~~~ MOOD DISORDERS TEST BANK Flashcards by Jordan Crystal

What are the two key moods in mood disorders?

A) Elation and Anxiety

B) Depression and Mania

C) Apathy and Contentment

D) Grief and Euphoria

B) Depression and Mania

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which of the following is NOT a characteristic of depression?

A) Social withdrawal and anhedonia, fatigue.

B) Relatively unvarying low mood.

C) Negative view of self, world, future, suicide, guilt, death.

D) Little insight, poor judgement.

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which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mania?

A) Variation in mood, euphoric, irritable, laughing, crying.

B) Little insight, poor judgement.

C) Excessive concern with life problems, overemphasise pathology, hopeless.

D) Self-confident, self-aggrandisement, accelerated flow of ideas, distracted.

C) Excessive concern with life problems, overemphasise pathology, hopeless.

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In the context of mood disturbances, which of the following is not a primary mood episode that serves as a building block for the diagnosis of mood disorders?

A) Major Depressive Episode

B) hypomanic episode

C) Mixed Episode

D) Obsessive-Compulsive Episode

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what are mood disturbances characterised by?

A) Cognitive distortions

B) Mood episodes

C) Sleep disturbances

D) Social isolation

B) Mood episodes

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what are the two words that characterise mood disorders?

A) Unipolar or Bipolar

B) Symptomatic or Asymptomatic

C) Acute or Chronic

D) Neurological or Psychological

A) Unipolar or Bipolar

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What distinguishes unipolar disorders from bipolar disorders in terms of the types of episodes experienced?

A) Anxiety and Panic Episodes

B) Only Manic Episodes

C) Only Depressive Episodes

D) Both Manic and Depressive Episodes

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in terms of the episodes experienced, unipolar disorders are experienced as

A) only depressive episodes

B) only manic episodes

C) both manic and depressive episodes

D) Obsessive-Compulsive Episodes

A) only depressive episodes

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in terms of the episodes experienced, bipolar disorders are experienced as

A) only depressive episodes

B) only manic episodes

C) both manic and depressive episodes

D) Obsessive-Compulsive Episodes

C) both manic and depressive episodes

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in persistent depressive disorder, which of the following characteristic moods would one see?

A) patterns of alternating between less severe forms of mild depression and hypomania

B) patterns of mild depression consistently

C) a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes with rapid cycling between episodes of mania and depression

D) patterns of shifting between the less severe hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

B) mild depression consistently

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in cyclothymic disorder, which of the following characteristic moods would one see?

A) patterns of alternating between less severe forms of mild depression and hypomania

B) patterns of mild depression consistently

C) a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes with rapid cycling between episodes of mania and depression

D) patterns of shifting between the less severe hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

A) patterns of alternating between less severe forms of mild depression and hypomania

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which of the following disorders would you see a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes cycling between episodes of mania, hypomania and mild and major depression

A) Bipolar 1

B) bipolar 1 rapid

C) bipolar 2

D) cyclothymic disorder

B) bipolar 1 rapid

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which of the following disorders would you see a pattern of severe highs (mania) and may not have depressive episodes.

A) Bipolar 1

B) bipolar 1 rapid

C) bipolar 2

D) cyclothymic disorder

A) Bipolar 1

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which of the following disorders would you see a pattern of less severe highs (hypomania) but more commonly major depression

A) Bipolar 1

B) bipolar 1 rapid

C) bipolar 2

D) cyclothymic disorder

C) bipolar 2

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In terms of gender prevalence, unipolar depression occurs:

A) Equally in men and women

B) More frequently in men than in women

C) Twice as many men compared to women

D) Twice as many women compared to men

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The essential features of a major depressive episode according to DSM-5 criteria are depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure for

A) At least 2 weeks, plus at least four other symptoms

B) At least 4 weeks, plus at least three other symptoms

C) At least 1 week, plus at least five other symptoms

D) At least 3 weeks, plus at least six other symptoms

A) At least 2 weeks, plus at least four other symptoms

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which of the following is NOT one of the four symptoms for a depressed mood according to the DSM-5 criteria

A) Altered psychomotor activity.

B) Changes in weight, appetite

C) Decreased need for sleep

D) Decreased energy

C) Decreased need for sleep

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how often must most symptoms of depressed mood for major depressive episode be present?

A) almost every day

B) every couple of weeks

C) once a month

D) none of the above

A) almost every day

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In children or adolescents, depression can be expressed as

A) sadness

B) irritability

C) loss of interest

D) impairment of functioning

B) irritability

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for major depressive disorder, symptoms must also cause clinically significant distress or

A) medical condition

B) impairment in functioning

C) substance use

D) sadness

B) impairment in functioning

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Abnormal psychomotor activity can be present in MDD and when it is, it is usually indicative of

A) Early-onset depression

B) Late-onset depression

C) Greater severity

D) Bipolar depression

C) greater severity, and is most often present in the anxious type of depression.

