MOOD DISORDERS Flashcards by Jordan Crystal

mood disorders were formerly called affective disorders, and in all mood disorders, what dominate the clinical picture?

A) Sensory disturbances and hallucinations

B) Extremes of emotion or affect—soaring elation or deep depression

C) Cognitive impairments and memory loss

D) Motor abnormalities and physical restlessness

B) extremes of emotion or affect—soaring elation or deep depression

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what is the most common form of mood disturbances?

A) depressive episode

B) manic episode

C) hypomanic episode

D) normal mood

A) depressive episode

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in a depressive episode, a person is markedly depressed or has loss of interest in formerlay pleasurable activities or both for at least

A) a couple hours a day

B) 1 week

C) 2 weeks

D) one month

C) 2 weeks

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which of the following is NOT a primary kind of mood episode?

A) depressive episode

B) manic episode

C) hypomanic episode

D) normal mood

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extreme moods seen in a manic episode must persist for how long for a diagnosis to be made?

A) a couple hours a day

B) 1 week

C) 2 weeks

D) one month

B) 1 week

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in milder forms, similar kinds of symptoms of mania can lead to a diagnosis of hypomanic episode, in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least

A) 4 days

B) 1 week

C) 2 weeks

D) one month

A) 4 days

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Major mood disorders occur with alarming frequency—at least 15 to 20 times more frequently than _______, for example, and at almost the same rate as all the __________ taken together

A) Eating disorders; personality disorders

B) Schizophrenia; anxiety disorders

C) Neurodevelopmental disorders; sleep disorders

D) Substance use disorders; somatic symptom disorders

B) schizophrenia; anxiety disorders

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of the two types of serious mood disorders,which is the most common, with its occurrence has apparently increased in recent decades

A) Bipolar disorder

B) Cyclothymic disorder

C) Dysthymic disorder

D) Major depressive disorder

D) major depressive disorder

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following anxiety disorders, which disorder is the second most prevalent type of disorder?

A) Bipolar disorder

B) Cyclothymic disorder

C) Dysthymic disorder

D) mood disorders

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which of the following is true regarding major depressive disorder?

A) It is more prevalent in men than in women.

B) rates are higher for women than for men

C) It is more common in younger age groups.

D) prevalence rates are the same for men and women

B) rates are higher for women than for men

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the gender disparity of major depression starts in ________

A) childhood

B) middle adulthood

C) young adulthood

D) adolescence

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at what age does major depression seem to disappear?

A) 45

B) 30

C) 50

D) 65

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which of the following is true regarding bipolar disorder?

A) It is more prevalent in men than in women.

B) rates are higher for women than for men

C) It is more common in younger age groups.

D) prevalence rates are the same for men and women

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Nationally representative surveys of U.S. residents suggest that mood disorders occur less frequently among

A) European white Americans

B) African Americans

C) Hispanics

D) Asian americans

B) African Americans

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which of the following groups has epidemiologic research indicated that rates of mood disorders are NOT related to

A) African Americans

B) Native Americans

C) individuals who have high levels of accomplishments in the arts

D) socioeconomic status

A) African Americans

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The hypothesis that explains the link between bipolar disorder and individuals who are artists suggests that:

A) Artists tend to have a genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder.

B) Mania or hypomania facilitates the creative process.

C) Creativity suppresses the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

D) Artists are less likely to experience mood fluctuations.

B) mania or hypomania facilitates the creative process

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how many symptoms must be present according to the criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-5

A) all nine

B) five or more

C) three

D) seven or more

B) five or more

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what is the length of time the symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to the DSM-5?

