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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Based on divisions or regions of the body, emphasizing the relationship of components in that region

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2
Q

What are variations in anatomy due to?

A
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Age, etc.
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3
Q

What position is the body in when we apply terms to it?

A

Anatomical position

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4
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Head, gaze, and toes directed anteriorly, arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly, lower limbs close together with feet parallel

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5
Q

What happens to structures when a patient is lying in surgery?

A

Structures are located more superiorly - when erect, structures are more inferior due to gravity

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6
Q

What is the term for the sagittal plane?

A

Median

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7
Q

What is the median plane?

A

Divides into left and right

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8
Q

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

A

Divides into ventral and dorsal

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9
Q

What is the horizontal/transverse/axial plane?

A

Divides into cross sections

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10
Q

What is the oblique plane?

A

Plane not parallel to one of the cardinal planes

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11
Q

What is an example of when the oblique plane is useful?

A

The division between the false and true pelvis lies in an oblique plane and has many structures

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12
Q

How are we viewing a patient in a CT?

A

As if you are viewing from the feet and supine - patient’s left is on the right of the scan

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13
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the beak - used for nervous system

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14
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail - used for nervous system

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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16
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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17
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between the parts of the body

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18
Q

Extension

A

Straightening or increasing the angle between the bones

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes point up

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20
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Toes point down

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21
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

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22
Q

Supination

A

Returning the palm to the anatomical position - palm up

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23
Q

Pronation

A

Palm of hand faces posteriorly or palm down

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24
Q

Protrusion

A

Movement anteriorly

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25
Q

Retrusion

A

Movement posteriorly

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26
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the pad of the first digit is brought to another digit pad

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27
Q

Reposition

A

Movement of the firs digit from the position of opposition back into its normal anatomical position

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28
Q

What is an eponym?

A

A term that uses a person’s name

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29
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Containment
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Endocrine
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30
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • subcutaneous
  • fascia
  • muscle
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31
Q

Does the epidermis have direct blood flow?

A

No, it is avascular, the dermis has vascularization

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32
Q

What is the epidermis comprised of?

A

Epithelium

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33
Q

What is the dermis comprised of?

A

Deep connective tissue, collagen and elastin

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34
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue comprised of?

A

Loose connective tissue and stored fat

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35
Q

What is a fascia comprised of?

A

Dense, connective tissue

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36
Q

What are two types of specialized fascia?

A

Bursae and retinaculae

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37
Q

What is the function of fascia?

A

Constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures of the body

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38
Q

What is the deep fascia?

A

Dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue

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39
Q

How does fascia group structures?

A

It organizes regions into compartments

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40
Q

What region does not have deep fascia?

A

Face

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41
Q

What is a fasciotomy?

A

Cut into the fascia to relieve pressure and edema in compartment syndrome

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42
Q

Where is the skin are there autonomic versus somatic nerves?

A

Autonomic nerves innervate the sweat glands, somatic nerves innervate the skin surface for touch, temperature, and pain

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43
Q

Where are bursae found?

A

Where tendons and ligaments cross over a bony prominence (can be physically connected to a joint)

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44
Q

What is the function of a retinaculum?

A

Holds tendons in place where they cross the joint during flexion and extension, preventing them from taking a shortcut, or bow stringing, across the angle created

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45
Q

What kind of tissue are bones and cartilage?

A

Specialized connective tissue

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46
Q

What are intermuscular septa?

A

Extension of the deep fascia that divides muscles into groups

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47
Q

What is the function of the bursa?

A

Sac of serous membrane that occurs in a location in order to resist friction and enable one structure to move freely over another

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48
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the head, neck, and trunk

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49
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs including the pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) and the pelvic girdle

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50
Q

What substances mineralize bone?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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51
Q

What are the living bone cells called?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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52
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A
  • support for body
  • protection of vital structures
  • mechanical basis for movement
  • storage for salts
  • continuous supply of new blood cells
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53
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds each skeletal element

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54
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds cartilage

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55
Q

What type of bone is the superficial layer of all bones?

A

Compact bone

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56
Q

What type of bone is found in the epiphyses and diaphyses of bones?

A

Spongy bone

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57
Q

What are spicules?

A

Trabeculae of spongy bone

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58
Q

What is the hollow middle part of a bone called?