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If a person has a major depressive episode and has never had a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode, then they may be diagnosed as

A) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

B) bipolar 1

C) cyclothymic disorder

D) bipolar 2 rapid

A) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

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Essential features of _______ disorder are distinct periods of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy/activity for at least one week

A) Depressive

B) Manic

C) Anxiety

D) Personality

B) Manic

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in mania, Sufferers can also shift between moods quickly, which is called

A) Euphoria

B) Stabilization

C) Dysphoria

D) Lability

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In children mania is expressed as A) Annoyance and irritability. B) Happiness, silliness, and goofiness. C) Emotional numbness. D) Decreased energy and motivation.

B) happiness, silliness and goofiness

to be diagnosed as experiencing a manic episode, which of the following is NOT a symptom that sufferers must also experience? A) Depressed mood B) Flight of ideas C) distractibility D) pressured speech

A) Depressed mood

if mood is irritable in those with mania, how many symptoms must also be present? A) four B) two C) one D) three

A) four

in those with mania that do not have an irritable mood, many symptoms must also be present? A) four B) two C) one D) three

D) three

inflated self esteem and grandiosity as symptoms of mania in children is focused on A) Academic achievements B) Age-appropriate behavior C) The level of danger they put themselves in D) Social popularity

C) The level of danger they put themselves in

which of the following symptoms often appears before the onset of a manic episode? A) Increased appetite B) Decreased need for sleep C) Hypersomnia D) Reduced energy levels

B) Decreased need for sleep

what does pressured speech in mania refer to? A) Speech that is hesitant and slow B) Speech characterized by whispers and low volume C) Normal conversational speech D) Intrusive and continuous speech, where the patient does not care if others want to listen

D) Intrusive and continuous speech, where the patient does not care if others want to listen

if a person with mania is irritable, speech is usually A) Hostile/angry and full of complaints and excessive whining. B) Slow and deliberate. C) Expressive of deep sadness. D) Focused on detailed explanations without interruption.

Flight of ideas in mania is linked to ________ and involves _______ A) Inflated self-esteem; grandiosity B) Depression; lethargy C) Speech; racing thoughts D) Anxiety; excessive worry

C) Speech; racing thoughts

because racing thoughts in mania cannot be observed, diagnosis of this symptom is based on A) Physical restlessness B) Increased energy levels C) Rapidly changing ideas in speech D) rapid changes in elevated mood

C) Rapidly changing ideas in speech

In the context of mania, what is the key distinction between pressured speech and flight of ideas? A) Pressured speech involves disorganised speech jumping from topic to topic, while flight of ideas is characterized by excessive gesturing and flamboyant movements. B) Pressured speech involves excessive gesturing, flamboyant movements and being loud and forceful, while flight of ideas is characterised by incoherent sentences and jumping from topic to topic C) Pressured speech is observed when the person is irritable, while flight of ideas is associated with an elevated mood. D) Pressured speech is characterized by intrusive and continuous speech, while flight of ideas involves hostile and angry complaints.

B) Pressured speech involves excessive gesturing, flamboyant movements and being loud and forceful, while flight of ideas is characterised by incoherent sentences and jumping from topic to topic

distractibility in mania results from A) Decreased sensory perception B) Lack of executive function C) Enhanced attention and focus D) Hyperactivity in the brain's reward system

B) Lack of executive function

key indicators of increased goal-related activity/psychomotor agitation in children are A) Enhanced creativity and artistic expression B) Unrealistic project plans and sexually inappropriate behaviors C) Decreased physical energy and lethargy D) Improved concentration and attention span

B) unrealistic project plans and sexually inappropriate behaviours.

For increased risky/pleasurable activities symptoms in mania, they must be severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning, must ________ or must be _______. A) Necessitate hospitalization; psychotic B) Result in legal consequences; compulsive C) Lead to increased social popularity; attention-seeking D) Involve dangerous behavior; planned and intentional

A) Necessitate hospitalization; psychotic

The primary feature of a hypomanic episode is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and increased energy/activity (DSM-5 change) lasting at A) 1 day B) 2 hours C) one month D) four days

D) four days

what are key distinctions between hypomania and mania A) Cognitive symptoms and emotional expression B) Physical symptoms and sleep disturbances C) Severity and Time D) Presence of hallucinations and delusions

C) Severity and Time

The primary feature of a _______ episode is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and increased energy/activity (DSM-5 change) lasting at least four days A) A depressive episode B) Hypomanic C) Cyclothymic D) Manic

B) hypomanic

in hypomania, symptoms are the same as manic symptoms, but over less time; patients must have at least ______ manic symptoms A) one B) three C) five D) four

B) three

How is hypomania often experienced by patients? A) Elation and euphoria B) Depression with increased energy and irritability C) Calmness and tranquility D) Apathy and indifference

B) Depression with increased energy and irritability

In diagnosing hypomania, the change in functioning must be uncharacteristic and unequivocal. What distinguishes this change from the increased energy that occurs when a person recovers from a depressive episode? A) The increased energy is always accompanied by euphoria. B) The increased energy in hypomania is more gradual. C) The increased energy in hypomania is observable to others and considered abnormal for the individual. D) The increased energy in hypomania is less noticeable than in depressive recovery.

D) The increased energy in hypomania is less noticeable than in depressive recovery.