A) must be present during the same 1 week period

B) must be present during the same 2 week period

C) must occur for at least one hour a day for at least 2 weeks

D) must occur for at least one hour a day for at least 1 week

B) must be present during the same 2 week period

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At the diagnostic level, there are very high levels of comorbidity between

A) Eating disorders and schizophrenia

B) Bipolar disorder and personality disorders

C) Anxiety and depressive disorders

D) Substance use disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders

C) Anxiety and depressive disorders

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When a diagnosis of MDD is made, it is usually also specified whether this is a

A) Secondary, and therefore related to another medical condition

B) First, and therefore single (initial), episode or a recurrent episode (preceded by one or more previous episodes)

C) Acute, and therefore requiring immediate intervention

D) Chronic, and therefore persistent over an extended period

B) First, and therefore single (initial), episode or a recurrent episode (preceded by one or more previous episodes)

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how long do depressive episodes typically last if untreated?

A) A few days to a week

B) Several weeks

C) 6 to 9 months

D) Indefinitely

C) 6 to 9 months

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In approximately 10 to 20 percent of people with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the symptoms do not remit for over 2 years, in which case ________ is diagnosed.

A) Bipolar Disorder

B) Persistent Depressive Disorder

C) Generalized Anxiety Disorder

D) Seasonal Affective Disorder

B) Persistent Depressive Disorder

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Chronic major depression has been associated with:

A) Seasonal patterns of mood changes

B) Serious childhood family problems and an anxious personality in childhood

C) Frequent episodes of hypomania

D) High levels of social support and positive life events

B) Serious childhood family problems and an anxious personality in childhood

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depressive episodes are said to remit when symptoms have largely been gone for at least

A) 4 months

B) 1 month

C) 2 weeks

D) 2 months

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depressive episodes usually return at some point and this return in symptoms is of one of which two types? A) remission and recurrance B) relapse and recurrance C) recurrence and onset D) episodic and ongoing

B) relapse and recurrence

refers to the return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time, a situation that probably reflects the fact that the underlying episode of depression has not yet run its course A) remission B) relapse C) recurrence D) rebound

B) relapse

what may commonly occur when pharmacotherapy is terminated prematurely—after symptoms have remitted but before the underlying episode is really over A) remission B) relapse C) recurrence D) rebound

B) relapse

refers to the onset of a new episode of depression, occurs in approximately 40 to 50 percent of peo-ple who experience a depressive episode A) remission B) relapse C) recurrence D) rebound

C) recurrence

The probability of recurrence increases with: A) Seasonal changes and weather patterns B) The number of prior episodes and also when the person has comorbid disorders. C) The availability of social support D) Dietary habits and nutrition

B) The number of prior episodes and also when the person has comorbid disorders.

people who experience multiple depressive episodes often are ______ in between episodes A) Symptom-free B) Not symptom-free C) Periodically symptomatic D) More susceptible to anxiety disorders

B) Not symptom-free

people with some residual symptoms, or with significant psychosocial impairment, following an initial depressive epi-sode A) Have complete remission is associated with higher recurrence rates B) Are more likely to have recurrences than those whose symptoms remit completely C) Experience fewer recurrences than those who dont havr residual symptoms D) Have a decreased likelihood of future episodes

B) Are more likely to have recurrences than those whose symptoms remit completely

the onset of unipolar depressive disorders most often occurs during ______ but such reactions may begin any time from _______ A) middle adulthood; late adolescence and early adulthood B) Late adolescence; early childhood . C) Childhood; adolescence D) Old age; late adulthood.

B) Late adolescence ; early childhood .

the incidence of depression rises sharply during A) middle adulthood; B) adolescence C) Childhood D) Old age

B) adolescence

at what life stage do sex differences in rates of major depression first emerge? A) middle adulthood; B) adolescence C) Childhood D) Old age

B) adolescence

which of the following is NOT true regarding MDD? A) major depression that occurs in adolescence is very likely to recur in adulthood B) occurrence continues into later life. C) major depression is significantly lower in people over age 65 than in younger adults D) major depression does not occur at all in those over age 65

D) major depression does not occur at all in those over age 65

why is MDD in later life difficult to diagnose? A) It is less prevalent in older adults B) Many of the symptoms overlap with those of several medical illnesses and neurocognitive disorders C) It is easier to identify due to clearer diagnostic criteria in older age D) The stigma associated with mental health makes it challenging for older adults to report symptoms.

