchange efficiency

Question 23

Respiratory center

Answer 23

rhythm of ventilation is controlled by this in the medulla oblongata of the brain; automatically sends out impulses by way of a spinal nerve to the diaphragm (phrenic nerve) and intercostal nerves to the intercostal muscles of the rib cage (inspiration occurs); when this stops sending neural signals, expiration occurs

Question 24

Carotid bodies

Answer 24

structure located at the branching of the carotid arteries; contains chemoreceptors sensitive to the O2, CO2, and H+ content in blood

Question 25

Aortic bodies

Answer 25

sensory receptor in the aortic arch sensitive to the O2, CO2, and H+ content of the blood

Question 26

Partial pressure

Answer 26

amount of pressure each gas exerts

Question 27

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 27

enzyme that speeds the breakdown of carbonic acid

Question 28

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 28

iron-containing respiratory pigment occurring in vertebrate red blood cells and in the blood plasma of some invertebrates

Question 29

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Answer 29

compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin

Question 30

Heme

Answer 30

iron-containing group found in hemoglobin

Question 31

Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

Answer 31

after CO2 diffuses into the blood, it enters the red blood cells, where a small amount combines with the protein portion of hemoglobin to form this

Question 32

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Answer 32

most of the CO2 in the blood is transported in the form of this, which diffuses out of the red blood cells to be carried in the plasma

Question 33

Pharyngitis

Answer 33

inflammation of the pharynx; most cases caused by viruses; strep is acute ____ caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 34

Asthma

Answer 34

disease of the bronchi and bronchioles marked by coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness; airways usually sensitive to various irritants, which can include allergens or cigarette smoke; cold air or exercise can be irritants also

Question 35

Pneumonia

Answer 35

viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the lungs in which bronchi and alveoli fill with a discharge, such as pus and fluid

Question 36

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Answer 36

caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 37

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 37

condition in which fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs; lungs can't inflate properly and are always tending toward deflation

Question 38

Emphysema

Answer 38

chronic and incurable lung disorder in which the alveoli are distended and their walls damaged so that the surface area available for gas exchange is reduced

Question 39

Lung cancer

Answer 39

leading cause of cancer-related death in the US and worldwide; slightly more common in men; rates remain low until age 40, peak around age 70

Question 40

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 40

lung disease that is genetic rather than infectious; most common genetic disease in the US white population; results from defective Cl channel protein