For hypomania, the symptoms must not be confused with: A) Typical sleep disturbances B) Seasonal affective disorder C) The increased energy that occurs when a person recovers from a depressive episode D) Anxiety and panic attacks

C) The increased energy that occurs when a person recovers from a depressive episode

In hypomania, the change in functioning should be observable to others and considered abnormal for the individual. What aspect of functioning is crucial in this context? A) Increased cognitive abilities B) Enhanced social skills C) Uncharacteristic and unequivocal symptoms D) Physical strength and stamina

C) Uncharacteristic and unequivocal symptoms

what symptoms must not be severe enough to cause marked impairment or necessitate hospitalisation, and there must be no psychotic features A) mania B) hypomania C) MDD D) Cyclothymic

B) hypomania

if this disorder is severe enough to cause marked impairment or necessitate hospitalisation, and have psychotic features, it would most likely be diagnosed as A) mania B) hypomania C) MDD D) Cyclothymic

A) mania

for severe major depressive episodes with psychotic features, delusions or hallucinations present are known as A) Mood disturbances. B) Affective distortions. C) Mood congruent. D) Mood incongruent.

C) Mood congruent.

what individuals would be more likely to have longer depressive episodes, more cognitive impairment and poorer long term prognosis A) with melancholic features B) with atypical features C) with catatonic features D) with psychotic features

D) with psychotic features

what diagnosis would be made if he person had at least two episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same time of the year, and full remission must also have occurred at the same time of the year A) with seasonal pattern B) with atypical features C) with catatonic features D) with psychotic features

A) with seasonal pattern

for a diagnosis of bipolar 1 A) unremitted symptoms for a period of at least two years B) the occurrence of two or more episodes of major depression C) symptoms of psychosis D) the occurrence of at least one manic episode

D) the occurance of at least one manic episode

for a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder, repeated experience of hypomanic episodes must occur for A) 1 year B) 2 years C) 2 weeks D) 1 week

B) 2 years

If a person shows only manic symptoms, it is assumed that A) the person has MDD B) the person has cyclothymic disorder C) a person has bipolar 2 D) the person has bipolar 1

D) the person has bipolar 1

people who have rapid cycling of bipolar 1 have A) have at least 3 depressive episodes in a 6 month period B) have 2 episodes of manic or depressive episodes a year year C) have 1 episode manic episode a year D) more than 4 episodes of manic or depressive episodes a year year

D) more than 4 episodes of manic or depressive episodes a year year

which of the following is not characteristic of a manic episode A) distractibility B) irritable mood C) increased need for sleep D) decreased need for sleep

C) increased need for sleep

If one were to experience irritable mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep for a 1-week period, they would be diagnosed with A) Bipolar II. B) Bipolar I. C) Major depressive disorder. D) Cyclothymic disorder.

B) Bipolar I.

If one were to experience irritable mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep for a 4 days, they would be diagnosed with A) Bipolar II. B) Bipolar I. C) Major depressive disorder. D) Cyclothymic disorder.

A) Bipolar II.

Abnormal psychomotor activity is often present in what type of MDD A) moody B) distracted C) avoidant D) anxious

D) anxious

According to the DSM-5, bereavement-related symptoms are no longer excluded from the diagnosis of a) Major depressive disorder b) Persistent depressive disorder c) Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder d) Bipolar I disorder

a) Major depressive disorder

Which of the following disorders is newly included in the DSM-5? a) Bipolar I disorder b) Bipolar II disorder c) Bipolar III disorder d) Persistent depressive disorder

d) Persistent depressive disorder

In the DSM-5, __________ is included in persistent depressive disorder. a) Chronic bereavement-related depression b) Chronic major depressive disorder c) Bipolar I disorder d) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

b) Chronic major depressive disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is distinguished from major depression by the addition of symptoms such as a) Breast tenderness or swelling. b) Bloating. c) Joint or muscle pain. d) All of these are symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

d) All of these are symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

The most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the U.S. is a) Mood dysregulation disorder b) Cyclothymia c) Major depressive disorder d) Bipolar disorder

c) Major depressive disorder

Researchers have found that first-generation immigrants who came to the U.S. have __________ rates of major depressive disorder than those born in the U.S. a) Lower b) Higher c) No difference d) None of these answers is correct − it has not been determined yet.

a) Lower

__________ as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse. a) Twice b) Three times c) Four times d) Five times

a) Twice

Which of the following factors has NOT been proposed as an explanation for the gender difference in depression? a) Girls are more likely to be exposed to sexual abuse than boys. b) Women tend to be more creative than men. c) Women are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors in adulthood. d) Social roles promote emotion-focused coping among women.

b) Women tend to be more creative than men.

Which of the following people is least likely to have major depression? a) A 45-year-old wealthy woman b) A 35-year-old unemployed man c) A 20-year-old wealthy man d) A 19-year-old wealthy woman who has had one episode of depression in the past

c) A 20-year-old wealthy man

Which of the following treatments for seasonal affective disorder is now considered a first-line recommendation in the APA Treatment Guidelines for Depression? a) Hypnosis b) Regular bright light exposure c) Psychodynamic therapy d) Traveling to a warmer climate during winter months

b) Regular bright light exposure

Which of the following statements is correct? a) Cardiovascular health predicts depression. b) Depression predicts cardiovascular health. c) Cardiovascular health and depression are unrelated. d) Cardiovascular health and depression predict each other

d) Cardiovascular health and depression predict each other

Which of the following statements is true? a) All people who experience manic symptoms will experience symptoms of depression at some point during their lifetime. b) An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I. c) An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II. d) All of the above.