B) Many of the symptoms overlap with those of several medical illnesses and neurocognitive disorders

Three of the following: early morning awakening, depression worse in the morning, marked psychomotor agitation or retardation, loss of appetite or weight, excessive guilt, qualitatively different depressed mood are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5? A) With Catatonic Features B) With Melancholic Features C) With Atypical Features D) With Seasonal Pattern

B) With Melancholic Features

Mood reactivity—brightens to positive events; two of the four following symptoms: weight gain or increase in appetite, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis (arms and legs feel as heavy as lead), being acutely sensitive to interpersonal rejection are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5? A) With Catatonic Features B) With Melancholic Features C) With Atypical Features D) With Seasonal Pattern

C) With Atypical Features

A range of psychomotor symptoms from motoric immobility to extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5? A) With Catatonic Features B) With Melancholic Features C) With Atypical Features D) With Seasonal Pattern

A) With Catatonic Features

At least two or more episodes in past 2 years that have occurred at the same time (usually fall or winter), and full remission at the same time (usually spring). No other nonseasonal episodes in the same 2-year period are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5? A) With Catatonic Features B) With Melancholic Features C) With Atypical Features D) With Seasonal Pattern

D) With Seasonal Pattern

This designation is applied when, in addition to meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a patient either has lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to usually pleasurable stimuli or desired events. A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features B) Major depressive episode with atypical features C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features. D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

This subtype of depression is more heritable than most other forms of depression and is more often associated with a history of childhood trauma A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features B) Major depressive episode with atypical features C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features. D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

delusions or hallucinations that present are present with MDD are A) mood incongruent B) mood congruent C) mood stable D) mood unstable

B) mood congruent

Individuals who are _______ depressed are likely to have longer episodes, more cognitive impairment, and a poorer long-term prognosis than those suffering from depression without these features A) Chronically B) Psychotically C) Mildly D) Acutely

B) Psychotically

This designation is applied when, in addition to meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by mood reactivity; that is, the person’s mood brightens in response to potential positive events. A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features B) Major depressive episode with atypical features C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features. D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

B) Major depressive episode with atypical features

with Major depressive episode with atypical features, the person must show A) all four symtoms B) two or more of the four symptoms C) one of the four symtoms D) none of the four symptoms

B) two or more of the four symptoms

which of the following is NOT a symptom relating to Major depressive episode with atypical features A) leaden paralysis B) weight gain C) insomnia D) being acutely sensitive to interpersonal rejection

C) insomnia

A disproportionate number of individuals who have atypical features are ______, who have an earlier-than-average age of onset and who are more likely to show suicidal thoughts A) Females B) Males C) Older adults D) Children

A) females

Research has also shown that atypical depression is linked to A) persistant depressive disorder B) bipolar 2 C) bipolar 1 D) Cyclothymic disorder

B) bipolar 2

Major depressive episode with atypical features is an important specifier because these individuals respond better to: A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy B) Antipsychotic medications C) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors D) Electroconvulsive therapy

C) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

which of the following is an important specifier because there are indications that individuals these features may preferentially respond to a different class of antidepressants A) catatonic features B) atypical features C) psychotic features. D) melancholic features

B) atypical features

this specifier is used when the individual shows marked psychomotor disturbances such as a range of psycho-motor symptoms, from motoric immobility (catalepsy—a stuporous state) to extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features B) Major depressive episode with atypical features C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features. D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features

To meet DSM-5 criteria for this specifier, the per-son must have had at least two episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same time of the year and full remission must also have occurred at the same time of the year A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features B) Major depressive episode with atypical features C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features. D) recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern

D) recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern

for a diagnosis of persistant depressive disorder, Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for how long? A) at least 6 months B) at least 2 years C) at least 1 year D) at least 2 months

B) at least 2 years

for diagnosis children with persistent depressive disorder, mood can be irritable and duration must be A) at least 6 months B) at least 2 years C) at least 1 year D) at least 2 months

C) at least 1 year

for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, during the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual must never been without the symptoms for A) More than 2 weeks at a time. B) More than 2 months at a time. C) Less than 6 months at a time. D) More than 3 months at a time.

