anaphy lesson 1 finals Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY
SYTEM
A
Pulmonary Ventilation
Regulation of pH –
Olfaction
Voice Production
ACE production
protection
Exchange of Gases
2
Q
mechanical process of moving air in
and out of the lungs to allow gas exchange.
A
Pulmonary Ventilation
3
Q
kidney and lungs
A
Regulation of pH –
4
Q
asal cavity detects airborne chemicals, enabling the
sense of smell through olfactory receptors.
A
Olfaction
5
Q
air from the lungs vibrates the vocal cords in
the larynx to produce sound and speech.
A
Voice Production
6
Q
angiotensin converting enzyme
A
ACE production
7
Q
respiratory tract filters, traps, and removes particles
and pathogens using mucus, cilia, and immune cells.
A
Protection
8
Q
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
between air and blood in the alveoli through diffusion.
A
Exchange of Gases
9
Q
Ventilation - \
Respiration - \
A
Act of Breathing
Gas Exchange
10
Q
The mechanical movement of air in
and out of the lungs.
A
Ventilation
11
Q
physiological process of gas
exchange
A
Respiration
12
Q
Diaphragm contracts, chest cavity
expands, and air flows into the lungs
A
Inhalation (Inspiration)
13
Q
Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity
recoils, and air is pushed out of the
lungs
A
Exhalation (Expiration)
14
Q
Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between
lungs and blood.
A
External Respiration
15
Q
Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between
blood and tissues
A
Internal Respiration
16
Q
Cells use O₂ to convert glucose into
ATP, producing CO₂ as a byproduct.
A
Cellular Respiration
17
Q
2 STRUCTURAL DIVISION OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A
Upper Respiratory Tract- NOSe, pharynX, larynX
Lower Respiratory Tract- Trachea, Bronchi & Bronchioles, Alveoli
18
Q
filters, warms, and moistens air
A
Nasal cavity
19
Q
shared by digestive and respiratory systems
A
Pharynx
20
Q
voice box; routes air and food properly
A
Larynx
21
Q
windpipe; conducts air to lungs
A
Trachea
22
Q
branching airways
A
Bronchi & Bronchioles
23
Q
tiny air sacs for gas exchange
A
Alveoli
24
Q
It prepares the air, but no gas exchange
happens
A
Conducting Portion
25
Site of gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)
Respiratory Portion
26
structure of respiratiry portion
Structures: Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar
ducts → Alveoli
27
structure of conducting portion
Structures: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea
→ Bronchi → Bronchioles
28
Lines most of the
nasal cavities and the
conducting portion
Respiratory Epithelium
29
Ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium with
mucus-secreting goblet cells
Respiratory Epithelium
30
5 Major Cell Types in Respiratory Epithelium
Ciliated Columnar Cells
Goblet Cells
Brush Cells
Small Granule Cells (Kulchitsky Cells)
Basal Cells
31
Sweep mucus and trapped particles upward (mucociliary escalator)
Ciliated Columnar Cells
32
Secrete mucus to trap dust, microbes, and pollutants
Goblet Cells
33
Have microvilli; may serve sensory roles (linked with loss of taste
during colds)
Brush Cells
34
Part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)
Small Granule Cells (Kulchitsky Cells)
35
Detect hypoxia and release regulatory peptides
Small Granule Cells (Kulchitsky Cells)
36
Stem cells for regeneration of the epithelial lining
Basal Cells
37
Location: Roof of the
nasal cavity;
specialized for smell
Olfactory Epithelium
38
Type: Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
(non-respiratory)
Olfactory Epithelium
39
3 Major Cell Types in Olfactory Epithelium
Olfactory Neurons
Supporting Cells (Sustentacular Cells)
Basal Cells
40
Bipolar neurons that detect odor molecules
Olfactory Neurons
41
Axons form the olfactory nerve (CN I)
Olfactory Neurons
42
Provide protection, metabolic support, and nutrition to
olfactory neurons
Sustento = sustains smell"
Supporting Cells
43
Stem cells that regenerate both olfactory neurons and
supporting cells
Basal Cells
44
is the primary entry point of the respiratory system and plays a role in filtering,
humidifying, warming air, and facilitating olfaction.
NOSE/NASUS
45
Forms the entry point of the respiratory
system; houses the nostrils
External Nose
46
Warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air;
supports olfaction
Nasal Cavity
47
Divides the nasal cavity into right and
left chambers
Nasal Septum
48
Increase surface area and turbulence to
condition inhaled air
Conchae (Turbinates)
49
Provide drainage pathways for sinuses
and nasolacrimal duct
Meatus (Superior, Middle,
Inferior)
50
components of nose
External Nose
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Septum
Conchae (Turbinates)
Meatus (Superior, Middle,
Inferior)
51
is a muscular,
funnel-shaped tube forming
part of both the respiratory and
digestive systems
pharynx
52
3 divisions of pharynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
53
Location: First and most superior part; lies posterior to the nasal cavity and above the soft palate.