A

Medullary cavity

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59
Q

What are the different types of bone shapes?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
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60
Q

Where are short bones found and what do they look like?

A

Cuboidal found in the tarsus and carpus

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61
Q

What is the main function of flat bones?

A

Protection

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62
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

Bones of the face

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63
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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64
Q

What is the function of a sesamoid bone?

A

Changes the angle of a tendon

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65
Q

Capitulum

A

Small, round articular head

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66
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded, knuckle like articular area, often occurring in pairs

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67
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of a bone

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68
Q

Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

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69
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articles with another bone

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70
Q

Foramen

A

Passage through a bone

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71
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

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72
Q

Groove

A

Elongated depressing or furrow

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73
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded process

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74
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a bone

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75
Q

Protuberance

A

Projection of bone

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76
Q

SPine

A

Thorn like process

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77
Q

Spinous process

A

Projecting spine like part

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78
Q

Trochanter

A

Large blunt elevation

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79
Q

Trochlea

A

Spool like articular process or process that acts as a pulley

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80
Q

Tubercle

A

Small raised eminence

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81
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded elevation

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82
Q

Does cartilage receive blood supply?

A

It is avascular, and receives nutrients by diffusion from the perichondrium

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83
Q

What is limited since the cartilage is avascular?

A

Limits that ability for repair

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84
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrous
  • elastic
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85
Q

What are the types of joints?

A
  • synovial
  • fibrous
  • cartilagenous
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86
Q

What is the most common type of joint?

A

Synovial

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87
Q

What are the six major varieties of synovial joints?

A
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • saddle
  • condyloid
  • plane
  • ball and socket
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88
Q

What is intramembraneous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal bone models are formed during embryonic and prenatal periods

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89
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage models are formed during the fetal period, with bone subsequently replacing most of the cartilage after birth

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90
Q

Describe a synovial joint

A

United by a joint capsule, with an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid, with hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones

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91
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Nourishes and allows free movement of the joint

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92
Q

Where does synovial fluid originate from?

A

The plasma fluid

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93
Q

Are joints vascularized?

A

They have a rich blood supply outside of he synovium

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94
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow or knee

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95
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Vertebrae

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96
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Hip and acetabulum, glenohumeral joint

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97
Q

What is an example of a plane joint?

A

acromioclavicular joint

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98
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Metacarpalphalangeal joints (Digits)

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99
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Carpo-metacarpal joint (Thumb)

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100
Q

Describe the joints of the atlantoaxial joints?

A

Joints between atlas and axis
1 medial pivot joint
2 lateral planar joints

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101
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

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102
Q

What is an example of a suture joint?

A

Skull

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103
Q

What is an example of a syndesmosis joint?

A

Interosseous membrane in the forearm, connecting radius and ulna

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104
Q

What is an example of a gomphosis joint?

A

Teeth

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105
Q

How much movement does the suture joint allow?

A

None

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106
Q

How much movement does the syndesmosis joint allow?

A

Little movement

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107
Q

What is a syndesmosis joint?

A

Fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane

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108
Q

What determines the movement of fibrous joint?

A

The length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones

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109
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

Fibrous joint in which a peg like process fits into a socket articulation between the root of the tooth and alveolar process of the jaw

110
Q

What are two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis (primary) and symphysis (secondary)

111
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Articulating structures are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

112
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

Bones are united by hyaline cartilage which permits sleigh bending during early life; usually temporary unions

113
Q

What is an example of synchondrosis?

A

Epiphyseal plate - usually ossifies

Where ribs meet the sternum - joint persists throughout life, until old age (in CPR of elderly, ribs snap)

114
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

Strong, slightly movable joint united by fibrocartilage

115
Q

What is an example of a symphysis?

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

116
Q

What are plane joints?

A

Permit gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surfaces - movement limited by the tight joint capsule

117
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Permit flexion and extension only

118
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension

119
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction - movement in one plane is greater than the other (medial)

120
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Allow movement in multiple axes and planes - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction

121
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

Permit rotation around a central axis

122
Q

What is the Hilton law?