B) more than 2 months at a time.

Prevalence rates suggest that winter seasonal affective disorder is more common in people living at higher latitudes (northern climates) and in: A) Individuals with chronic medical conditions B) Older adults C) People with a family history of the disorder D) Younger people

D) Younger people

for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder individuals must have at lhow many our of the six additional symptoms when depressed A) 2 B) all 6 C) 5 D) 4

A) 2

What is one of the most important characteristics distinguishing Persistent Depressive Disorder from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)? A) Presence of psychotic symptoms B) Periods of normal mood lasting for a maximum of 2 months C) Frequent episodes of hypomania D) Seasonal patterns of mood changes

B) Periods of normal mood lasting for a maximum of 2 months

people with this disorder show poorer outcomes and as much impairment as those with MDD A) Persistent depressive disorder B) bipolar 1 C) Cyclothymic disorder D) Bipolar disorder 1 rapid

A) Persistent depressive disorder

when persistent depressive disorder and MDD co-occur in the same person, what designation is the individual given? A) Dual depression B) Double depression C) Comorbid depression D) Concurrent depression

B) Double depression

what is average duration of persistent depressive disorder? A) 20 years or more B) 4-5 years C) 10 years D) 2 years

B) 4-5 years

at what life stage does persistent depression usually begin? A) late adulthood B) early childhood C) middle adulthood D) adolescence

D) adolescence

over 50 percent of those who present for treatment of persistent depressive disorder have an onset age of A) before 30 B) 12 C) 50 D) before 21

D) before 21

Another term used for Persistent Depressive Disorder is: A) Cyclothymia B) Dysthymia C) Bipolar Disorder D) Anhedonia

B) Dysthymia

Depression is nearly always precipitated by: A) Genetic factors B) Stressful life events C) Neurotransmitter imbalances D) Sleep disturbances

B) Stressful life events

Rosa, a 20 year old college student eports that “ever since high school” she has “felt sad, like, all of the time ... it doesn’t seem normal and I don’t know why.” Rosa notes that there was no major stressor that she can remember that trig-gered her feelings of sadness, “just the normal high school stuff.” But her feelings of sadness have persisted for nearly 4 years now. When asked about what her sadness is like, she tells the psychologist that she just feels like she is not as good as everyone else—not as smart as the other students, not as attractive as the other girls, and can’t seem to have fun and enjoy college like everyone else seems to be doing.what would be the likely diagnosis for Rosa? A) OCD B) GAD C) persistent depressive disorder D) MDD

C) persistent depressive disorder

in terms of grief, which of the following is NOT true A) appears to be more difficult for women than men B) appears to be more difficult for men than for women C) it is considered as a normal pattern D) there is a typical sequence

A) appears to be more difficult for women than men

Bowlby’s (1980) classic observations revealed that there are usually four phases of normal response to the loss of a spouse or close family member, which of the following is NOT one of Bowlbys four phases? A) disorganization and despair B) numbing and disbelief C) some reorganization to persons life D) Depersonalization and detachment

D) Depersonalization and detachment

after the loss of a spouse or close family member, numbing and disbelief is followed by A) yearning and searching for the dead person B) disorga-nization and despair that sets in when the person accepts the loss as permanent C) ) some reorganization as the person gradually begins to rebuild his or her life. D) Depersonalization and detachment from reality

A) yearning and searching for the dead person

what are issues around dropping the bereavement exclusion in the DSM-5? A) Overemphasis on biological factors in diagnosis B) Lack of consideration for cultural variations in grieving C) The assumption that any depressive response to the loss of a loved one is "normal" could lead to delays in receiving needed treatment. D) Increased stigmatization of grief as a mental disorder

C) The assumption that any depressive response to the loss of a loved one is "normal" could lead to delays in receiving needed treatment.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the DSM-5 requires that A) Symptoms occur only during the menstrual period B) Women experience mild emotional changes C) A woman has at least one of four symptoms in the final week before the onset of menses D) Symptoms are solely physical in nature

