anaphy lesson 2 finals Flashcards by Jasmine Tabangcora

4 BASIC LAYERS OF GIT

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis layer/Myenteric layer
Serosa

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closest to the lumen; where epithelium is located
(simple columnar)

Mucosa

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where Meissner’s plexus that mediates enteric
nervous system are found. Works in local reflexes; functions
independently from main nervous system

Submucosa

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where Auerbach’s plexus
that mediates enteric nervous system is located Works in local
reflexes; functions independently from main nervous system

Muscularis layer/Myenteric layer

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thin layer of loose connective tissue + simple
squamous epithelium (mesothelium

Serosa

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Breaks down large food
particles and mixes them with saliva. It aids
swallowing and enhances digestive
efficiency.

Chewing (Mastication)

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mmay be digested but can
trigger strong, painful esophageal contractions.

Large food particles

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disperse easily, but fail to
form a proper bolus, complicating swallowing

Small, dry particles

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Starch
digestion

Parotid

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Lubrication &
digestion

Submandibular

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Lubrication

Sublingual

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Neutralizes gastric acid reflux in
esophagus

Hypotonic & Alkaline

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Amylase initiates carbohydrate
digestion

Digestive Enzymes

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IgA and lysozyme combat oral
bacteria.

Immune Protection

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Coat and lubricate the bolus for safe passage.

Mucins

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Transition from voluntary (oral) to
involuntary (pharyngeal &
esophageal) phases.

Swallowing

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Pushing food to the posterior
aspect of the mouth o Contraction of intrinsic
muscles of the tongue

Voluntary

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continuation of the pharyngeal
peristaltic wave initiated voluntarily when swallowing begins.
Initiated by swallowing itself (via vagal efferents

Primary peristalsis

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reflex contraction that occurs
independently of swallowing.

Secondary peristalsis

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is controlled by nuclei in
the medulla oblongata,

Swallowing

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sensory/afferent input

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS

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motor/efferent output

Nucleus Ambiguus (NA)

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Chewing, oral
sensory input

CN V (Trigeminal)

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Sensory (pharynx),
motor (pharyngeal
elevation)

CN IX
(Glossopharyngeal)

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Motor for pharynx/larynx/esoph agus, sensory

CN X (Vagus)

Tongue movement for bolus formation

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Esophagus, Stomach, 1st part of Duodenum, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Foregut -

2nd to 4th part of Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, Ascending colon, Transverse Colon (to splenic flexure)

Midgut

transverse Colon (distal to splenic flexure), Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, RectumLIVER, GALL BLADDE

Hindgut

SEGMENTS OF GIT

Foregut Midgut Hindgut -

artery, vein, ganglion/nerve same names

CSI is for Gi

* C = celiac  foregut * S = superior mesenteric  midgut * I = inferior mesenteric  hindgut

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which may be keratinized, partially keratinized, or nonkeratinized depending on the location.

oral cavity

Muscular structure formed mostly by the orbicularis oris muscle.

lips

The keratinized stratified epithelium of the skin becomes thin at the margin of the lips called

Vermillion (red-orange)

A mass of striated muscle covered by mucosa

Tongue

Major sensory organ for taste and one of the major organs of speech.

Tongue

anterior attachment to the floor of the mouth

Frenulum

makes the texture of tongue rough. Found in rows; avascular; most numerous papillae of tongue; do not contain taste buds

Filiform

mushroom-shaped; scattered among filiform papillae; usually contain taste buds

Fungiform

on lateral surface of tongue in ridges; rudimentary and nonfunctional

Foliate

consist of several parallel ridges on each side of the tongue, anterior to the sulcus terminalis, but are rudimentary in humans especially older individual

Foliate

large circular structures with taste buds

Vallate

contains serous salivary gland within called

von Ebner’s gland.

All taste buds except ___ are vascular.

filiform

Roof of oral cavity, floor of nasal cavity

palate

: anterior part which consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue

Hard palate

posterior portion

Soft palate:

Posterior extension from soft palate

Uvula

For speech, sneezing, swallowing, salivation

Uvula

results from incomplete fusion of palatine shelves.

Bifid uvula

damaged pharyngeal plexus causes uvula to deviate to contralateral side

Unilateral

covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food and drink from entering the larynx

Epiglottis

opening of larynx

Glottis

It is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long in adults

Esophagus

has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium,

Mucosa

contains small mucus secreting glands, the esophageal glands, which lubricate and protect the mucosa.

submucosa

regulate the movement of materials into and out of the esophagus.

Upper and lower esophageal sphincter

Upper esophageal sphincter

ricopharyngeus muscle

Lower esophageal sphincter

cardiac sphincter

Primary site of protein digestion:

STOMACH

It is a muscular dilation of the digestive tract where mechanical and chemical digestion occurs.

Stomach

Major stomach regions are All these regions have longitudinal gastric folds, called

 cardia - fundus  body  Most inferior / lowest part  ANTrum  LAST PART: pyloru rugae

Bolus of food in stomach is called

CHYME

gross foldings of the inner surface of the stomach

Rugae

microscopic invagination composed of Oxyntic cells of the stomach.

Gastric pit

s composed of portal vein, hepatic arteriole, bile duc

portal triad

Heaviest gland (1.4 kg); second largest organ

Liver

major cell “BATH”

Hepatocytes

Regulates pancreatic β-cell proliferation and lipid metabolism

Betatrophin

Precursor of angiotensin I,

Angiotensino gen

Stimulates platelet production in the bone marrow

Thrombopoietin

Key regulator of iron homeostasis;

Hepcidin

Largest lobe, includes gallbladder fossa

right lobe

Smaller, extends into the left hypochondriac region

Left Lobe

Posterior, near the inferior vena cava

Caudate Lobe

Anterior, near the gallbladder

Quadrate Lobe

"Gateway to the Liver"

Porta Hepatis

Located on the inferior surface of the liver

Porta Hepatis

Drain bile from liver into common hepatic duc

Right & Left Hepatic Ductc

Supplies oxygen-rich blood to liver tissue

Hepatic Artery Proper

Brings nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract for filtration

Hepatic Portal Vein

Site where the digestive processes are completed and where nutrients are absorbed

Small Intestine

Also called bowel, which absorbs water and electrolytes and forms indigestible material into feces,

Large Intestine

It is the breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

Digestion

movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the circulation or into the lymphatic system

Absorption

Final step of digestion involving the removal of waste products from the body

Elimination

composed of indigestible food, bacteria, sloughed epithelial cells, and waste products

Feces

the voluntary and involuntary act of expelling feces through the rectum and anus

Defecation

fat-filled peritoneal projections

Omental Appendices

worm-like diverticulum

Veriform Appendix

Retroperitoneal organ Has endocrine and exocrine function

Pancreas

Deep diverticula of gallbladder mucosa

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

anaphy lesson 2 finals Flashcards

(93 cards)