c) An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.

Flight of ideas refers to a) delusional thinking. b) suicidal thinking. c) the thinking of a person with dementia. d) rapid shifts in topics while speaking.

d) rapid shifts in topics while speaking.

To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person a) must be currently experiencing manic symptoms. b) must have experienced hypomanic symptoms as well as depressive symptoms at some point in their lifetime. c) must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime. d) must have experienced at least one depressive episod

c) must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime.

Which of the following best describes hypomania? a) A type of mania that alternates with depression. b) A type of mania more common in dysthymic patients. c) A more severe form of mania. d) A less severe form of mania.

d) A less severe form of mania.

Which of the following is a chronic, milder form of bipolar disorder? a) dysthymic disorder b) cyclothymic disorder c) manic-depression d) hypomanic disorder

b) cyclothymic disorder

What percentage of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder have a dual diagnosis of anxiety? a) 1/3 b) 1/2 c) 2/3 d) 3/4

c) 2/3

Which form of bipolar disorder is considered to be the most severe form of mental illness? a) Bipolar I b) Bipolar II c) Cyclothymic Disorder d) None of the above

a) Bipolar I

The term melancholic is used for a) manic episodes. b) depressive episodes. c) manic and depressive episodes. d) neither manic nor depressive episodes.

b) depressive episodes.

The DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymic disorder involves all of the following EXCEPT a) it must have occurred for at least two years. b) numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms. c) numerous periods with depressive symptoms. d) symptoms do not clear for more than six months at a time.

d) symptoms do not clear for more than six months at a time.

Which of the following statements is true? a) There is a negative relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity. b) There is a positive relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity. c) Creativity causes improvements in mood. d) Depression causes creative outbursts.

b) There is a positive relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity.

Delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with the mood state (e.g., guilt, disease or death themes accompanying depression) are known as a) mood-incongruent psychotic features. b) mood-congruent psychotic features. c) mixed features. d) catatonic features.

b) mood-congruent psychotic features.

Extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movements are known as: a) melancholic features. b) catatonic features. c) mixed features. d) atypical features.

b) catatonic features.

Which of the following disorders has the highest heritability estimates? a) major depressive disorder b) bipolar disorder c) persistent depressive disorder d) cyclothymia

b) bipolar disorder

Most researchers believe that a) mood disorders are caused by a single gene that regulates mood. b) mood disorders are caused by a set of genes. c) mood disorders are caused by a dysregulation of norepinephrine. d) mood disorders are caused by a single gene called N34.

b) mood disorders are caused by a set of genes.

Given the inconsistent evidence about levels of neurotransmitters in people with mood disorders, researchers have begun to focus research efforts on a) whether specific levels of serotonin or dopamine are important. b) understanding the types of people who have no disturbances in their absolute levels of neurotransmitters. c) finding a new neurotransmitter. d) the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.

d) the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.

Tryptophan depletion has been used to a) lower serotonin levels. b) examine dopamine receptors. c) deplete norepinephrine levels. d) raise sensitivity for serotonin.

a) lower serotonin levels.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Tryptophan is used to lower dopamine levels. b) People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors. c) People who are vulnerable to depression may have highly sensitive serotonin receptors. d) A person who has very sensitive serotonin receptors is expected to experience lots of depressive symptoms as their serotonin levels drop.

b) People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors.

Which of the following statements is true? A. All of these other answers are correct. B. All people who experience manic symptoms will experience symptoms of depression at some point during their lifetime. C. An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I. D. An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.

D. An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.

Studies of the epidemiology of suicide suggest that A. rates are lower among regular churchgoers. B. suicide rates decrease with age. C. men are more likely to attempt suicide. D. about 10% to 20% of people report suicidal ideation at one point in their life.

C. men are more likely to attempt suicide.

The Reasons for Living inventory focuses upon A. the motivation for committing suicide. B. how people will react to the examinee's suicide. C. the things in a person's life that prevent suicide. D. the amount of time the person has felt suicidal.

C. the things in a person's life that prevent suicide.

A recent study showed that the use of antidepressants for people with bipolar disorder A. does not confer any benefit in treating depression when added to a mood stabilizer. B. helps combat depression more so than a mood stabilizer alone. C. may also help treat manic symptoms. D. should be considered a first-line treatment.

A. does not confer any benefit in treating depression when added to a mood stabilizer.

Medications as a treatment for depression A. are used almost exclusively, since they have been found to be superior to psychotherapy. B. are no longer used, since psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be more effective. C. are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy. D. continue to be used despite evidence of ineffectiveness and serious side effects.

C. are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy.

Electroconvulsive therapy A. is so risky that it is only reserved for people who are actively suicidal. B. is usually recommended if a person does not respond to SSRIs in the second week of treatment. C. can be a highly effective in treating some cases of chronic depression, especially depression with psychotic features. D. is no longer used in the treatment of depression.