Nasopharynx
54
Epithelium: Lined with pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory
epithelium)
Nasopharynx
55
which
connect to the middle ear and equalize pressure
Eustachian) tubes
56
Location: Extends from the soft
palate to the superior border of the
epiglottis
Oropharynx
57
Epithelium: Non-keratinized
stratified squamous
Oropharynx
58
Function: Shared passage for air,
food, and fluid.
Oropharynx
59
Location: Extends from the
epiglottis to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
(Hypopharynx)
60
Pathway: Passes posterior to
the larynx.
Laryngopharynx
(Hypopharynx)
61
Function: Directs food to the
esophagus and air to the larynx.
Laryngopharynx
(Hypopharynx)
62
is a hollow cartilaginous structure located between the
pharynx and trachea.
larynx
63
It’s the organ for phonation (sound
production) and air passage protection
larynx
64
Composed of hyaline and elastic cartilages, ligaments, and
muscles.
larynx
65
most intrinsic muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
66
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
cricothyroid
67
Largest; forms the laryngeal prominence (“Adam’s apple”); hyaline.
Thyroid
68
Only complete ring; most inferior; hyaline.
Cricoid
69
Leaf-shaped; elastic cartilage; bends down during swallowing.
Epiglottis
70
Unpaired Cartilages:
Paired Cartilages:
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
71
HYALINE
CARTILIGES
1. Interior
arytenoid
2. Cricoid
3. thyroid
72
ELASTIC CARTILAGES
1. cuneiform
2. Corniculate
3. superior
arytenoid
4. epiglottis
73
Only abductor of vocal cords
Posterior cricoarytenoid
74
Adducts vocal cords
Lateral cricoarytenoid
75
Adducts arytenoids (closes rima glottidis)
Transverse arytenoid
76
Assists in closure of laryngeal inlet
Oblique arytenoid
77
Relaxes vocal cords
Thyroarytenoid
78
Fine tension adjustments of vocal cords
Vocalis
79
Location: Begins at C6, ends at
T5, where it bifurcates at the
carina.
trachea
80
Divides into right and left
primary bronchi.
trachea
81
Between the trachea and the alveolar sacs, the
airways divide ___ times
23 times
82
Found in terminal bronchioles; non-ciliated columnar epithelial
cells.
Clara Cells (aka Club Cells)
83
Also called exocrine bronchiolar cells.
Clara Cells (aka Club Cells
84
Largest organs by volume
LUNGS
85
site of Gas Exchange
Alveoli
86
Derived from monocytes
"Dust Cells"
Alveolar Macrophages
87
traps small particles out of the inspired
air and keeps most of these from ever reaching the
alveoli.
Mucus
88
beat continually by “power stroke” that
causes the coat of mucus to flow slowly toward the
pharynx (10-20/second)
Cilia
89
Located in the medulla
oblongata – these are your automatic "pacemakers
Medullary Respiratory Centers
90
contains
pacemaker cells initiating rhythmic breathing
Pre-Bötzinger Complex (pre-BOTC)
91
Modulates expiratory activity; helps control
timing of inspiration & expiration
Bötzinger Complex
92
Primarily inspiratory neurons; integrates input
from chemoreceptors & stretch receptors
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
93
Active during forced breathing (both inspiration
and expiration); includes motor outputs to
muscles
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
94
sense blood gas changes
Chemoreceptors
95
Shortens inspiration to protect lungs from overinflation
Vagal Reflexes
96
Slowly adapting
stretch receptor
Same as above
Hering–Breuer Inflation
Reflex
Hering–Breuer
Deflation Reflex
97
s made up of a gas-
exchanging organ (the lungs) and a “pump” that
ventilates the lungs.
respiratory system
98
ring structure in the middle; has iron
(ferrous form) in the middle
Heme
99
When hemoglobin contains heme with iron in
the ferric state, it is called
Methemoglobin
100
it is __ that is
associated with Methemoglobinemia
Prilocaine
101
* volume of air in normal breathing
* amount you normally inhale and exhale during quiet breathing
* approximately 500 mL
Tidal volume (TV)
102
* amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
* maximum amount of air you can inhale
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
103
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal
expiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
104
volume of air remaining in the lungs even after strenuous
expiration
Residual volume (RV)
105
Total amount of exchangeable air
Vital capacity (VC)
106
is a
graph that describes how
readily hemoglobin in red
blood cells picks up
O₂–Hemoglobin
Dissociation Curve