A

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments

123
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Provides an awareness of movement and position of the parts of the body

124
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

125
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary striated somatic muscle that makes up the gross skeletal muscles that compose the muscular system, moving or stabilizing bones and other structures

126
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary striated visceral muscle that forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels, and pumps blood

127
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Unstriated involuntary visceral muscle that forms part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs, moving substances through them by coordinated sequential contractions

128
Q

What are the layers of skeletal muscle?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

129
Q

What are the different types of skeletal fiber orientation?

A 
Parallel
-flat
-fusiform
-quadrate
Pennate
130
Q

What are pennate muscles?

A

Feather like arrangement of the fascicles (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate)

131
Q

What are fusiform muscles?

A

Spindle shaped with round, thick belly and tapered ends

132
Q

What are convergent muscles?

A

Arise from a broad area and coverage to form a single tendon

133
Q

What are quadrate muscles?

A

Have four equal sides

134
Q

What are circular or sphincteral muscles?

A

Surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted

135
Q

What are multi headed or multi bellied muscles?

A

Have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly, respectively

136
Q

What is an example of a flat muscle?

A

External oblique

137
Q

What is an example of a pennate muscle?

A

Deltoid (multipennate)

138
Q

What is an example of a fusiform muscle?

A

biceps brachii

139
Q

What is an example of a convergent muscle?

A

pectoralis major

140
Q

What is an example of a quadrate muscle?

A

Rectus abdominus, between its tendinous intersections

141
Q

What is an example of a sphincteral muscle?

A

orbicularis oculi

142
Q

What is an example of a multiheaded muscle?

A

biceps or triceps

143
Q

Do skeletal muscles need to be attached to bones?

A

No - eye muscles and muscles in the hands and feet are not attached to bone

144
Q

What is reflexive contraction?

A

Skeletal muscles are voluntary, but certain aspects of their activity are automatic, like the diaphragm

145
Q

What is tonic contraction?

A

Even when relaxed, the muscles of a conscious individual are almost always slightly contracted - does not produce movement or active resistance, but gives muscle firmness and assists with the stability of joints and maintenance of posture

146
Q

What is another name for tonic contraction?

A

Muscle tone

147
Q

What are the two types of phasic contraction?

A

Isotonic and isometric

148
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Where the muscle changes length in relationship to the production of movement

149
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle length remains the same, no movement occurs, but the force is increased above tonic levels to resist gravity or other antagonistic force

150
Q

What is isometric contraction important in?

A

Maintaining upright posture and when muscles act as fixators

151
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric and eccentric

152
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Movement occurs as a result of the muscle shortening

153
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

A contracting muscle lengthens - undergoes gradual relaxation while continually exerting a diminishing force

154
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The fixed end

155
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

Where the muscle acts

156
Q

When a prime mover is undergoing concentric contraction, its antagonist is undergoing…?

A

Eccentric contraction

157
Q

If every muscle has an origin and insertion, does it only move at the insertion?

A

No, most muscles move at both ends depending on the action

158
Q

What is the function of a fixator?

A

Provides proximal stability for distal mobility

159
Q

What is the prime mover?

A

The agonist is the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

160
Q

What is the fixator?

A

Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contraction while movements are occurring in distal parts

161
Q

What is the synergist?

A

Complements the action of a prime mover, maybe by directly assisting in a weaker component of movement, or assist indirectly by serving as a fixator of an intervening joint when a prime mover passes over more than one joint

162
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle - primary antagonist directly opposes prime mover, synergists may also be opposed by secondary antagonists

163
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

164
Q

What do large motor units innervate?

A

Several hundred muscle fibers, like the back and thigh, for weight bearing areas

165
Q

What do small motor units innervate?

A

Fewer muscle fibers, like the eye and hand, for precision

166
Q

In order for a muscle to work, what must it do?

A

Cross a joint

167
Q

What terms are used instead of origin insertion?

A

Proximal distal attachments

168
Q

What does movement result from?

A

Activation of an increasing number of motor units

169
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

Transport fluids throughout the body, consisting of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

170
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart and blood vessels, making up the blood transportation network

171
Q

What are the two circuits of the cardiovasulcar system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circuits

172
Q

What does the right ventricle pump?

A

Low oxygen blood returning from the systemic circulation into the lungs through the pulmonary arteries

173
Q

What returns oxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Returned via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

174
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

From the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left atrium

175
Q

What does the left ventricle pump?