C. can be a highly effective in treating some cases of chronic depression, especially depression with psychotic features.

Across paradigms, treatment of mood disorders typically includes A. psychoeducation. B. cognitive therapy. C. behavioral activation. D. behavioral marital therapy.

A. psychoeducation.

Jolynn was experiencing major depression, and she went to a therapist who treated her with interpersonal therapy. Her therapist probably encouraged her to A. confront her parents with her anger at them for neglecting her as a child. B. attempt to replace depressing memories with happy ones. C. keep a record of her moods over the course of the day and their relationship to the number of positive contacts she has with other people. D. examine her own way of relating to others in her environment.

D. examine her own way of relating to others in her environment.

In bipolar disorder, depressive episodes are typically triggered by A. aftereffects of manic episodes. B. similar factors as in major depression. C. neurological changes. D. difficulty facing the seriousness of the disorder.

B. similar factors as in major depression.

The hopelessness theory of depression is predicated on A. biological features of depression resulting in negative attributions. B. a return to the animal lab to further understand factors leading to depression. C. cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions. D. depression resulting from previous helplessness situations.

C. cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions.

If Stephanie is characterized as a person high in neuroticism, she A. is at elevated risk for developing depression. B. is most likely clinically depressed. C. is not likely to become depressed, but likely to become anxious. D. is likely to experience low levels of anxiety, but high levels of depression.

A. is at elevated risk for developing depression.

Which of the following statements is true? A. High levels of expressed emotion predict relapse in depression. B. Depressive symptoms are usually a result of expressed emotion. C. Symptoms of depression can create relationship problems. D. People with depression often elicit strange reactions from people around them

A. High levels of expressed emotion predict relapse in depression.

Stressful life events A. play little role in the onset of depressive episodes. B. mediate the relationship between genetics and environment. C. are only related to the first episode of depression. D. are important in triggering episodes of depression.

B. mediate the relationship between genetics and environment.

d) the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Serotonin is used to lower dopamine levels. b) People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors. c) People who are vulnerable to depression may have highly sensitive serotonin receptors. d) A person who has very sensitive serotonin receptors is expected to experience lots of depressive symptoms as their serotonin levels drop.

b) People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors.

. In regards to depression, the amygdala a) helps a person recall painful memories. b) helps a person execute plans. c) regulates heart rate. d) helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is.

d) helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is.

Functional studies of people with major depression show a) elevated activity in the amygdala. b) decreased activity in the amygdala. c) diminished volume in the prefrontal cortex. d) diminished volume of the hippocampus.

a) elevated activity in the amygdala.

Pleasure, motivation, and energy decrease in depression and increase in mania. This suggests neurological changes in the a) amygdala. b) second messengers. c) HPA axis. d) reward system.

d) reward system.

Among individuals who are depressed, a) cortisol levels are often poorly regulated. b) most have Cushing's syndrome as well. c) levels of dexamethasone are dysregulated. d) All of the above are correct.

a) cortisol levels are often poorly regulated.

In both animals and humans, too much cortisol appears to produce a) Cushing's syndrome. b) manic symptoms. c) depressive symptoms. d) HPA axis activity.

c) depressive symptoms.

Stressful life events a) are only related to the first episode of depression. b) are important in triggering episodes of depression. c) play little role in the onset of depressive episodes. d) mediate the relationship between genetics and environment.

b) are important in triggering episodes of depression.

After a stressful life event, most people a) become depressed. b) will have another stressful life event. c) do not become depressed. d) experience a reduction in social support.

c) do not become depressed.

Stressful life events appear to be a causal factor in depression, on the basis of research showing that a) depressed people experience more losses of marriages and jobs. b) many people report life stresses before they become depressed. c) depression rates increase after major disasters. d) lab induced stress leads to increased depression.

b) many people report life stresses before they become depressed.

People who show __________ negative affect, __________ positive affect and __________ somatic arousal may be at risk for comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders. a. low, high, low b. high, low, high c. low, low, high d. high, high, low

b. high, low, high

What part of the brain seems to put the brakes on emotions? a. temporal lobe b. parietal lobe c. occipital lobe d. frontal lobe

d. frontal lobe

Studies suggest that suicide risk is a. almost always due to social factors. b. almost always due to environmental factors. c. partially heritable. d. mediated by norepinephrine.

c. partially heritable.

Non-suicidal self-injury is described in section III of the DSM-5 in order to a. reduce the incidence of this problematic behavior b. make clear that it is not diagnosable c. distinguish it from serious suicidal intent d. focus more attention on this issue

d. focus more attention on this issue

The diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder includes the criterion that a) The symptoms must resolve completely within a few days of the onset of menses. b) The symptoms must persist in similar severity from a few days before to a few days after the onset of menses. c) The symptoms must be most severe during menses. d) The symptom of self-depreciation must be present.

a) The symptoms must resolve completely within a few days of the onset of menses.

