CAUSAL FACTORS

Question 1

If, and only if, X (e.g experience of physical abuse in childhood) is shown to occur before Y (e.g depression in later life) we can we infer that X

A) causal risk factor

B) causes depression

C) is a risk factor

D) fixed marker

Answer 1

C) is a risk factor

Question 2

if the experience of child abuse can be changed, what is it considered?

A) variable marker

B) variable risk factor

C) fixed marker

D) causal risk factor

Answer 2

B) variable risk factor

Question 3

if the experience of child abuse can not be changed, what is it considered?

A) variable marker

B) variable risk factor

C) fixed marker

D) causal risk factor

Answer 3

C) fixed marker

Question 4

if changing variable X leads to a change in variable Y, then

A) X is considered to be a causal risk factor for condition Y

B) Y is considered a variable marker of X

C) X is considered a variable marker of Y

D) Y is considered to be a causal risk factor for condition X

Answer 4

A) X is considered to be a causal risk factor for condition Y

Question 5

if changing variable X does not lead to a change in variable Y, then

A) X is considered to be a causal risk factor for condition Y

B) Y is considered a variable marker of X

C) X is considered a variable marker of Y

D) Y is considered to be a causal risk factor for condition X

Answer 5

C) X is considered a variable marker of Y

Question 6

Dr. Fox studies the causes of depression. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the ________ of depression.
a. etiology
b. epidemiology
c. prevalence
d. resiliency

Answer 6

a. etiology

Question 7

Etiology is ________
A) a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior.

B) the causal pattern of abnormal behaviour

C) a predisposition toward developing a disorder.

D) a condition that makes it less likely a person will experience the negative consequences of stress.

Answer 7

B) the causal pattern of abnormal behaviour

Question 8

general paresis (Y)—a degenerative brain disorder—cannot develop unless a person has previously contracted syphilis (X) is an example of what?

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 8

B) necessary cause

Question 9

a necessary cause is

A) a condition without which the effect cannot occur

B) a condition with which the effect must occur

C) one that increases the probability of a disorder develop-ing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur

D) contribute to a predisposition to develop a disorder

Answer 9

A) a condition without which the effect cannot occur

Question 10

a necessary cause

A)

B) is a characteristic that must exist for a disorder to occur

C) is a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

D) contribute to a predisposition to develop a disorder

Answer 10

B) is a characteristic that must exist for a disorder to occur

Question 11

a sufficient cause is

A) a condition without which the effect cannot occur

B) a condition with which the effect must occur

C) one that increases the probability of a disorder develop-ing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur

D) contribute to a predisposition to develop a disorder

Answer 11

B) a condition with which the effect must occur

Question 12

Huntington’s chorea—a rare degenerative brain disorder of the central nervous system—which can develop only if the person has the necessary gene is an example of what?

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 12

B) necessary cause

Question 13

To date, most mental disorders have not been found to have ________, although there continues to be a search for such causes

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 13

B) necessary cause

Question 14

one current theory hypothesizes that hopelessness (X) is a _________ of depression (Y)

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 14

A) sufficient cause

Question 15

a cause of a disorder is a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 15

A) sufficient cause

Question 16

a cause in which one that increases the probability of a disorder develop-ing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur.

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 16

D) contributory cause

Question 17

if X occurs, then the probability of Y occurring increases

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 17

D) contributory cause

Question 18

parental rejection could increase the probability that a child will later have difficulty in handling close personal relationships or could increase the probability that being rejected in a relationship in adulthood will precipitate depression - what is this an example of?

A) sufficient cause

B) necessary cause

C) risk factor

D) contributory cause

Answer 18

D) contributory cause

Question 19

Some ca usal factors occurring relatively early in life may not show their effects for many years, what are this known as?

A) reinforcing contributory causes

B) distal risk factors

C) proximal risk factors

D) causal patterns

Answer 19

B) distal risk factors

Question 20

factors that operate shortly before the occurrence of the symptoms of a disorder are known as what?

