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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy Chapter 6 - Shoulder > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 6 - Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of the upper extremity, and what is then sacrificed?

A

Mobility, but stability is sacrificed

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2
Q

How does the compartmentalization of the upper extremity affect it?

A

The upper extremity regions share function, innervation, and blood supply based on compartments

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3
Q

What contributes to the compartmentalization of the upper extremity?

A

Fascia

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4
Q

Each artery has what on each side of it?

A

2 paired veins

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5
Q

What roots comprise the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1

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6
Q

What is the major artery that supplies the upper extremity, and what does it branch from?

A

Axillary artery, stemming from the subclavian

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7
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

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8
Q

Where does the upper extremity attach to the axial skeleton?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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9
Q

What kind of joint is the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Physiologic joint - it glides along the muscles

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10
Q

What muscle does the scapula always move with it?

A

Clavicle

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11
Q

What degree of rotation does the sternal end of the clavicle act in?

A

60 degree limit superior/inferior

30 degree limit anterior/posterior

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12
Q

What are the four major joints of the upper extremity?

A

Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Scapulothoracic
Glenohumeral

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13
Q

How can you determine the difference between the sternal and acromial end of the clavicle?

A

Sternal end is blunt

Acromial end is rounded

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14
Q

How can you determine the difference between the superior and inferior surfaces of the clavicle?

A

Superior surface is smooth, inferior surface has markings for attachments of muscles

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15
Q

What are the markings on the inferior surface of the clavicle?

A

Conoid tubercle
Trapezoid line
Subclavian goorve
Impression for costoclavicular ligament

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16
Q

What is the conoid tubercle?

A

Near acromial end, gives attachment to conoid ligament, part of the coracoclavicular ligament

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17
Q

What is the trapezoid line?

A

Near acromial end, gives attachment for trapezoid ligament, part of the coracoclavicular ligament

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18
Q

What is the subclavian groove?

A

Medial end of clavicle where subclavius muscle attaches

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19
Q

What is the impression for the costoclavicular ligament?

A

Medial end of clavicle, rough and depressed oval area, gives attachment for ligament binding first rib with clavicle

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20
Q

Which muscles hold up the clavicle, offsetting the weight of the upper extremity?

A

Descending fibers of the trapezius and SCM

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21
Q

What is one of the most frequently fractured bones?

A

Clavicle

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22
Q

Why is the clavicle commonly broken?

A

FOOSH - fall onto outstretched hand

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23
Q

What is the weakest part of the clavicle?

A

Junction of the middle and lateral thirds

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24
Q

Why does the shoulder drop with a fracture of the clavicle?

A

Trapezius can no longer hold the lateral portion due to weight of upper limb, so it drops

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25
Q

Which joint is very strong, so the associating bone will break before the joint dislocates?

A

Sternalclavicular joint is so strong that the clavicle will break before the joint is disrupted

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26
Q

What is the anatomical and functional type of joint located at the sternoclavicular junction?

A

Synovial saddle joint but functions as a ball and socket joint

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27
Q

What does the articular disc of the SC joint serves as?

A

Shock absorber of forces transmitted along clavicle from upper limb - why this joint is so strong

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28
Q

What is the only joint between the upper limb and the axial skeleton?

A

SC joint

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29
Q

What ligaments play a role at the SC joint?

A

Anterior and posterior SC
Interclavicular
Costoclavicular

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30
Q

What do the anterior and posterior SC ligaments do?

A

Reinforce the joint capsule of the SC joint

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31
Q

What does the interclavicular ligament do?

A

Strengthens capsule superiorly

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32
Q

Where is the interclavicular ligament located?

A

Across the sternal notch from each end of the clavicle

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33
Q

What does the costoclavicular ligament do?

A

Attaches inferior surface of clavicle to first rib, limiting the elevation of the clavicle

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34
Q

What is the range of rotation for the glenoid?

A

180 degrees

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35
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane

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36
Q

What is the characteristic of the articular disc at the AC joint?

A

Incomplete - the joint is not as strong

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37
Q

What is the characteristic of the articular disc at the SC joint?

A

Complete - makes joint very strong

38
Q

Why is the joint capsule of the AC joint loose?

A

To facilitate movement

39
Q

What dislocation is common in the shoulder?

A

AC joint dislocation

40
Q

When is an AC joint dislocation severe?

A

When the AC and coracoclavicular ligaments are torn

41
Q

What happens when to coracoclavicular ligaments are torn?

A

Shoulder separates from the clavicle and falls due to the weight of the upper limb

42
Q

What ligaments act on the AC joint?

A

AC

Coracoclavicular

43
Q

What are the two parts of the coracoclavicular ligaments?

A

Conoid and trapezoid

44
Q

Which joint of the AC is strongest?

A

Coracoclavicular

45
Q

Why does the AC joint need ligaments from the coracoid process?

