Lab Ex 25 Survey of the Kingdom Protista - Algae

Question 1

Eukaryotes

Answer 1

organisms composed of cells having membrane-bround nuclei; divided into 4 kingdoms (fungi, animals, plants, protista)

Question 2

Fungi

Answer 2

have cell walls, heterotrophic

Question 3

Heterotrophic

Answer 3

organisms that feed on organic matter produced by other organisms b/c they can’t make their required organic compounds from inorganic substances

Question 4

Animals

Answer 4

heterotrophic; lack cell walls; can respond rapidly to external stimuli; multicellular

Question 5

Plants

Answer 5

multicellular; autotrophic organisms

Question 6

Autotrophic

Answer 6

can synthesize all required organic compounds from inorganic substances using external energy, usually sunlight

Question 7

Protista

Answer 7

oldest, most diverse of the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes; lack distinguishing characteristics of fungi, animals, or plants; mostly microscopic, unicellular organisms, probably share common ancestry with fungi, multicellular plants, and animals; 3 general groups - algae, protozoans, slime molds

Question 8

Algae

Answer 8

photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms typically lacking multicellular sex organs; distinguished by energy storage products, cell walls, and color (pigments)

Question 9

Pigments

Answer 9

substances that absorb light

Question 10

Phycobilins

Answer 10

red algae owe their color to this water-soluble pigment

Question 11

Chlorophylls & carotenoids

Answer 11

algal pigments that are insoluble in water but can be extracted with organic solvents such as acetone and alcohol

Question 12

Unicellular algae

Answer 12

single, unattached cells that may or may not be motile

Question 13

Filamentous algae

Answer 13

chains of cells attached end to end; may be branched or unbranched

Question 14

Colonial algae

Answer 14

occur as groups of cells attached to each other in a nonfilamentous manner

Question 15

Green algae

Answer 15

most diverse, familiar algae in freshwater; some live in salt-water; chlorophyll a & b, starch as storage material, cell walls made of cellulose

Question 16

Chlamydomonas

Answer 16

motile, unicellular alga found in soil, lakes, and ditches; most primitive structure and type of reproduction among green algae; egg-shaped cells contain a large chloroplast and a pyrenoid involved in the production and storage of starch; microscopic, biflagellated; haploid, divide asexually; produce diploid zygospores

Question 17

Stigma

Answer 17

reddish, light-absorbing spot at the anterior end of the chalmydomonas cell

Question 18

Zygote

Answer 18

gametes fuse to form a diploid one of these, the resting stage of the life cycle

Question 19

Isogamous

Answer 19

having identical shape and appearance

Question 20

Syngamy

Answer 20

pairing and fusion of haploid gametes to form diploid cells

Question 21

Zygospore

Answer 21

zygote surrounds itself with a resistant surface and is called this

Question 22

Spores

Answer 22

under favorable conditions, the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid individuals called these; reproductive cells capable of developing into an adult without fusing with another cell

Question 23

Spirogyra (watersilk)

Answer 23

one of the most common genera of filamentous green algae; grows in running streams of cool freshwater and secretes mucilage that makes it feel slippery; reproduces by conjugation; has ribbonlike chloroplasts, spirally arranged in a vegetative filament

Question 24

Conjugation tube

Answer 24

filaments of opposite mating types lie side by side and form projections that grow toward each other; projections touch and the separating wall dissolves, thus forming this

Question 25

Cladophora

Answer 25

filamentous green algae; common in streams; has coarse appearance and texture; consists of multinucleate cells; mature cells exist in diploid and haploid forms

Question 26

Sporophyte

Answer 26

diploid stage of the life cycle which produces spores (ex. cladophora)

Question 27

Gametophyte

Answer 27

haploid stage of the life cycle which produces gametes

Question 28

Alternation of generations

Answer 28

phenomenon of alternating haploid and diploid stages of a life cycle

Question 29

Volvox

Answer 29

one of the most structurally advanced colonial forms of algae; some consider it to be multicellular

Question 30

Oogamy

Answer 30

volvox reproduces this way; motile sperm swim to and fuse with the large nonmotile eggs to form a diploid zygote; zygote develops into a zygospore which is released when the parent colony disintegrates

Question 31

Daughter colonies

Answer 31

during asexual reproduction, some cells of Volvox divide, bulge inward, and produce new colonies called this that are initially held within the parent colony

Question 32

Phaeophytes

Answer 32

primarily marine algae that are structurally complex; there are no unicellular or colonial brown algae; usually grow in cool water; obtain their name from their brown pigment

Question 33

Fucoxanthin

Answer 33

brown pigment that gives brown algae its name

Question 34

Fucus (rockweed)

Answer 34

common genus of brown algae; typically attaches to rocks in the intertidal zone via a specialized structure called a holdfast; outer surface covered by a gelatinous sheath

Question 35

Conceptacles

Answer 35

tips of fucus branches; may be swollen and contain oogonia and antheridia

Question 36

Oogonia

Answer 36

multicellular female reproductive structures in fucus conceptacles; produce eggs

Question 37

Antheridia

Answer 37

multicellular male reproductive structures in fucus conceptacles; produce sperm

Question 38

Alginic acid

Answer 38

hydrophilic substance (absorbs large quantities of water); brown algae is an important source of this, which is used as an emulsifier in dripless paint, ice cream, pudding mixes, and cosmetics

Question 39

Red algae

Answer 39

obtain their color from red phycobilins in plastids; typically live in warm, marine waters; thallus can be attached or free-floating, filamentous, or parenchymatous (fleshy); agar and carrageenan derived from this

Question 40

Diatoms

Answer 40

unicellular algae containing chlorophylls a & c and xanthophyll pigments (golden-brown color); tiny but in great number with rapid rates of reproduction and photosynthetic capacity; vitally important as a primary link in the food chain of the oceans; hard cell wall made of silicon dioxide (glass)

Question 41

Diatomaceous Earth

Answer 41

glass walls of diatoms persist long after the remainder of the cell disintegrates; walls may accumulate in layers several hundred meters thick

Question 42

Dinoflagellates

Answer 42

phylum pyrrhophyta; unicellular; characterized by bizarre appearance of their cellulose plates and by the presence of 2 flagella located in perpendicular grooves; cause of red tide; primary producers in ocean (2nd to diatoms); autotrophic and heterotrophic forms; some bioluminescent; some live symbiotically with corals

Question 43

Euglenoids

Answer 43

mostly freshwater unicellular algae; plastids contain chlorophylls a & b; distinctive b/c cell walls made largely of protein (makes cell more flexible); motile, have 2 flagella & eyespot; best known for ability to be autotrophic, heterotrophic, and saprophytic (mode determined by environmental conditions)

Question 44

Eyespot

Answer 44

part of the euglena that senses light