Bio Ch 27

Question 1

Flower

Answer 1

reproductive structure of angiosperms; produces 2 types of spores by meiosis, microspores and megaspores

Question 2

Microspore

Answer 2

undergoes mitosis and becomes a pollen grain, which is either windblown or carried by an animal to the vicinity of the female gametophyte

Question 3

Megaspore

Answer 3

undergoes mitosis and becomes the female gametophyte

Question 4

Seed

Answer 4

ovule becomes this; contains the embryo and stored food surrounded by a seed coat

Question 5

Sepals

Answer 5

most leaflike of all the flower parts; usually green; protect the bud as the flower develops within

Question 6

Calyx

Answer 6

collective name for sepals

Question 7

Petals

Answer 7

open flower has a whorl of these; color accounts for attractiveness; size/shape/color are attractive to a specific pollinator

Question 8

Corolla

Answer 8

collective name for the petals

Question 9

Stamens

Answer 9

male portion of the flower; 2 parts = filament and anther

Question 10

Carpel

Answer 10

vaselike structure that represents the female portion of the flower; 3 parts = style, stigma, ovary

Question 11

Style

Answer 11

slender stalk that supports the stigma

Question 12

Stigma

Answer 12

enlarged sticky knob

Question 13

Ovary

Answer 13

enlarged base that encloses 1 or more ovaries

Question 14

Gametophytes

Answer 14

in all land plants, the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis; the spores grow and develop into haploid these, which produce gametes by mitotic division

Question 15

Pollen grain

Answer 15

in seed plants, structure that is derived from a microspore and develops into a male gametophyte

Question 16

Embryo sac

Answer 16

female gametophyte; consists of 7 cells - 1 egg associated with 2 synergid cells, 1 central cell with 2 polar nuclei and 3 antipodal cells

Question 17

Pollination

Answer 17

transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel

Question 18

Double fertilization

Answer 18

when the pollen tube reaches the micropyle, this occurs; one of the sperm unites with the egg to form a 2n zygote; 2nd sperm unites with the 2 polar nuclei centrally placed in the embryo sac to form a 3n endosperm nucleus

Question 19

Endosperm

Answer 19

nutritive tissue that the developing embryonic sporophyte will use as an energy source

Question 20

Coevolution

Answer 20

as one species changes, the other species undergoes adaptation in response, so that in the end, the 2 species are suited to one another

Question 21

Development

Answer 21

programmed series of stages from a simple to a more complex form

Question 22

Differentiation

Answer 22

specialization of structure and function; occurs as development proceeds

Question 23

Cotyledons

Answer 23

seed leaves; embryo is heart shaped when these appear because of local, rapid cell division

Question 24

Fruit

Answer 24

in botany, a mature ovary that can also contain other flower parts, such as the receptacle; protect and help disperse seeds

Question 25

Simple fruit

Answer 25

fruit derived from a single ovary that can have 1 or several chambers

Question 26

Compound fruit

Answer 26

derived from several groups of ovaries

Question 27

Aggregate fruit

Answer 27

if a single flower has multiple ovaries (ex. blackberry)

Question 28

Multiple fruit

Answer 28

1 receptacle flowers with ovaries that fuse to form this

Question 29

Exocarp

Answer 29

outermost skin of the fruit

Question 30

Mesocarp

Answer 30

fleshy tissue between the exocarp and endocarp of the fruit

Question 31

Endocarp

Answer 31

serves as the boundary around the seed(s); may be hard or papery

Question 32

Dry fruits

Answer 32

legumes, wheat/rice/corn grains

Question 33

Drupe

Answer 33

fleshy fruit with a pit containing a single seed produced from a simple ovary

Question 34

Legume

Answer 34

dry dehiscent fruit produced from a simple ovary

Question 35

Samara

Answer 35

dry indehiscent fruit produced from a simple ovary

Question 36

Germinate

Answer 36

if conditions are right, seeds may do this to form a seedling; doesn't usually take place until there is sufficient water, warmth and oxygen to sustain growth

Question 37

Dormancy

Answer 37

for seeds, this is the time when no growth occurs

Question 38

Asexual reproduction

Answer 38

production of an offspring identical to a single parent

Question 39

Stolons

Answer 39

horizontal stems that can be seen because they run aboveground

Question 40

Rhizomes

Answer 40

underground stems that produce new plants asexually

Question 41

Tissue culture

Answer 41

growth of a tissue in an artificial liquid or solid culture medium

Question 42

Totipotent

Answer 42

each plant cell has the genetic capability of becoming an entire plant

Question 43

Cell suspension culture

Answer 43

technique that allows scientists to extract chemicals (ex. secondary metabolites) from plant cells, which may have been genetically modified; allows scientists to avoid over-collection of wild plants from their natural environments