A

Extrinsic ligaments need to support the weak junction of the AC - coracoclavicular ligaments hold up the scapula in a way so that the acromion is lined up with the clavicle

46
Q

Where is the conoid ligament?

A

More posterior and medial

47
Q

Where is the trapezoid ligament?

A

More anterior and lateral

48
Q

What markings on the clavicle do the coracoclavicular ligaments correspond to?

A

Conoid tubercle, trapezoid line

49
Q

Which coracoclavicular ligament is more vertical/horizontal?

A

Conoid - vertical

Trapezoid - horizontal

50
Q

What is the dominating characteristic of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Little surface articulation provides greater mobility (and therefore less stability)

51
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

52
Q

Why is the joint capsule loose in the GH joint?

A

To allow for more mobility

53
Q

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

A rim of fibrocartilaginous tissue that holds the humeral head in the glenoid fossa, functioning to make the fossa deeper

54
Q

What muscles stabilize and move the GH joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscles

55
Q

Where would a dislocation of the GH joint usually occur?

A

Inferiorly, not usually superiorly because the acromion, rotator cuff, and coracohumeral ligament are located superiorly

56
Q

Why is the GH joint commonly dislocated?

A

Because of its freedom of movement and instability

57
Q

What ligaments act on the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenohumeral
Coracohumeral
Transverse humeral
Coracoacromial arch

58
Q

What is the glenohumeral ligament?

A

Three fibrous bands located beneath the capsule, from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula to neck of humerus

59
Q

What is the coracohumeral ligament?

A

Passes from coracoid process to greater tubercle of humerus

60
Q

What is the transverse ligament?

A

Runs obliquely from greater to less tubercle of humerus, bridging inter tubercular sulcus making it into a canal for the tendon of biceps brachii

61
Q

What is the coracoacromial arch?

A

Protective structure over humeral head from by acromion and coracoid process with the coracoacromial ligament spanning between

62
Q

What kind of patient typically gets a tear in the glenoid labrum?

A

Atletes from throwing during a sudden contraction of the biceps or forceful subluxation

63
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

64
Q

What might happen if there is damage to the long thoracic nerve?

A

Serratus anterior is paralyszed, and the scapula’s medial border moves laterally and posteriorly, causing winged scapula
Upper limb may not be able to be abducted above horizontal position

65
Q

When might damage happen to the long thoracic nerve?

A

During removal of lymph nodes in breast cancer

66
Q

What nerve fibers dominate the upper limb?

A

C5 and C6

67
Q

What action does a higher root number associate with?

A

Higher root number - flexion

68
Q

What action does a lower root number associate with?

A

Lower root number - extension

69
Q

What are the three heads of the deltoid?

A

Anterior - clavicular
Middle - Acromial
Posterior - Spinal

70
Q

What rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

SIT

71
Q

What rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

Subscapularis

72
Q

Why is it called the rotator cuff?

A

Because the muscles form a cuff around the humeral head

73
Q

What is a common cause of shoulder pain in the rotator cuff?

A

Recurrent inflammation

74
Q

What does inflammation of the rotator cuff often result in?

A

Tears of the rotator cuff

75
Q

What causes degenerative tendonitis of the rotator cuff?

A

Repetitive use of the rotator cuff muscles allows the humeral head and cuff to impinge of the coracoacromial arch, producing inflammation of the cuff

76
Q

What is the function of a bursa?

A

To protect tendons from bony prominences

77
Q

What muscle attaches to the lateral lip of the inter tubercular groove?

A

Pectoralis major

78
Q

What muscle attaches to the middle of the inter tubercular groove?

A

Latissimus dorsi

79
Q

What muscle attaches to the medial lip of the inter tubercular groove?

A

Teres major

80
Q

What kind of rami comprise the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami coming together and separating again

81
Q

What are the borders of the quadrangular space?

A

Surgical neck of humerus
Teres major
Teres minor
Long head of triceps

82
Q

What is located in the quadrangular space?

A

Passing of axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery

83
Q

What are the borders of the triangular space?

A

Teres minor
Teres major
Long head of triceps

84
Q

What is located in the triangular space?

A

Circumflex scapular artery (doesn’t pass through)

85
Q

What are the borders of the triangular interval?

A

Teres major
Long head of triceps
Lateral head of triceps

86
Q

What is located in the triangular interval?

A

Radial nerve and deep artery of the arm/profunda brachii (don’t pass through, sit on top of bone)

87
Q

What are some examples of when the axillary nerve is damaged?

A

Compression from incorrect use of crutches
Fracture of surgical neck of humerus
Dislocation of glenohumeral joint

88
Q

What muscles are affected with the damage of the axillary nerve?

A

Deltoid and teres minor - trouble abducting

89
Q

Why don’t you have trouble with lateral rotation or stabilization at the glenoid with an axillary nerve injury?

A

Other muscles can perform these functions besides the deltoid and teres minor

90
Q

What is the cutaneous branch of the axillary nerve?

A

Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm - located superficially

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