A) reinforcing contributory causes

B) distal risk factors

C) proximal risk factors

D) causal patterns

Answer 20

C) proximal risk factors

Question 21

A crushing disappointment at school or work or severe difficulties with a school friend or a marital partner are examples of _______ that could lead to depression

A) reinforcing contributory causes

B) distal risk factors

C) proximal risk factors

D) causal patterns

Answer 21

C) proximal risk factors

Question 22

a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring

A) reinforcing contributory cause

B) distal risk factor

C) proximal risk factor

D) causal pattern

Answer 22

A) reinforcing contributory cause

Question 23

a depressed person’s behavior alienates friends and family, leading to a greater sense of rejection that adds to the existing depression

A) reinforcing contributory cause

B) distal risk factor

C) proximal risk factor

D) causal pattern

Answer 23

A) reinforcing contributory cause

Question 24

When more than one causal factor is involved, as is often the case, the term _____ is used

A) alienation pattern

B) reinforcing pattern

C) risk pattern

D) causal pattern

Answer 24

D) causal pattern

Question 25

a predisposition toward developing a disorder that can derive from biological, psychological, or sociocultural causal factors

A) is called a diathesis

B) increases the likelihood of developing any given disorder

C) is a distal, sufficient cause of a mental disorder

D) is a biological vulnerability

Answer 25

A) is called a diathesis

Question 26

the response or experience of an individual to demands that he or she perceives as taxing or exceeding his or her personal resources

A) eustress

B) depression

C) anxiety

D) stress

Answer 26

D) stress

Question 27

the diathesis results from one or more

A) relatively distal necessary or contributory causes but is generally not sufficient to cause the disorder

B) relatively distal necessary or sufficient causes but is generally not sufficient to cause the disorder

C) A) relatively distal necessary or contributory causes but is sufficient to cause the disorder

D) relatively distal necessary or sufficient causes but is generally sufficient to cause the disorder

Answer 27

A) relatively distal necessary or contributory causes but is generally not sufficient to cause the disorder

Question 28

in the diathesis stress model, a stressor is

A) a distal, sufficient cause of a mental disorder.

B) a necessary or contributory cause that is distal from the onset of symptoms.

C) a necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms.

D) a biological vulnerability.

Answer 28

C) a necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms.

Question 29

the additive model of diathesis stress theory proposes that

A) people with a very high level of a diathesis may need a very large amount of stress to develop the disorder.

B) a person with a high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress before a disorder develops

C) some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect

D) someone with no genes for the disorder will never develop the disorder.

Answer 29

B) a person with a high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress before a disorder develops

Question 30

the additive model of diathesis stress theory proposes that

A) a person with no diathesis or a very low level of diathesis could still develop a disorder when faced with high levels of stress

B) some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect

C) people with a very high level of a diathesis may need a very large amount of stress to develop the disorder.

D) stress might have no association with the likelihood of developing a disorder in the absence of a diathesis

Answer 30

A) a person with no diathesis or a very low level of diathesis could still develop a disorder when faced with high levels of stress

Question 31

the interactive model of diathesis stress theory proposes that

A)

B) some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect

C)

D)

Answer 31

B) some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect

Question 32

a model of diathesis stress suggesting that there is an interaction between the two variables in which the effect between one variable (e.g. stress) and the outcome (e.g. disorder) varies at different levels of the third variable (e.g. diathesis)

A) proactive model

B) additive model

C) interactive model

D) moderating model

Answer 32

C) interactive model

Question 33

a model of diathesis stress suggesting that stress might have no association with the likelihood of developing a disorder in the absence of a diathesis (e.g., no genetic predisposition to depres-sion), whereas for someone with the diathesis, the likeli-hood of developing the disorder might go up with increasing levels of stress.

A) proactive model

B) additive model

C) interactive model

D) moderating model

Answer 33

C) interactive model

Question 34

factors that decrease the likelihood of negative outcomes among those at risk

A) modifiers of genetic problems

B) resilience

C) psychopathology

D) protective factor

Answer 34

D) protective factor

Question 35

a protective factor is

A) a distal causal factor for a mental disorder.

B) something that actively buffers against the likelihood of a negative outcome among those with some risk factor(s)

C) something that buffers against the likelihood of a positive outcome among those with some risk factor(s)

D) something that increases the likelihood of a predisposition toward a disorder

Answer 35

B) something that actively buffers against the likelihood of a negative outcome among those with some risk factor(s)

Question 36

protective factors are

A) not simply the absence of a risk factor

B) the absence of a risk factor

C) the contribution of negative outcomes

D) the sum total of buffers against negative outcomes

Answer 36

A) not simply the absence of a risk factor

Question 37

Protective factors most often, but not always, lead to
__________ —the ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances.

