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Abnormal Psychology > OVERVIEW & RESEARCH APPROACHES > Flashcards

OVERVIEW & RESEARCH APPROACHES Flashcards

1
Q

The australian Bureau of statistics presented an overview of mental health between 2004-2005 and found that the prevalence of psychological conditions in australian was 13% of the burden of disease being due to a psychological condition and _______ respondents having suffered a psychological illness

A) one in ten

B) one in five

C) one in twenty

D) one in fifteen

A

B) one in five

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2
Q

how many disorders are classified in the DSM-5?

A) over 60

B) over 100

C) over 200

D) over 400

A

D) over 400

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3
Q

the DSM-5 is used to provide a consistent and coherent _______ system allowing us to delineate meaningful subvarieties of maladaptive behavior

A) coding

B) classification

C) subcategories

D) categorical

A

B) classification

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4
Q

traditionally, mental disorders were treated as diseases caused primarily by what?

A) sociocultural factors

B) psychosocial factors

C) cultural factors

D) biological factors

A

D) biological factors

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5
Q

_____ theories place significant importance on brain pathology in psychological disorders

A) psychosocial

B) biological

C) sociocultural

D) biopsychosocial

A

B) biological

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6
Q

these theories consider mental disorders as diseases

A) psychosocial

B) biological

C) sociocultural

D) biopsychosocial

A

B) biological

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7
Q

more recently, exploration in this area has focused on genetics, structural brain abnormalities and chemical imbalances

A) psychosocial

B) biological

C) sociocultural

D) biopsychosocial

A

B) biological

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8
Q

what is NOT considered a category of biological factors relating to development of maladaptive behaviour?

A) neurotransmitter and hormonal imbalances

B) temperament/ constitutional liabilities

C) physical deprivation/disruption

D) early deprivation or trauma

A

D) early deprivation or trauma

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9
Q

_______ theories are one of the main psychosocial viewpoints

A) psychosocial

B) psychodynamic

C) sociocultural

D) biopsychosocial

A

B) psychodynamic

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10
Q

these theories argue that behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by unconscious processes

A) sociocultural

B) psychosocial

C) biological

D) biopsychosocial

A

B) psychosocial

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11
Q

more recent psychoanalytical theories focus on the development of the self concept in the context of ______ relationships

A) individual

B) intrapersonal

C) cultural

D) interpersonal

A

D) interpersonal

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12
Q

Psychosocial factors are developmental influences that can handicap a person psychologically. Psychosocial causal factors that have been studied include which of the following?

A) early deprivation or trauma

B) inadequate parenting style

C) marital discord and divorce

D) maladaptive peer relationships.

A

A, B, C and D

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13
Q

these theories consider the social environment as a source of vulnerability or resistance to mental disorders

A) sociocultural

B) biopsychosocial

C) biological

D) psychosocial

A

A) sociocultural

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14
Q

what is a causal factor NOT considered in sociocultural theories?

A) unemployment

B) being subjected to prejudice and discrimination

C) maladaptive peer relationships

D) social change and uncertainty

A

C) maladaptive peer relationships

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15
Q

along with the DSM-5, the World Health Organisation produces a similar document for the psychiatric classification systems used, what is this document called?

A) international classification of mental disorders

B) international classification of illness

C) international classification of behaviour

D) international classification of diseases

A

D) international classification of diseases

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16
Q

while the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 (international classification of diseases) has much in common, what is NOT one significant difference between the two?

A) ICD-11 code numbers

B) Similar disorders have different names

C) ICD-11 is used in hospital settings

D) DSM-5 is only used as a psychiatric classification system

A

D) DSM-5 is only used as a psychiatric classification system

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17
Q

within what classification system is a a mental disorder defined as a “syn-drome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning”

A) ICD- 12

B) DSM-3

C) ICD-11

D) DSM-5

A

D) DSM-5

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18
Q

what are excluded from the DSM-5

A) predictable or culturally rejected responses to common stressors or losses

B) predictable or culturally approved responses to common stressors or losses

C) mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability

D) disturbances are thought to reflect a dysfunction in biological, psychological, or develop-mental processes that are necessary for mental functioning

A

B) predictable or culturally approved responses to common stressors or losses

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19
Q

defining abnormality is contentious and difficult, simple reason for why we do it is that most sciences rely on ________

A) classification

B) structure

C) information

D) definitions

A

A) classification

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20
Q

At the most fundamental level, classification systems provide us with/a _______ (a naming system).