C) A woman has at least one of four symptoms in the final week before the onset of menses

for a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, apart from one of four main symptoms, individuals must also experience how many symptoms in total must a female experience ? A) 7 B) 5 C) 2 D) 3

B) 5

postpartum blues symptoms occur in as many as 50 to 70 percent of women within A) before birth B) 1 day after birth C) a month after birth D) 10 days after birth

D) 10 days after birth

what have family studies found in terms of the prevalence of mood disorders? A) Mood disorders are less common among blood relatives of persons with depression. B) Mood disorders are more common in the general population than among blood relatives. C) There is no evidence of a genetic component in mood disorders. D) it is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives than it is in the population at large

D) it is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives than it is in the population at large

according to Hippocrates, depression was caused by an excess of A) yellow bile B) black bile C) phlem D) blood

B) black bile

what have family studies shown in relation to the prevalence of mood disorders? A) mood disorders are more common in the general population. B) mood disorders are equally prevalent among blood relatives and non-relatives. C) It is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar depression than it is in the population at large. D) mood disorders are only prevalent in specific ethnic groups

C) it is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar depression than it is in the population at large

twin studies suggest that there is/a ______ genetic contribution to MDD A) Minimal B) No C) Moderate D) High

C) Moderate

The pattern of difference in twins developing MDD is: A) MZ co-twins with MDD are less likely to develop MDD than DZ twins. B) MZ co-twins with MDD are equally likely to develop MDD as DZ twins. C) MZ co-twins with MDD are three times more likely to develop MDD than DZ twins. D) MZ co-twins with MDD are twice as likely to develop MDD as DZ twins.

D) MZ co-twins with MDD are twice as likely to develop MDD as DZ twins.

what is one candidate for a specific gene that might be implicated in MDD? A) Serotonin-transporter gene B) Dopamine-receptor gene C) Norepinephrine-transporter gene D) Acetylcholine-receptor gene

A) serotonin-transporter gene

what type of therapy used to treat mood disorders encouraged the development of neurochemical theories of the etiology of major depression? A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy B) Psychodynamic therapy C) Interpersonal therapy D) electroconvulsive therapy

D) electroconvulsive therapy

what two neurotransmitters of the monoamine class were the focus in early research of major depression? A) Serotonin and dopamine B) Norepinephrine and serotonin C) GABA and glutamate D) Dopamine and acetylcholine

B) Norepinephrine and serotonin

monoamine theory of depression posits A) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors. B) Depression is a result of excessive serotonin and norepinephrine levels. C) The underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. D) Depression is unrelated to neurotransmitter imbalances.

C) the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

One contradictory finding from the monoamine theory of depression is: A) All individuals with depression exhibit high serotonin levels. B) Depression is solely caused by low norepinephrine activity. C) Only a minority of patients with depression have lowered serotonin activity, and these tend to be patients with high levels of suicidal ideation and behavior. D) Serotonin and norepinephrine levels are consistently elevated in all depressed individuals.

C) Only a minority of patients with depression have lowered serotonin activity, and these tend to be patients with high levels of suicidal ideation and behavior.

The neurotransmitter isimplicated as playing a significant role in depression with atypical features and bipolar depression A) Serotonin B) Norepinephrine C) Dopamine D) GABA

C) Dopamine

the majority of attention regarding depression and hormonal causes has focused on the _______ and the role of _______ A) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; cortisol B) Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; thyroxine C) Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; estrogen D) Hypothalamic-pituitary-pancreatic (HPP) axis; insulin

A) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; cortisol

which of the following is NOT an effect of sustained elevations of cortisol? A) adaptivity B) hypertension C) heart disease D) obesity

A) adaptivity

what have recent studies found in relation to the development of depression and the immune system? A) Depression is not associated with the immune system. B) Depression is associated with dysregulation of the immune system and activation of the inflammatory response system. C) Depression has no impact on the inflammatory response. D) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors.