A

Pumps oxygen rich blood through the systemic arteries (aorta) to the body

176
Q

What returns oxygen poor blood to the heart?

A

Returns to the right atrium via superior and inferior vena cavae

177
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

From left ventricle through the body to the right atrium

178
Q

What are the three coats of vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
179
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Inner lining consisting of single layer of endothelium, supported by delicate connective tissues

180
Q

What vessels have only a tunica intima?

A

Capillaries, along with a basement membrane

181
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Middle layer consisting of primarily smooth muscle

182
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

Outer connective tissue layer or sheath

183
Q

Which coat of the vessels is the most variable?

A

Tunica media

184
Q

What are arteries, veins, and lymphatic ducts distinguished by?

A

The thickness of the tunica media relative to the size of the lumen

185
Q

What is the cardiovascular system circuit? (right atrium start)

A 
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral/bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Systemic system
186
Q

Are arteries under high or low pressure?

A

High pressure

187
Q

What is the average systemic pressure in the arteries?

A

About 90 mm/Hg

188
Q

Are veins under high or low pressure?

A

Low

189
Q

What is the average venous pressure?

A

About 15 mm/Hg

190
Q

What is needed to create pressure?

A

Flow and resistance

191
Q

What is resistance?

A

The tension in the walls of the vessels

192
Q

Why do arteries have more resistance than veins?

A

Arteries have more tension in the walls from the high amount of smooth muscle tissue - veins don’t have much smooth muscle

193
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A
  • Large elastic (conducting)
  • Medium muscular (distributing)
  • Small & arterioles
194
Q

What are anastomoses?

A

Communications between multiple beaches, providing numerous potential detours for blood flow

195
Q

What surface is always in constant contact with the blood?

A

Endothelium - lines all vessels and inside of the heart uniformly

196
Q

Which nervous system innervates the smooth muscle of vessels?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

197
Q

What kind of input causes constriction of blood vessels?

A

More sympathetic input

198
Q

What kind of input causes dilation of blood vessels?

A

Less sympathetic input

199
Q

What does healing and regeneration of tissues require?

A

Good circulation!

200
Q

What does the size of a motor unit depend on?

A

Number of muscle fibers

201
Q

What does the homunculus demonstrate?

A

Larger areas of the cortical tissue are designated for more sensitive movements (face, hands, etc).

202
Q

What is another function of a synergist besides aiding the prime mover?

A

Two synergistic muscles may produce a new movement - extensor and flexor muscles of the wrist cancel out when used together, causing the abduction of the wrist - there is no prime mover muscle to abduct the wrist

203
Q

What is the lymphoid system?

A

Overflow system that provides for the drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream, as we’ll as for the removal of debris from cellular decomposition and infection; also active in immune reactions

204
Q

What is lymph?

A

Tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries; similar in composition to blood plasma

205
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct?

A

Drains lymph from body’s right upper quadrant (right side of head, neck, and thorax, plus right upper limb)

206
Q

Where is the right lymphatic duct located?

A

At root of neck, entering the right venous angle

207
Q

Where is the right venous angle?

A

The junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

208
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

Drains lymph from remainder of body

209
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

Drains lymph from lower half of the body, merging in the abdomen

210
Q

Where is the thoracic duct?

A

Left subclavian angle

211
Q

Where is the left subclavian angle?

A

The junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

212
Q

What do the ends of lymphatic vessels look like?

A

Open at one end to suck up fluid from capillary bed leakage

213
Q

Where is lymph returned to the venous blood?

A

Venous angles, where the jugular and carotid meet

214
Q

What direction of flow do lymphatics follow?

A

Unidirectional

215
Q

What is edema?

A

Excess of interstitial fluid, manifesting as swelling

216
Q

Why do we dissect lymph nodes in cancer patients?

A

To stage the spread of the cancer

217
Q

Where is the last lymph node before a cancer starts to spread to the blood?

A

Apical node

218
Q

What causes lymph edema?

A

When there is no upper lymphatic drainage and lymph accumulates- causes swelling in arms

219
Q

How does the lymphatic system play a role in the immune system?

A

Antigens are sucked up through lymphatic channels and are presented in lymph nodes, where many lymphocytes are present

220
Q

What are the forces that effect the flow of fluid across a capillary wall?