Including symptoms of severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10, _____________________ is a new diagnosis in the DSM-5. a) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder b) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder c) Major Depressive Disorder d) Persistent Depressive Disorder

a) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Which of the following characteristics is strongly tied to suicidality? a) introversion b) hostility and cynicism c) ambivalence d) hopelessness

d) hopelessness

All of the following are characteristics of Electo Convulsive Therapy EXCEPT a) passing a current of 70-130-volt current through the patient's brain b) electrodes are placed on each side of the forehead c) The patient is given a muscle relaxant d) The patient is unconscious for the procedure

b) electrodes are placed on each side of the forehead

Therapists are expected to take __________ precautions whey they learn a patient is suicidal. a. reasonable b. extreme c. dramatic d. wait and see type of

a. reasonable

Within most disorders, suicides are most likely to occur when a person is experiencing __________. a. mania b. comorbid depression c. anxiety d. withdrawals

b. comorbid depression

Which of the following is a major problem that remains in the use of medication for the treatment of depression? a. Relapse after medication discontinuation. b. Permanent memory loss associated with some medicines. c. There is little effect upon negative attributions. d. All of the above are problems in medication treatment.

a. Relapse after medication discontinuation.

The latest findings regarding the efficacy of medication versus psychotherapy in the treatment of depression conclude that a. findings are inconsistent, thus more research is needed in this area. b. psychotherapy works better than medication in the short term. c. none of the above. d. medication is superior to psychotherapy in the long term.

a. findings are inconsistent, thus more research is needed in this area.

In modern applications of electroconvulsive therapy, electrical current a. is passed through the non-dominant hemisphere. b. is passed only through the frontal lobe. c. is higher than in the past. d. is not used. Instead, convulsions are induced chemically.

a. is passed through the non-dominant hemisphere.

According to hopelessness theory the most important trigger of depression is having attributions that are: a) Stable and Specific. b) Unstable and Global. c) Unstable and Specific. d) Stable and Global.

d) Stable and Global.

The depressive cognitive triad, according to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, is a) pessimistic views of self, world, and future. b) negative beliefs about how things work in the world. c) negative schemata triggered by negative life events. d) distorted ways of reaching conclusions about events.

a) pessimistic views of self, world, and future.

In Beck's theory, one form of cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive attention toward a) the past. b) global disasters. c) childhood sexual abuse. d) negative feedback.

d) negative feedback.

Considering the etiology of depressive disorders, the latest evidence suggests that they are a) neurobiological. b) psychosocial. c) both neurobiological and psychosocial. d) mostly genetic.

c) both neurobiological and psychosocial.

Jill is seeking treatment for depression, which started after she ended a long-term relationship. Which of the following would be a global depressive attribution she might make? a) "My relationships end badly because I get jealous and I drive them away." b) "There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me." c) "Sometimes I feel there is something the matter with me. Maybe I am not pretty enough." d) "My next relationship will likely be better."

b) "There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me."

Research indicating that people with bipolar disorder describe themselves as very responsive to rewards may help explain why those with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for becoming manic after a) life events involving goal attainment. b) increasing the number of life needs. c) deep depression. d) receiving gifts.

a) life events involving goal attainment.

. Among individuals who are depressed a. cortisol levels are often poorly regulated. b. most have Cushing's syndrome as well. c. levels of desxamethasone are dysregulated. d. All of the above are correct.

a. cortisol levels are often poorly regulated.

Mindfulness-based therapy is adapted from a) cognitive therapy. b) IPT. c) psychoanalysis. d) behavioral therapy.

a) cognitive therapy.

Family-focused treatment includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. educating the family about the illness. b. focusing the problem on the family member who is diagnosed. c. enhancing communications in the family. d. developing problem-solving skills.

b. focusing the problem on the family member who is diagnosed.

While many difficulties might get a person thinking about suicide, __________ seems to predict the switch from suicidal thoughts to suicidal actions. a. drug abuse b. helplessness c. impulsivity d. mania

c. impulsivity

Certain types of life events, such as __________, appear particularly likely to trigger depressive episodes. a. loss and humiliation b. work and school c. birth and death d. change and stagnation

a. loss and humiliation

Some researchers believe that depressive symptoms like decreased pleasure, motivation and energy, and manic symptoms like increased pleasure, and energy, could be explained by changes in the sensitivity of the __________ __________ in the brain. a. reward system b. melancholy system c. synaptic system d. ego system

a. reward system

Jacob's psychiatrist has recommended electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), and Jacob is debating whether to consent to this treatment. Which of the following risks should Jacob consider when making his decision? a) bone fractures caused by the seizure b) memory loss and confusion c) developing a seizure disorder d) permanent changes in brain structure

b) memory loss and confusion

Electroconvulsive therapy a) can be a highly effective in treating depression, especially depression with psychotic features. b) is so risky that it is only reserved for people who are actively suicidal. c) is no longer used in the treatment of depression. d) is usually recommended if a person does not respond to SSRIs in the second week of treatment.

a) can be a highly effective in treating depression, especially depression with psychotic features.

Given that antidepressant medications have been demonstrated to be effective, why are other treatments for depression still used? a) The medication is effective only for the first few weeks of use. b) Medication is effective in treating bipolar but not unipolar patients. c) The medications are only effective for children and adolescents. d) Patients often do not recover and relapse after they stop taking the medication.

d) Patients often do not recover and relapse after they stop taking the medication.

