A&PII: Lab 4: The Cardiovascular System - Heart Anatomy

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

composed of the blood, heart, and blood vessels

Question 2

Apex

Answer 2

pointed bottom of the heart; on the left side of the median line; contacts the diaphragm near the 5th intercostal space

Question 3

Base

Answer 3

broader upper portion of the heart; located beneath the 2nd rib

Question 4

Parietal pericardium

Answer 4

pericardial sac; loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart

Question 5

Pericardial cavity

Answer 5

small space inside the parietal pericardium containing serous fluid produced by serous membrane cells, which provides lubrication

Question 6

Viscearl pericardium

Answer 6

AKA epicardium; 2nd serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the heart (firmly attached)

Question 7

Atria

Answer 7

2 superior compartments of the heart

Question 8

Ventricles

Answer 8

2 inferior compartments of the heart

Question 9

Auricle

Answer 9

each atrium contains this sac that increases its internal volume

Question 10

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

Answer 10

groove circumventing the heart, revealing the division between the atria and ventricles

Question 11

Coronary sinus

Answer 11

within the coronary sulcus; drains the heart wall

Question 12

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 12

on the anterior side of the heart; 1 of 2 grooves that reveals the division between the right and left ventricles

Question 13

Posterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 13

on the posterior side of the heart; 1 of 2 grooves that reveals the division between the right and left ventricles

Question 14

Aorta

Answer 14

1 of the great vessels that unite with the heart; arises from the left ventricle

Question 15

Pulmonary trunk

Answer 15

1 of the great vessels that unite with the heart; arises from the right ventricle

Question 16

Inferior & superior vena cava

Answer 16

2 of the great vessels that unite with the heart; merge with the right atrium

Question 17

Ascending aorta

Answer 17

segment of the aorta that arises from the base of the heart

Question 18

Aortic arch

Answer 18

segment of the aorta that forms a U-turn

Question 19

Descending aorta

Answer 19

segment of the aorta that descends posteriorly

Question 20

Right and left pulmonary veins

Answer 20

2 veins on each side of the heart; can be observed from the posterior side of the heart to unite with the left atrium

Question 21

Ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 21

small band of connective tissue, extends between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta; vestigial structure

Question 22

Ductus arteriosus

Answer 22

blood vessel that once served to shunt blood during fetal life; becomes the vestigial structure ligamentum arteriosum

Question 23

Epicardium

Answer 23

outermost layer of the heart wall; AKA visceral pericardium

Question 24

Myocardium

Answer 24

deep to the epicardium; thick, cardiac muscle tissue; forms most of the volume of the heart wall; = layer of tissue that provides the propulsive force of contraction

Question 25

Endocardium

Answer 25

deep to the myocardium; thin sheet of endothelium that lines the inner chambers of the heart and the heart valves

Question 26

Interatrial septum

Answer 26

the right and left atria are separated by this

Question 27

Interventricular septum

Answer 27

the right and left ventricles are separated by this

Question 28

Right atrioventricular (AV) valve

Answer 28

AKA tricuspid valve; doorway-like valve in the border between the right atrium and right ventricle; channels blood from the atrium to the ventricle; named due to the presence of 3 flaps/cusps

Question 29

Left atrioventricular (AV) valve

Answer 29

AKA bicuspid valve; valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; directs blood flow from the atrium to the ventricle; has 2 flaps/cusps; AKA mitral valve due to its resemblance to the tall hat of a bishop ("miter = tall, 2-cusped hat)

Question 30

Right semilunar (SL) valve

Answer 30

AKA pulmonary valve; located near the origin of the pulmonary trunk

Question 31

Left semilunar (SL) valve

Answer 31

AKA aortic valve; located near the origin of the ascending aorta; directs blood from the left ventricle to the aorta

Question 32

Pectinate muscles

Answer 32

the anterior side of the right atrium as a ridged appearance due to the parallel arrangement of cardiac muscle bundles; "comb"

Question 33

Fossa ovalis

Answer 33

present on the interior wall of the right atrium of an adult heart is this slight oval depression; in a fetal heart, it is an opening that allows blood to shunt between the atria in order to bypass circulation to the developing lungs

Question 34

Foramen ovale

Answer 34

opening which normally contracts with the newborn's first gasps of air, then gradually fills with connective tissue

Question 35

Trabeculae carneae

Answer 35

"little beam" & "flesh"; the inner walls of the ventricles contain ridges of cardiac muscle, but are more prominent than those of the right atrium

Question 36

Papillary muscles

Answer 36

more prominent of the trabeculae carneae; have string-like cords of connective tissue extending from them (chordae tendineae)

Question 37

Chordae tendineae

Answer 37

string-like cords of connective tissue extending from the papillary muscles; the opposite ends of these cords are firmly attached to the AV valves & prevents them from folding into the atria

Question 38

Systemic circulation

Answer 38

1 of 2 major pathways; begins as blood leaves the left ventricle; flows to aorta - brings oxygenated blood to all tissues throughout the body (except lungs)

Question 39

Coronary circulation

Answer 39

at the base of the aorta, blood flows into the coronary arteries to supply the heart via this pathway

Question 40

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 40

1 of 2 major pathways; once within the right atrium, contractions of the heart push deoxygenated blood through the right AV valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle, through the right SL valve (pulmonary) into the pulmonary trunk to begin this pathway

Question 41

Right and left coronary arteries

Answer 41

coronary circulation begins with these arteries, which arise from the base of the aorta

Question 42

Posterior interventricular & marginal artery

Answer 42

major branches of the right coronary artery

Question 43

Anterior interventricular artery & circumflex artery

Answer 43

major branches of the left coronary artery

Question 44

Great, middle, & small cardiac veins

Answer 44

the myocardium is drained by these veins

Question 45

Coronary sinus

Answer 45

the great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into this compartment, which empties blood into the right atrium

Question 46

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 46

this type of tissue dominates the myocardium (thickest portion of the heart wall)

Question 47

Intercalated disks

Answer 47

distinguishing feature of cardiac cells is the presence of these thickenings between adjacent cells; = gap junctions, which enable action potentials to spread quickly from cell to cell