Lab Ex 32 Vegetative Structure of Vascular Plants

Question 0

Secondary roots

Answer 0

primary root produces numerous these and forms a root system that absorbs water and minerals, anchors the plant, and stores food

Question 1

Radicle

Answer 1

young primary root that emerges from the seed and grows down

Question 2

Taproot system

Answer 2

has a large main root and smaller secondary roots branching from it (ex. carrot)

Question 3

fibrous root system

Answer 3

primary and secondary roots are similar in size (ex. roots of many grasses)

Question 4

Primary growth

Answer 4

apical meristems of roots and all primary tissues contributes to this

Question 5

Apical meristems

Answer 5

primary growth of roots and all primary tissues formed by these

Question 6

Secondary growth

Answer 6

refers to growth in girth resulting from nonapical meristems

Question 7

Parts of a root

Answer 7

root cap, root apical meristem, zone of elongation, zone of maturation

Question 8

Root hairs

Answer 8

in the zone of maturation; outgrowths of epidermal cells; short-lived; increase the surface area of the root

Question 9

Epidermis

Answer 9

outer layer of root cells

Question 10

Cortex

Answer 10

layer just inside the epidermis; cells contain numerous amyloplasts

Question 11

Amyloplasts

Answer 11

starch-containing plastids

Question 12

Endodermis

Answer 12

inner layer of the cortex; regulates water flow to the vascular tissue in the center of the root

Question 13

Pericycle

Answer 13

immediately inside the endoderm; can become meristematic and produce secondary roots

Question 14

Vascular Cylinder

Answer 14

Fluid-conducting cylinder composed of xylem and phloem

Question 15

Xylem

Answer 15

transports water and minerals

Question 16

Phloem

Answer 16

transports most organic compounds in the plant

Question 17

Tracheids & vessels

Answer 17

water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms; dead; hollow at maturity; long, spindle-shaped cells with thin areas called pits where the cell walls of adjacent cells overlap

Question 18

Vessels

Answer 18

water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms; stacks of cylindrical cells with thin or completely open end-walls; water moves through these in straight open tubes

Question 19

Sieve cells & sieve tube members

Answer 19

conducting cells in phloem; alive at maturity; small, thin-walled, arranged in bundles that alternate with the poles of xylem

Question 20

Lignin

Answer 20

stained by phloroglucinol; a molecule that strengthens xylary cell walls

Question 21

Shoot apical meristem

Answer 21

dome-shaped, not covered by a cap; produces young leaves (leaf primordia) that attach to the stem at a node

Question 22

Leaf primordia

Answer 22

young leaves that attach to the stem at a node; produced by the shoot apical meristem

Question 23

Node

Answer 23

shoot apical meristem produces young leaves that attach to the stem at this point

Question 24

Axillary bud

Answer 24

between the young leaf and the stem; forms a branch or flower

Question 25

Terminal bud

Answer 25

at the stem tip; contains the apical meristem; surrounded by bud scales

Question 26

Bud scales

Answer 26

surrounds the terminal bud at the stem tip

Question 27

Leaf scars

Answer 27

from shed leaves; occur at regularly spaced nodes along the length of the stem

Question 28

Internodes

Answer 28

portions of stems between the nodes

Question 29

Vascular bundle scars

Answer 29

may be visible within the leaf scars

Question 30

Bud scale scars

Answer 30

distance between clusters of these or from a cluster to the terminal bud indicates the length of terminal growth

Question 31

Epidermis

Answer 31

covers the stem; coated with a waxy, waterproof substance (cutin)

Question 32

Cutin

Answer 32

waxy, waterproof substance that coats the epidermis

Question 33

Cortex (stem)

Answer 33

below the epidermis; stores food

Question 34

Pith

Answer 34

in the center of the stem; stores food

Question 35

Collenchyma

Answer 35

smaller, rectangular cells with unevenly thickened cell walls; support elongating regions of the plant

Question 36

Sclerenchyma fibers

Answer 36

thick-walled cells just outside the phloem; function in support; in some plants, these are used to make linen, rope, and burlap

Question 37

Dicots

Answer 37

flowering plants with 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)

Question 38

Monocot

Answer 38

flowering plants with only 1 cotyledon

Question 39

Vascular cambium

Answer 39

secondary meristem that produces secondary growth (growth in girth); cylindrical, produces secondary xylem to its inside and secondary phloem to its outside

Question 40

Periderm

Answer 40

ruptured epidermis is replaced by this tissue; functions to minimize water loss; consists of cork cells produced by another secondary meristem (cork cambium)

Question 41

Cork cambium

Answer 41

produces cork cells to the outside and cork parenchyma to the inside; stain red because of the presence of suberin (water-impermeable lipid)

Question 42

Lenticels

Answer 42

gas exchange through peridermal tissues occurs through these structures

Question 43

Leaf parts

Answer 43

blade and petiole

Question 44

Petiole

Answer 44

attaches the leaf blade to the stem

Question 45

Simple leaves

Answer 45

have 1 blade connected to the petiole

Question 46

Compound leaves

Answer 46

have several leaflets sharing one petiole

Question 47

Palmate leaflets

Answer 47

compound leaf with leaflets that arise from a central area

Question 48

Pinnate leaflets

Answer 48

compound leaf with leaflets that arise in rows along a central midline

Question 49

Venation

Answer 49

arrangement of veins

Question 50

Parallel veins

Answer 50

veins that extend the entire length of the leaf with little or no cross-linking

Question 51

Pinnately veined leaves

Answer 51

leaves with one major vein (midrib) from which other veins branch

Question 52

Palmately veined leaves

Answer 52

leaves with several veins each having branches

Question 53

Phyllotaxis

Answer 53

arrangement of leaves on a stem

Question 54

Opposite phyllotaxis

Answer 54

refers to 2 leaves per node located on opposite sides of the stem

Question 55

Whorled phyllotaxis

Answer 55

refers to more than 2 leaves per node

Question 56

Alternate phyllotaxis

Answer 56

refers to 1 leaf per node, with leaves appearing first on one side of the stem and then on another

Question 57

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 57

just below the upper epidermis; closely packed cells; contain about 50 chloroplasts per cell

Question 58

Stomata

Answer 58

epidermis contains these pores, each surrounded by 2 guard cells

Question 59

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 59

cells with numerous intercellular spaces; below the palisade layers