Which of the following describes the relationship between depression and suicide? a) Almost all people who commit suicide are depressed. b) Almost all people who are depressed attempt suicide. c) More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act. d) Contrary to popular belief, there is no relationship between depression and suicide.

c) More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act.

Lizzie has a depressive disorder. Which medication from the list below is NOT LIKELY to be prescribed? a) imipramine b) lithium carbonate c) an MAO inhibitor d) fluoxetine (Prozac)

b) lithium carbonate

a) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

The diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder should NOT be made when a) there has ever been a manic episode lasting longer than one day. b) there has never been a manic episode lasting longer than one day. c) the temper outbursts are frequent and inconsistent with the child's developmental level. d) there is a family history of bipolar disorder.

a) there has ever been a manic episode lasting longer than one day.

Research has demonstrated a relationship between ________________ and depression, which is moderated by ________________. a. loss; I.Q. b. life stress; social support c. diet; exercise d. overly optimistic cognitions; intelligence

b. life stress; social support

Interactions with depressed individuals typically result in a. longer interactions than with non-depressed individuals. b. the depressed person eliciting negative feedback. c. the depressed person feeling less depressed. d. more depression even if there is an effort to reduce the depression in the conversation

b. the depressed person eliciting negative feedback.

. The early psychoanalytic theory of depression, as formulated by Freud, emphasized a. anger that develops in response to loss. b. attribution errors committed during particular situations. c. introjections of loss or an interpersonal disappointment. d. an unresolved crisis during the anal stage.

c. introjections of loss or an interpersonal disappointment.

According to Freud's theory, a depressed person is fixated in which stage of development? a. oral b. anal c. genital d. phallic

a. oral

. According to Freud's theory of depression, orally fixated people who experience a loss a. are overwhelmed by grief. b. refuse to admit their grief. c. turn their anger inward. d. become angry at their loss

c. turn their anger inward.

Research demonstrating that depressed people often express intense anger and hostility toward others provides evidence a. in support of Freud's theory of depression. b. that contradicts Freud's theory of depression. c. in support of Beck's theory of depression. d. that contradicts Beck's theory of depression.

b. that contradicts Freud's theory of depression

What are examples of somatic arousal? a. fast heart rate, heavy breathing, sweaty palms b. itchiness, irritation c. lethargy, lack of motivation d. lots of energy

a. fast heart rate, heavy breathing, sweaty palms

Current personality research conceptualizes depression and anxiety along which of the following dimensions? a. positive affect, negative affect and autonomic arousal b. affect and somatic arousal c. positive and negative affect d. positive affect, negative affect and somatic arousal

d. positive affect, negative affect and somatic arousal

Which of the following involve negative affect? a. anxiety and depression b. depression c. anxiety d. hypomania

a. anxiety and depression

If Stephanie is characterized as a neurotic person, she a. is not likely to become depressed, but likely to become anxious. b. is at elevated risk for developing depression. c. is likely to experience low levels of anxiety, but high levels of depression. d. is clinically depressed.

b. is at elevated risk for developing depression.

Which of the following is a similarity between Beck's and Freud's theories of depression? a. Both believe that anger is the root of depression. b. Both emphasize the depressive's illogical view of the world. c. Both consider negative life events to be important in the development of depression. d. Both focus on the experience of loss in the development of depression.

c. Both consider negative life events to be important in the development of depression.

Depressive cognitive biases, according to the cognitive theory of depression, are a. pessimistic global views of self, world, and future. b. negative beliefs about how things work in the world. c. negative schemata triggered by negative life events. d. distorted ways of reaching conclusions about events

b. negative beliefs about how things work in the world.

In Beck's theory, a cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive focus on a. the past. b. global disasters. c. childhood trauma. d. negative feedback.

b. global disasters.

Charlie believes he is worthless because he failed to obtain one minor account. However, he is usually one of the top salesmen at his office. This is an illustration of which cognitive distortion? a. selective abstraction b. projection c. arbitrary inference d. overgeneralization

d. overgeneralization

An example of a diathesis in depression is a. losing one's job. b. a best friend dying suddenly. c. breaking up with one's partner. d. lack of social support.

d. lack of social support.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Low levels of expressed emotion predicts relapse in depression. b. Depressive symptoms are usually a result of expressed emotion. c. Symptoms of depression can create relationship problems. d. People with depression often elicit positive reactions from people around them because they tend to keep to themselves.

c. Symptoms of depression can create relationship problems.

Which of the following personality traits has been most strongly associated with depression? a. anxiety b. neuroticism c. extraversion d. avoidant

b. neuroticism

b. negative beliefs about how things work in the world.

in Beck's theory, a cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive focus on a. the past. b. global disasters. c. childhood trauma. d. negative feedback.

b. global disasters.

d. overgeneralization

Sally is planning a party outdoors, and it begins to rain. As a result of this, she concludes that she is worthless because it is raining when she planned her party. Sally is engaged in a. arbitrary inference. b. selective abstraction. c. overgeneralization. d. magnification.

a. arbitrary inference.

Tony works on a production line at an automobile manufacturing plant. He is primarily responsible for installing the doors. When the car comes off the line, the engine malfunctions, and Tony evaluates himself negatively because of the malfunction. Tony is engaged in a. arbitrary inference. b. selective abstraction. c. overgeneralization. d. magnification.