A) classification

B) nomenclature

C) information

D) definitions

A

B) nomenclature

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21
Q

what are NOT an advantage of classification systems?

A) provides a common language and shorthand term for complex clinical conditions

B) enable us to structure information in a more helpful manner

C) leads to a loss of information

D) classification facilitates research

A

C) leads to a loss of information

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22
Q

what is a disadvantage that occurs when we simplify through classification?

A) enable us to structure information

B) lose an array of personal details about the actual person who has the disorder.

C) provides a common set of terms to describe specific clinical conditions

D) stigma

A

B) lose an array of personal details about the actual person who has the disorder.

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23
Q

Stigma is a deterrent to seeking treatment for mental health problems. This is especially true for who?

A) young people

B) men

C) ethnic minorities

D) women

A

A) young people
B) men
C) ethnic minorities

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24
Q

Stigma is a disproportionately greater deterrent to treatment seeking for two other groups:

A) military personnel

B) doctors

C) mental health professionals.

D) women

A

A) military personnel
C) mental health professionals.

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25
Q

automatic beliefs concerning other people that we unavoidably learn as a result of growing up in a particular culture (e.g., people who wear glasses are more intelligent; New Yorkers are rude)

A) stereotyping

B) prejudice

C) stigma

D) bias

A

A) sterotyping

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26
Q

_______ is reflected in the comment “People like you don’t go back to work”

A) stereotyping

B) prejudice

C) stigma

D) bias

A

A) stereotyping

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27
Q

the study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population

A) pathology

B) psychopathology

C) psychiatry

D) epidemiology

A

D) epidemiology

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28
Q

A key component of an epidemiological survey is

A) determining the frequencies of mental disorders.

B) determining the impact of mental disorders

C) determining the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population

D)

A

A) determining the frequencies of mental disorders.

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29
Q

the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time; typically expressed as percentages

A) point prevalence

B) prevalence

C) lifetime prevalence

D) 1-year prevalence

A

B) prevalence

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30
Q

if we were to conduct a study and count the number of people who have major depressive disorder (i.e., clinical depression) on January 1 of next year, this would provide us with a point prevalence estimate of active cases of depression.

A person who experienced depression during the months of November and December but who managed to recover by January 1 would

A) be included in a point prevalence calculation

B) would only be included if they had depression prior to November

C) would not be included if they had depression prior to November

D) not be included in a point prevalence calculation

A

D) not be included in a point prevalence calculation

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31
Q

the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time.

A) point prevalence

B) prevalence

C) lifetime prevalence

D) 1-year prevalence

A

A) point prevalence

32
Q

counting everyone who experienced depression at any point in time throughout the entire year

A) point prevalence

B) prevalence

C) lifetime prevalence

D) 1-year prevalence

A

D) 1-year prevalence

33
Q

obtain an estimate of the num-ber of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives (even if they are now recovered).

A) point prevalence

B) prevalence

C) lifetime prevalence

D) 1-year prevalence

A

C) lifetime prevalence

34
Q

the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time

A) point prevalence

B) prevalence

C) lifetime prevalence

D) incidence

A

D) incidence

35
Q

Incidence figures tend to be lower than prevalence figures because they

A) include pre existing cases

B) exclude pre existing cases

A

C) exclude pre existing cases

36
Q

The most comprehensive source of prevalence estimates for adults in the United States diagnosed with mental disorders is the

A) national mental health survey

B) National comorbidity survey replication

C) Replication of Comorbidity

D) National mental health replication study

A

B) National comorbidity survey replication

37
Q

the term used to describe the presence of two or more disorders in the same person

A) acute

B) chronic

C) prevalence

D) comorbidity

A

D) comorbidity

38
Q

Comorbidity is especially high in people who

A) have anxiety disorders

B) have severe forms of mental disorders

C) are impaired by a specific disorder

D) don’t know they have a disorder

A

B) have severe forms of mental disorders

39
Q

The disorder that results in the biggest global burden is

A) depression

B) anxiety

C) schizophrenia

D) eating disorders

A

A) depression

40
Q

Term used to describe a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms

A) Chronic.

B) Episodic.

C) Acute.

D) Persistent.

A

C) Acute.

41
Q

Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder.

A)

B) etiology

C)

D)

A

B) etiology

42
Q

why are hypothesis vital?

A) they frequently deter-mine the therapeutic approaches used to treat a particular clinical problem

B) allow us to reach firm conclusions.