A) happiness

B) accomodation

C) assimilation

D) resilience

Answer 37

D) resilience

Question 38

some stressors paradoxically pro-mote coping and this “steeling” or “inoculation” effect is more likely to occur with

A) moderate stressors than with mild or extreme stressors

B) mild stressors than with extreme stressors

C) extreme stressors than with moderate or mild stressors

D) no stressors than with mild or extreme stressors

Answer 38

A) moderate stressors than with mild or extreme stressors

Question 39

a term used to describe the phenomenon that “some individuals have a relatively good outcome despite suffering risk experiences that would be expected to bring about serious sequelae”

A) competence

B) resilience

C) connection

D) protective

Answer 39

B) resilience

Question 40

what of the following is NOT true regarding resilience

A) it should be thought of as an all-or-none capacity

B) if a child’s fundamental systems of adaptation are operating normally, then most threatening circumstances will have minimal impact on

C) an everyday way of thinking of resilience is in terms of “over-coming the odds” against you

D) problems with resilience tend to arise when one or more adaptation systems is weak to begin with

Answer 40

A) it should be thought of as an all-or-none capacity

Question 41

in distinguishing between causes of abnormal behavior that lie within and are part of the biological makeup or prior experience of a person—________ are vulnerabilities, or predispositions—and causes that pertain to current challenges in a person’s life are_______.

A) diathesis ; stressors

B) stressors; diathesis

C) resilience ; stressors

D) stressors ; resilience

Answer 41

A) diatheses ; stressors

Question 42

concentrates on determining what is abnormal at any point in develop-ment by comparing and contrasting it with the normal and expected changes that occur in the course of development

A) abnormal psychopathology

B) developmental psychopathology

C) abnormal psychology

D) developmental psychology

Answer 42

B) developmental psychopathology

Question 43

a perspective in which we try to understand how factors such as genetics, neurobiology, and hormonal responses can influence psychopathology

A) biological

B) biopsychosocial

C) sociocultural

D) psychological

Answer 43

A) biological

Question 44

a perspective that tries to understand how dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can lead to psychopathology.

A) biological

B) biopsychosocial

C) sociocultural

D) psychological

Answer 44

D) psychological

Question 45

a perspective in which we try to understand how social and cultural factors can influence the way that we think about abnormal behavior

A) biological

B) biopsychosocial

C) sociocultural

D) psychological

Answer 45

C) sociocultural

Question 46

vulnerabilities to mental disorders are almost always _______, meaning that they are influenced by multiple genes or by multiple polymorphisms of genes, with any one gene having only very small effects

A) phenotypical

B) polygenetic

C) multi genetic

D) genotypical

Answer 46

B) polygenetic

Question 47

personality traits and mental
disorders are influenced by

A) abnormalities in some of the genes on the chromosomes

B) naturally occurring variations of genes known as polymorphisms.

C) anomalies on sex chromosomes

D) both A and B

Answer 47

D) both A and B

Question 48

naturally occurring variations of genes are known as

A) vulnerabilities

B) genetics

C) mutation

D) polymorphisms

Answer 48

D) polymorphisms

Question 49

a genetically vulnerable person has usually inherited a ________ number of genes, or polymorphisms of genes, that operate together in an additive or interactive fashion to ________ vulnerability

A) large; increase

B) small; decrease

C) small; increase

D) large; decrease

Answer 49

A) large; increase

Question 50

multiple polymorphisms of
genes may lead to structural abnormalities in the central nervous, abnormalities in the regulation of brain chemisty and hormone balance or to excesses or deficiencies in the reactivity of the autonomic nervous system, which is involved in

A) mediating many of our emotional responses

B) the interaction between environment and behaviour

C) creating abnormal behaviour

D) genetic influences of abnormal behaviour

Answer 50

A) mediating many of our emotional responses

Question 51

behavior, unlike some physical characteristics such as eye color, is not determined exclusively by genetic endowment, it is a product of