A

Hydrostatic and oncotic

221
Q

How is the nervous system structurally divided?

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems

222
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

223
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerve fibers and cell bodies outside of the CNS

224
Q

How is the nervous system functionally divided?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

225
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Composed of somatic parts of the CNS and PNS, providing sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body

226
Q

What is the somatic motor nervous system?

A

Innervates only skeletal muscle, stimulating voluntary and reflexive movement

227
Q

What is the somatic sensory nervous system?

A

Transmits sensation of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors

228
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Consists of motor fibers that stimulate smooth muscle, modified cardiac muscle, and glandular cells (“visceral motor system”) (sensory components are still present)

229
Q

What are the sensory components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regulation of heart rate, respiration, blood pressure - we are usually unaware of these sensations (although pain can be conscious)

230
Q

What is efferent/afferent?

A

Information going out/going in

231
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

232
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 (plus the spinal accessory nerve CN XI)

233
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies

234
Q

What is white matter?

A

Interconnecting fiber tract systems (axons and dendrites)

235
Q

Are afferent nerves sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

236
Q

Are efferent nerves sensory or motor?

A

Motor

237
Q

What are afferent fibers?

A

Convery neural impulses to the CNS from the sense organs and from sensory receptors

238
Q

What are efferent fibers?

A

Convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs

239
Q

How many cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral nerves are there?

A

C8
T12
5L
5S

240
Q

Where is spinal nerve C8?

A

Between C7 and T1

241
Q

How are cervical nerves named?

A

Where they exit above the vertebrae - C3 nerve exits above the C3 vertebrae
(C8 exits above T1)

242
Q

How are thoracic nerves named?

A

Where they exit below the vertebrae - T1 nerve exits below T1 vertebra

243
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

244
Q

Does the spinal cord occupy the lumbar or sacral canal?

A

No

245
Q

Where do spinal nerves initially arise from?

A

Arise from spinal cord as rootlets

246
Q

What do spinal rootlets converge to form?

A

Two nerve roots

247
Q

What are the two nerve roots?

A

Anterior (ventral) nerve root and posterior (dorsal) nerve root

248
Q

What is the anterior nerve root?

A

Consists of motor, EFFERENT fibers passing from nerve cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter to effector organs

249
Q

What is the posterior nerve root?

A

Consists of sensory, AFFERENT fibers from cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion that extend peripherally to sensory ending and centrally to posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter

250
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

The junction of the posterior and anterior roots bound with connective tissue in the same dural sleeve

251
Q

What does a spinal nerve immediately divide into?

A

Posterior and anterior rami

252
Q

Are rami sensory or motor?

A

Both, because they are divisions of the spinal nerve

253
Q

Which rami form plexuses?

A

Anterior primary rami

254
Q

Which fibers are unidirectional?

A

Posterior and anterior roots

255
Q

Which fibers are bidirectional?

A

Spinal nerve and rami

256
Q

What are the rams communicans?

A

Gray and white communicating branches from spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglion

257
Q

How can you tell the difference between the anterior and posterior roots?

A

Anterior connects with the ramus communicans and is larger

258
Q

What are intermediolateral cell columns?

A

Where the cell bodies (presynaptic) of sympathetic visceral motor system reside

259
Q

Where are IMLs located in the spinal cord?

A

From T1-L3

260
Q

What does somatotrophic organization of IMLs mean?

A

Innervation for the head is located at T1 and innervation for the feet is located at L3

261
Q

What is craniosacral innervation?

A

Parasympathetic

262
Q

What is thoracolumbar innveration?

A

Sympathetic

263
Q

What are the parasympathetic cranial nerves?

A 
III
VII
IX
X
(3,7,9,10)
264
Q

Where are the sacral parasympathetic nerves?

A

S2-S4

265
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibers reach the surface of the body?

A

Genitalia

266
Q

Where are postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers imbedded?

A

Visceral walls

267
Q

Are sympathetic presynaptic neurons short or long?

A

Short

268
Q

Are sympathetic postsynaptic neurons short or long?

A

Long - they travel all over the body

269
Q

Are parasympathetic presynaptic neurons short or long?

A

Long - they have to travel to the viscera

270
Q

Are parasympathetic postsynaptic neurons short or long?

A

Short - they imbed in the visceral wall

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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