C) the allow us to generalise to larger groups

D) they allow us to be confident we can be in the results of a particular given study

A

A) they frequently deter-mine the therapeutic approaches used to treat a particular clinical problem

43
Q

The process of selecting a representative subgroup from a defined population of interest

A) recruitment

B) experience sampling

C) identification

D) sampling

A

D) sampling

44
Q

what is a limitation of recruit participants online using approaches such as Amazon’s Mechanical Turk?

A) MTurk workers tend to be older employed and conservative than people in the general population

B) MTurk workers are not a representative sample of the population as a whole

C) MTurk workers tend to be younger, better-educated, underemployed, less religious, and more liberal than people in the general population

D) Mturk workers are representative of the population as a whole

A

B) MTurk workers are not a representative sample of the population as a whole

And

C) MTurk workers tend to be younger, better-educated, underemployed, less religious, and more liberal than peo-ple in the general population

45
Q

The extent to which we can generalize our findings beyond the study itself is called

A) external validity

B) internal validity

C) generalisability

D) comparison groups

A

A) external validity

46
Q

______ reflects how confident we can be in the results of a particular given study

A) external validity

B) internal validity

C) generalisability

D) comparison groups

A

B) internal validity

47
Q

_______ is the extent to which a study is methodologically sound, free of confounds or other sources of error, and able to be used to draw valid conclusions

A) external validity

B) internal validity

C) generalisability

D) comparison groups

A

B) internal validity

48
Q

_______ is a group of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other major respects to the _________ group

A) independant groups; dependent groups

B) criterion group ; comparison/control group

C) dependent groups; independent groups

D) comparison/control group ; criterion

A

D) comparison/control group ; criterion

49
Q

what is statistical significance influenced by?

A) sample size

B) magnitude of correlation

C) magnitude of direction

D) relationship between variables

A

A) sample size

B) magnitude of correlation

50
Q

the size of the association between two variables independent of the sample size.

A) size of the sample

B)

C) effect size

D)

A

C) effect size

51
Q

a statistical approach that calculates and then combines the effect sizes from all of the studies

A) correlational analysis

B) meta analysis

C) experimental approach

D) effect size

A

B) meta analysis

52
Q

the key factor linking the insanity and masturbation is that of impaired social awareness, what is this an example of?

A) predictor variable

B) third variable problem

C) causal relationship

D) correlational relationship

A

B) third variable problem

53
Q

what approach may we adopt if we wanted to learn what our patients were like before they developed a specific disorder?

A) systematic review

B) prospective design

C) retrospective design

D) randomised control trial

A

C) retrospective design

54
Q

what approach may we adopt if we wanted to identify individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disor-dered and to focus research attention on them before any disorder manifests

A) systematic review

B) prospective design

C) retrospective design

D) randomised control trial

A

B) prospective design

55
Q

what is the “direction of effect problem”?

A) correlational research allows us to draw conclusions about directionality

B) correlational research does not allow us to draw any conclusions about directionality

C) correlational research allows us to find the direction of relationships

D) correlational research allows us to find the causes of relationships

A

B) correlational research does not allow us to draw any conclusions about directionality

56
Q

a research design in which two (or more) treatments are compared in differing yet comparable groups

A) treatment efficacy study

B) standard treatment comparison study

C) nonstandard treatment comparison study

D) comparison group treatment study

A

B) standard treatment comparison study

57
Q

treatment conditions that enable experimenters to control for the possibility that simply believing one is getting an effective type of treatment produces a therapeutic benefit

A) control condition

B) treatment condition

C) exposure

D) placebo

A

D) placebo

58
Q

a design in which the same individual is studied over time

A) case study design

B) single-case research design

C) single blind study

D)

A

B) single-case research design

59
Q

what kind of study design researchers behavior or performance at one point in time can then be compared to behavior or performance at a later time, after a specific intervention or treatment has been introduced

A) experimental research

B) single-case research design

C) within subject design

D) longitudinal

A

B) single-case research design

60
Q

Which of the following is an example of an ABAB design?
A. Half of the subjects receive one treatment and the other half are not treated
B. All subjects received one of two treatments
C. A subject is observed and treated
D. A subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment

A

D. A subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment

61
Q

Fred refuses to speak at school, although he speaks normally at home. His therapist plans out a treatment where Fred is given a gold star every time he answers his teacher, and he can then trade in his stars for prizes. Fred begins speaking in class. The therapist then tells the teacher to stop the program for a couple of weeks. Fred stopped talking during that time. The teacher then starting giving Fred stars again, and Fred again began to talk. This is an example of:
A. A case study
B. A correlational study
C. An ABAB experimental design study
D. A self-report study

A

C. An ABAB experimental design study

62
Q

What is the value of using an ABAB design?
a. It permits the study of the effects of multiple forms of treatment on a single subject.
b. Subjects can be selected randomly.
c. The effects of a single form of treatment are studied twice in the same subject.
d. Generalizability is ensured.