A) the direct effect of environment

B) the direct effect of genes

C) what the organism is consuming

D) the organism’s interaction with the environment

Answer 51

D) the organism’s interaction with the environment

Question 52

genes can affect behaviour only

A) through behaviour

B) internally

C) indirectly

D) directly

Answer 52

C) indirectly

Question 53

A person’s total genetic endowment is referred to as
her or his

A) passivity

B) phenotype

C) evocative effects

D) genotype

Answer 53

D) genotype

Question 54

The observed structural and functional characteristics that result from an interaction of the genotype and the environment are referred to as a person’s

A) DNA

B) phenotype

C) chromosomes

D) proteins

Answer 54

B) phenotype

Question 55

In most cases, genetic factors are

A) not necessary and sufficient to cause mental disorders but instead can contribute to a vulnerability or diathesis to develop psychopathology that
only happens if there is a significant stressor in the person’s life

B) necessary and sufficient to cause mental disorders and can cause a vulnerability or diathesis to develop psychopathology

C) fully understood by our significant understanding of how genes impact brain chemistry

D) ease research to differentiate between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes.

Answer 55

A) not necessary and sufficient to cause mental disorders but instead can contribute to a vulnerability or diathesis to develop psychopathology that
only happens if there is a significant stressor in the person’s life

Question 56

When the genotype shapes the environmental experi-ences a child has in this way, we refer to this phenomenon as

A) genotype–environment interaction

B) genotype–environment correlation

C) passive genotype interaction

D) active genotype interaction

Answer 56

B) genotype–environment correlation

Question 57

highly intelligent parents may provide a highly stimulating environment for their child, thus creating an environment that will interact in a positive way with the child’s genetic endowment for high intelligence. Conversely, parents who exhibit antisocial behavior tend to create a risky environment characterized by family dysfunction, thereby increasing the probability of certain mental disorders in their children. this is an example of a/an

A) passive effect on the environment

B) evocative effect of genotype on environment.

C) active effect of genotype on environment

D) lack of genotype-environment correlation

Answer 57

A) passive effect on the environment

Question 58

active, happy babies draw out more positive responses from others than do passive, unresponsive infants. Similarly, musically talented children may be picked out at school and given special opportunities

this is an example of a/an

A) passive effect on the environment

B) evocative effect of genotype on environment.

C) active effect of genotype on environment

D) lack of genotype-environment correlation

Answer 58

B) evocative effect of genotype on environment.

Question 59

child seeks out or builds an environment that is congenial—a phenomenon known as “niche building.” For example, extraverted children may seek the com-pany of others, thereby enhancing their own tendencies to be sociable

this is an example of a/an

A) passive effect on the environment

B) evocative effect of genotype on environment.

C) active effect of genotype on environment

D) lack of genotype-environment correlation

Answer 59

C) active effect of genotype on environment

Question 60

Three primary methods have traditionally been used in behavior genetics, the field that focuses on studying the heritability of mental disorders. Which of the following is NOT one of the methods

A) parent method

B) family history method

C) twin study method

D) adoption method

Answer 60

A) parent method

Question 61

The main limitation of the family history method is

A) people who are more closely related genetically also tend to share more similar environments, which makes it difficult to disentangle genetic and environmental effects

B) researchers compare the rates of disorder in the adopted-away offspring of biological parents who have a disorder with those seen in the adopted-away offspring of normal biological parents.

C) there are relatively high concordance rates for identical twins in some of the more severe forms of psychopathology

D) is not conclusive evidence of a genetic con-tribution because it is always possible that identical twins are treated more similarly by their parents and others than are nonidentical twins

Answer 61

A) people who are more closely related genetically also tend to share more similar environments, which makes it difficult to disentangle genetic and environmental effects.

Question 62

if a given disorder or trait were completely heritable, one would expect the _________ —the percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait—to be 100 percent

A) abnormal behavior

B) concordance rate

C) genetic transmission

D) heritability

Answer 62

B) concordance rate

Question 63

why can we can safely conclude that no mental disorders are completely heritable

A) there are no forms of psychopathology where the concordance rates for identical twins are 100%

B) there are relatively high concordance rates for identical twins in some of
the more severe forms of psychopathology

C) Dizygotic twins develop from two different fertilized eggs and so do not share any more genes than do siblings from the same parents

D)

Answer 63

A) there are no forms of psychopathology where the concordance rates for identical twins are 100%

