Chemistry - Ch 13

Question 0

Hydration

Answer 0

interactions between solute/solvent when the solvent is water

Question 1

Solvation

Answer 1

Interactions between solute and solvent molecules

Question 2

Entropy

Answer 2

degree of randomness in the system (AKA disorder); thermodynamic quantity

Question 3

Hydrates

Answer 3

salt and water combined in definite proportions, like FeCl3 + 6H2O

Question 4

Water of hydration

Answer 4

water associated with hydrates

Question 5

Crystallization

Answer 5

opposite of solution process; solute particle reattaches to solid

Question 6

Saturated

Answer 6

solution in equilibrium with undissolved solute

Question 7

Solubility

Answer 7

Amount of solute needed to form a saturated solution in a given quantity of solvent

Question 8

Unsaturated

Answer 8

if less solute is dissolved than is needed to form a saturated solution

Question 9

Supersaturated

Answer 9

solutions with a greater amount of solute than needed to form a saturated solution

Question 10

Miscible

Answer 10

pairs of liquids (ex. acetone & water) that mix in all proportions

Question 11

Immiscible

Answer 11

Pairs of liquids that do not dissolve in one another

Question 12

Henry’s Law

Answer 12

relationship between pressure and the solubility of a gas; Sg (solubility of gas in solution) = k (Constant) times Pg (partial pressure of the gas over the solution); K is different for each solute-solvent pair

Question 13

Mass percentage

Answer 13

(Mass of component in solution divided by total mass of solution) x 100%

Question 14

Parts per million (ppm)

Answer 14

how concentrations of very dilute solution are expressed

Question 15

Mole fraction

Answer 15

moles of component divided by total moles of all components

Question 16

Molality (m)

Answer 16

number of moles of solute divided by kilograms of solvent

Question 17

Colligative properties (“depending on the collection”)

Answer 17

properties that depend on the collective effect of the number of solute particles

Question 18

Raoult’s Law

Answer 18

partial pressure is exerted by solvent vapor above a solution (P subscript A) = the product of the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution (X subscript A) times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P degree subscript A)

Question 19

Ideal solution

Answer 19

obeys Raoult’s Law

Question 20

Molal boiling-point-elevation constant

Answer 20

(Kb) a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the increase in boiling point as a function of solution molality

Question 21

Molal freezing-point-depression

Answer 21

(Kf) a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the decrease in freezing point as a function of solution molality

Question 22

Osmosis

Answer 22

Net movement of solvent is always toward the solution with the higher solute concentration

Question 23

Osmotic pressure

Answer 23

pressure required to prevent osmosis by pure solvent

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

if 2 solutions of identical osmotic pressure are separate by a semipermeable membrane, no osmosis will occur

Question 25

Hypotonic

Answer 25

if one solution is of lower osmotic pressure, it is _______ with respect to the more concentrated solution

Question 26

Hypertonic

Answer 26

the more concentrated solution is ________ with respect to the dilute solution

Question 27

Crenation

Answer 27

osmosis causing a cell to shrivel

Question 28

Hemolysis

Answer 28

Osmosis causing a cell to rupture

Question 29

Active transport

Answer 29

in some cases, substances must be moved across the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration; not spontaneous

Question 30

Colloidal dispersions (colloids)

Answer 30

mixtures containing particles larger than normal solutes but small enough to remain suspended in the dispersing medium

Question 31

Tyndall Effect

Answer 31

scattering of light by colloidal particles

Question 32

Hydrophilic colloid

Answer 32

water-loving

Question 33

Hydrophobic colloid

Answer 33

Water-fearing

Question 34

Adsorption

Answer 34

to adhere to a surface

Question 35

Emulsion

Answer 35

suspension of one liquid in another

Question 36

Coagulation

Answer 36

process of enlarging colloidal particles

Question 37

Dialysis

Answer 37

using semipermeable membranes to separate ions from colloidal particles