A

c. The effects of a single form of treatment are studied twice in the same subject.

63
Q

A psychologist wishes to test the hypothesis that the experience of chronic physical pain can cause clinical depression, but the Ethics Committee of his university won’t allow him to conduct a study in which he inflicts pain on the subjects. What kinda of research design might best allow the psychologist to test this hypothesis while circumventing the committee’s objection?

A. Experimental
B. Prospective
C. Analogue
D. Longitudinal

A

C. Analogue

64
Q

Laboratory experiments with dogs had demonstrated that, when subjected to repeated experiences of painful, unpredictable, and inescapable electric shock, the dogs lost their ability to learn a simple escape response to avoid further shock in a different situation later on. They just sat and endured the pain. This observation led Seligman and his colleagues to argue that

A) conditioning animals could also be applied to the study of human subjects

B) human depression is a reaction to uncontrollable stressful events in which one’s behavior has no effect on one’s environment, leading to helplessness, passivity, and depression

C) human anxiety is a reaction to uncontrollable stressful events in which one’s behavior has no effect on one’s environment, leading to apprehension and worry

D) such symptoms of depression should be included in the DSM

A

B) human depression is a reaction to uncontrollable stressful events in which one’s behavior has no effect on one’s environment, leading to helplessness, passivity, and depression

65
Q

what does incidence refer to

A) The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition a population for a given year

B) The estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time

C) The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time

D) The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time

A

C) the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time

66
Q

what does point prevalence refer to

A) The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition a population for a given year

B) The estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time

C) The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time

D) The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time

A

B) The estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time

67
Q

what does 1-year prevalence refer to

A) The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition a population for a given year

B) The estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time

C) The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time

D) The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time

A

A) The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition a population for a given year

68
Q

what does prevalence refer to

A) The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition a population for a given year

B) The estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time

C) The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time

D) The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time

A

D) The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time

69
Q

why would incidence figures be lower than prevalence figures

A) Inaccurate reporting methods

B) Because they exclude preexisting cases

C) Overestimation of the actual occurrence

D) Failure to account for demographic factors

A

B) Because they exclude preexisting cases

70
Q

All of the following are disadvantages of classifying and diagnosing mental disorders except ________

a. stereotyping.

b. labeling.

c. stigma.

d. structure

A

d. structure

71
Q

does variable A cause B, or does B cause A? is known as

A) direction of effect problem

B) causality problem

C) third variable problem

D) locus of causality

A

A) direction of effect problem

72
Q

jin kyofusho is an anxiety disorder that is quite prevalent in

A) Austria

B) Japan

C) United states

D) Latinos

A

B) Japan

73
Q

a disorder in japan involving fear that one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend, embarrass, or make others feel uncomfortable

A) Taijin kyofusho

B) Jin kyofusho

C) Koro

D) Ataque de nervios

A

B) Jin kyofusho

74
Q

Ataque de nervios is a culturally rooted expression of distress. It is found in people of

A) Austria

B) Japan

C) United states

D) Latino descent

A

D) Latino descent

75
Q

Ataque de nervios is a culturally rooted expression of distress found in people of Latino descent, especially those from the Caribbean. This condition

A) is only listed in the International Classification of Diseases

B) is only found in the unites states

C) is similar to generalised anxiety disorder found in the DSM

D) does not have a clear counterpart in the DSM.

A

D) does not have a clear counterpart in the DSM.

76
Q

Ataque de nervios includes symptoms of

A) happiness, extreme energy, disturbances in thought and speech

B) crying, trembling, fainting, uncontrollable screaming, and a general feeling of loss of control.

C) fear that one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend, embarrass, or make others feel uncomfortable

D) social withdrawal, agitation, aggression and sadness

A

B) crying, trembling, fainting, uncontrollable screaming, and a general feeling of loss of control.

77
Q

what is the most basic experimental design in single case research

A) correlational design

B) double blind study

C) standard treatment comparison study

D) ABAB design

A

D) ABAB design

Abnormal Psychology (48 decks)

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