Question 64

concordance rates for a disorder are expected to be much lower for

A) children

B) monozygotic (MZ) twins

C) dizygotic twins

D) adults

Answer 64

C) dizygotic twins

Question 65

Evidence for genetic transmission of a trait or a disorder can be obtained by comparing the concordance rates between

A) multiple pairs of non identical twins

B) multiple pairs of identical twins

C) one set of identical twins with another set of identical twins

D) identical and nonidentical twins

Answer 65

D) identical and nonidentical twins

Question 66

research has provided evidence that the ______ similarity is more important than the similarity of the _______ behavior

A) parents; genetic

B) genetic ; parents’

C) identical twin ; non identical twin

D) non identical twin; identical twin

Answer 66

B) genetic ; parents’

Question 67

in one variation of the adoption method, the biological parents of individuals who have a given disorder are compared with the biological parents of individuals without the disorder, if there is a genetic influence one expects to find

A) higher rates of the disorder in the in the adopted offspring of the adopted parents who have the disorder

B) higher rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of those with the disorder than in those without the disorder

C) higher rates of the disorder in the biological relatives in those without the disorder than those with the disorder

D) higher rates of disorder in the adopted-away offspring of the biological parents who have the disorder

Answer 67

B) a higher rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of those with the disor-der than in those without the disorder

Question 68

ine one variation of the adoption method, researchers compare the rates of disorder in the adopted away offspring of the biological parents who have a disorder with those seen in the adopted away offspring of normal biological parents

A) higher rates of the disorder in the biological relatives in those without the disorder than those with the disorder

B) higher rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of those with the disorder than in those without the disorder

C) higher rates of disorder in the adopted-away offspring of the biological parents who have the disorder

D) higher rates of the disorder in the in the adopted offspring of the adopted parents who have the disorder

Answer 68

C) higher rates of disorder in the adopted-away offspring of the biological parents who have the disorder

Question 69

what is not a misconception about studies of genetic influences on behavior, traits, and psychopathology

A) Genetic effects diminish with age

B) Genes impose a limit on potential

C) Disorders that run in families must be genetic, and those that do not run in families must not be genetic

D) environmental factors can have a major impact on the level of that trait

Answer 69

D) environmental factors can have a major impact on the level of that trait

Question 70

______ environmental influences are those that would make children in a family more similar, whether the influence occurs within the family (e.g., family discord and poverty) or in the environment (e.g., two high-quality schools, with one twin going to each)

A) linkage

B) unique

C) nonshared

D) shared

Answer 70

D) shared

Question 71

_______ environmental influences that include unique experiences at school and also some unique features of upbringing in the home, such as a parent treating one child in a qualitatively different way from another

A) linkage

B) unique

C) nonshared

D) shared

Answer 71

C) nonshared

Question 72

An example of _______ environmental influences occurs when parents who are quarreling and showing hostility to one another draw some children into the conflict while the other children are able to remain outside it.

A) linkage

B) unique

C) nonshared

D) shared

Answer 72

C) nonshared

Question 73

compared with ______ environmental influences, ________ influenced appear to be more important

A) unique; nonshared

B) shared; unique

C) shared; nonshared

D) nonshared; shared

Answer 73

C) shared; nonshared

Question 74

linkage analysis and association studies attempt to determine

A) the actual location of genes responsible for mental disorders

B) quantitative estimates of the degree of genetic influence for different disorders

C) disorders that are influenced by many different genes spread over multiple chromosomes

D) genetic markers for dopamine functioning

Answer 74

A) the actual location of genes responsible for mental disorders

Question 75

what do all heritability studies have in common?

A) they attempt to obtain quantitative estimates of the degree of genetic influence for different disorders

B) they attempt obtain qualitative estimates of the degree of genetic influence for different disorders

C) attempt to determine the actual location of genes responsible for mental disorders

D) they capitalize on several currently known locations on chromosomes of genes for other inherited physical characteristics or bio-logical processes

Answer 75

A) they attempt to obtain quantitative estimates of the degree of genetic influence for different disorders

Question 76

______ are very long molecules of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that are present at various locations on chromosomes.

A) sex chromosomes

B) allele

C) genes

D) RNA

Answer 76

C) genes

Question 77

what are the chain like structures within a cell nucleus that contain genes?

A) alleles

B) chromosomes

C) RNA

D) DNA

Answer 77

B) chromosomes

Question 78

when do most mental disorders appear for the first time?