b. selective abstraction.

Ethan receives a low grade on his mid-term exam. After receiving the grade, he believes that he is not intelligent. Ethan is engaged in a. arbitrary inference. b. selective abstraction. c. overgeneralization. d. magnification.

c. overgeneralization.

Sapida realizes after she has already turned in her paper that she forgot to make a title page. She feels worthless and expects to receive a failing grade. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions? a. selective abstraction b. overgeneralization c. arbitrary inference d. magnification

c. arbitrary inference

Which of the following statements is most likely to come from a depressed person, according to Beck's theory? a. "The world is going to hell in a handbasket." b. "Our country has never been the same since the Vietnam War, and never will be as respected by the world again." c. "I will never be able to figure out how to do my job the way my boss wants me to." d. All of the above are typical examples of the thought processes of depressed individuals in Beck's view.

c. "I will never be able to figure out how to do my job the way my boss wants me to."

An unresolved research problem facing the cognitive theory is a. determining that by changing negative thinking one's depression improves. b. whether mood causes negative thinking. c. that depression is essentially a biological disorder. d. All of the above choices are correct.

b. whether mood causes negative thinking.

Learned helplessness was originally formulated as a theory of depression to explain a. the inability of dogs to escape shocks after they had been exposed to inescapable shock. b. the apparent inability of some depressive individuals to learn to escape difficult situations. c. situations in which depressed individuals appear non-depressed, but are helpless to initiate new activities. d. a failure to learn from mistakes that is exhibited by some animals.

a. the inability of dogs to escape shocks after they had been exposed to inescapable shock.

Katherine was presented with a difficult puzzle to solve that was, in fact, unsolvable. When she was later given a very simple puzzle, she was unable to solve it. This is an example in support of which theory of depression? a. psychoanalytic b. interpersonal c. Beck's cognitive d. learned helplessness

d. learned helplessness

In the latest version of helplessness/hopelessness theory, depression results from inescapable aversive situations only a. when the person believes they can survive the aversive situation. b. if the individual already feels depressed. c. for individuals who make depressive attributions during or following the aversive situation. d. when a family member has a history of depression.

c. for individuals who make depressive attributions during or following the aversive situation.

According to learned helplessness theory, following a failure on an important exam, which of the following explanations for the failure is most likely to lead to depression? a. This teacher doesn't like me. b. I am stupid. c. I was in a bad mood on the day of the test. d. I did not study hard enough.

b. I am stupid.

Jill is seeking treatment for depression, which started after she ended a long-term relationship. Which of the following would be a global depressive attribution she might make? a. "My relationships end badly because I drive them away." b. "There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me." c. "Sometimes I feel there is something the matter with me." d. "My next relationship will likely be better."

b. "There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me."

The hopelessness theory of depression is predicated on a. depression resulting from previous helplessness situations. b. biological features of depression resulting in negative attributions. c. a return to the animal lab to further understand factors leading to depression. d. cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions.

b. biological features of depression resulting in negative attributions.

The Reasons for Living inventory focuses upon a. the amount of time the person has felt suicidal. b. the things in a person's life that prevent suicide. c. the motivation for commiting suicide. d. how people will react to the examinees suicide.

b. the things in a person's life that prevent suicide.

What is meant by the phrase "double depression"? a. Symptoms are consistent with two different subtypes of major depression. b. The individual has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and a mood disorder. c. Symptoms of both typical and atypical depression are exhibited. d. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well.

d. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well.

perception that one had no control over what happened and by the absolute certainty that an important bad outcome was going to occur or that a highly desired good outcome was not going to occur. a. helplessness b. hopelessness expectancy c. arbitrary inference d. somatic symptoms

b. hopelessness expectancy

in Joiners interpersonal psychological model of suicide, what two psychological states interact to provide suicidal thoughts and desires A) thwarted belongingness and perceived burden B) isolation and perceived burden C) acquired capacity and perceived burden D) none of the above

A) thwarted belongingness and perceived burden

in Joiner's interpersonal psychological model of suicide, what psychological state is said to be present that makes a person have the desire and ability to make a lethal suicide attempt A) acquired capacity B) thwarted belongingness C) perceived burden D) all three must be present

D) all three must be present (but is is only in the presence of acquired capacity (along with perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) that the person has the desire and ability to make a lethal suicide attempt)

in Joiners interpersonal psychological model of suicide, compared to psychological states that interact to produce suicidal thoughts and desire, it is only the presence of _______ that a person has the desire and ability to make a lethal suicide attempt A) acquired capacity B) thwarted belongingness C) perceived burden D) all three must be present

A) acquired capacity

in joiners interpersonal model of suicide, the acquired capacity for suicide is believed to be acquired through A) being isolated B) pain or provocative experiences C) instances of social rejection D) all the above

B) pain or provocative experiences

Joiner proposes that people desire to die by suicide when they perceive that they are a burden to others and experience a sense of thwarted belongingness. However, they cannot act on this suicidal desire unless they also have A) the means to end their life B) acquired the capacity for suicide C) acute distress D) emotional turmoil

B) acquired the capacity for suicide

~~~ MOOD DISORDERS TEST BANK Flashcards

(182 cards)