A) childhood

B) adolescence

C) adulthood

D) both B and C

Answer 78

D) both B and C

Question 79

studies of mental disorders that capitalze on several currently known locations on chromosomes of genes for other inherited physical characteristics or bio-logical processes

A) ABAB study

B) linkage analysis

C) association study

D) family history or pedigree method

Answer 79

B) linkage analysis

Question 80

Genetic research strat-egy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome

A) ABAB study

B) linkage analysis

C) association study

D) family history or pedigree method

Answer 80

B) linkage analysis

Question 81

what is one limitation of linkage analysis studies?

A)

B) people who are more closely related genetically also tend to share more similar environments, which makes it difficult to disentangle genetic and environmental effects

C) coming up with replicable results in such studies is inconclusive as some disorders are influenced by many different genes spread over multiple chromosomes

D)

Answer 81

C) coming up with replicable results in such studies is inconclusive as some disorders are influenced by many different genes spread over multiple chromosomes

Question 82

linkage analysis techniques have been most successful in locating the genes for

A) locating genes associated with schizophrenia

B) complex disorders

C) single gene brain disorders

D) the location of a gene for bipolar disorder on chromosome 11

Answer 82

C) single gene brain disorders

Question 83

genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder

A) ABAB study

B) linkage analysis

C) association study

D) family history or pedigree method

Answer 83

C) association study

Question 84

For most mental disorders that are known to be influenced polygenically, ________ studies are more promising than _______ studies for identifying small effects of any particular gene.

A) MZ twin; DZ twin

B) association; linkage

C) linkage; association

D) family history; adoption

Answer 84

B) association; linkage

Question 85

a study found that genetic markers for certain aspects of domapine functioning were present significantly more frequently in children with hyperactivity than in children without hyperactivity. leading researchers to infer that some of the genes involved with hyperactivity are located near the known genetic markers for dopamine functioning. what kind of study did the researchers do?

A) ABAB study

B) linkage analysis

C) association study

D) family history or pedigree method

Answer 85

C) association study

Question 86

flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre-and post-natal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation etc

A) experience dependent plasticity

B) neural plasticity

C) prenatal experiences

D) receptor circuits

Answer 86

B) neural plasticity

Question 87

what approach acknowledges that genetics influence neural activity, which in turn affects behaviour, which in turn influenced environment, but that all these influenced are bidirectional

A) biological approach

B) developmental systems approach

C)

D)

Answer 87

B) developmental systems approach

Question 88

reuptake of neurotransmitters is the process by which neurotransmitters are

A) destroyed by an enzyme

B) reabsorbed by the axon

C) are repeatedly released into the synapse

D) stimulate the post-synaptic neuron to fire

Answer 88

B) reabsorbed by the axon

Question 89

Neurons that are sensitive to a particular neurotransmitter tend to cluster together, forming neural paths between different parts of the brain known as

A) neuronal circuits

B) chemical circuits

C)

D)

Answer 89

B) chemical circuits

Question 90

(1) norepinephrine, (2) dopamine, (3) serotonin, belong to a class of neurotransmitters called ______ because each is synthesized from a single amino acid

A) monoamines

B) antagonists

C) amino acids

D) peptides

Answer 90

v

Question 91

Medications that facilitate the effects of a neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic neuron are called ________, and those that oppose or inhibit the effects of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron are called ________.

A) antagonists; agonists

B) agonists; antagonists

Answer 91

B) agonists; antagonists

Question 92

Our central nervous system is linked to the endocrine system (in what is known as the neuroendocrine system) by the effects of the hypothalamus on the __________

A) hippocampus

B) pituitary gland

C) amygdala

D) cerebellum

Answer 92

B) pituitary gland

Question 93

a hormonal feedback system that becomes activated by stress and results in the production of cortisol.

A) androgens

B) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

D) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis/system

Answer 93

D) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis/system

Question 94

differences in characteristic emotional and arousal responses to various stimuli and in tendency to approach, withdraw, or attend to various situations

A) temperament

B) social withdrawal

C) disposition

D) personality

Answer 94

A) temperament

Question 95

what have some studies suggested about parental abuse

A)

B) that gross neglect may be wore than having an abusive relationship

C)

D)

Answer 95

B) that gross neglect may be wore than having an abusive relationship