B) Depression is associated with dysregulation of the immune system and activation of the inflammatory response system.

neuropsychological research has found that damage to the left but not the right _________ often leads to depression A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Thalamus D) Anterior prefrontal cortex

D) anterior prefrontal cortex

EEG studies have revealed that in people who are depressed, there is lower activity in the _____ hemisphere and higher activity in the _______ hemisphere in the the prefrontal regions of the brain A) right; left B) left; right C) back; front D) front; back

B) left; right

In terms of neuropsychological evidence, what has been found to predict the onset of depression A) Low serotonin levels B) Left frontal asymmetry C) High dopamine levels D) Impaired hippocampal function

B) left frontal asymmetry

The relatively lower activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex in depression is thought to be related to symptoms of A) increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information B) reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli C) Improved cognitive functioning and enhanced emotional regulation D) reduced theory of mind and memory impairments

B) reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli

The relatively increased right-side activity of the prefrontal cortex in depression is thought to be related to symptoms of A) increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information B) reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli C) Improved cognitive functioning and enhanced emotional regulation D) reduced theory of mind and memory impairments

A) increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information

What EEG findings are associated with depression, suggesting vulnerability markers for certain forms of major depression? A) Prolonged latency to enter REM sleep and increased amount of deep sleep. B) Reduced latency to enter REM sleep and increased amount of deep sleep. C) Increased latency to enter REM sleep and decreased amount of deep sleep. D) Reduced latency to enter REM sleep and decreased amount of deep sleep.

D) Reduced latency to enter REM sleep and decreased amount of deep sleep.

What kind of rhythm abnormality or disturbance is commonly seen in people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), and what factor do most affected individuals appear to be responsive to? A) Circadian rhythm disruption; temperature changes B) Ultradian rhythm disruption; social interactions C) Infradian rhythm disturbance; dietary patterns D) Circadian rhythm disruption; total quantity of available light in the environment

D) Circadian rhythm disruption; total quantity of available light in the environment

which of the following statements is true regarding biological causal factors for depression? A) Biological factors have no influence on the development of depression. B) for the majority of women, hormonal changes do not play a significant role C) Only men are affected by hormonal changes, and women are immune to their influence. D) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors, with no regard to hormonal fluctuations.

B) for the majority of women, hormonal changes do not play a significant role

which of the following statements is true regarding biological causal factors for depression? A) Biological factors have no influence on the development of depression. B) For a small minority of women who are already at high risk, hormonal fluctuations may trigger depressive episodes C) Only men are affected by hormonal changes, and women are immune to their influence. D) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors, with no regard to hormonal fluctuations.

B) For a small minority of women who are already at high risk, hormonal fluctuations may trigger depressive episodes (possibly by causing changes in the normal processes that regulate neurotransmitter systems)

what have many studies found in relation to stressful life events and unipolar depression? A) Stressful life events have no impact on unipolar depression. B) Stressful life events are the sole cause of unipolar depression. C) They often serve as precipitating factors D) Stressful life events only lead to anxiety, not depression.

C) they often serve as precipitating factors

What demographic group is suggested to exhibit a stronger stress–depression relationship, particularly in response to stressful life events? a) Young male adults b) Middle-aged female adults c) Elderly individuals of any gender d) Young female adults

d) Young female adults

In the context of stressful life events and depression, what key distinction is emphasized between different types of events? a) Geographic location b) Time of occurrence c) Independence from the person's behavior and personality d) Severity of the event

c) Independence from the person's behavior and personality

What term is used to describe stressful life events that are independent of the person's behavior and personality, such as losing a job due to company closure or experiencing a natural disaster? a) Unrelated life events b) Independent life events c) Internal life events d) Dependent life events

b) Independent life events

Which category of stressful life events involves occurrences that may have been at least partly generated by the individual's behavior or personality? a) Random life events b) Independent life events c) Unpredictable life events d) Dependent life events

d) Dependent life events

which of the following is an example of a dependent life event A) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills B) Facing a serious illness or injury that occurs randomly C) experiencing a natural disaster D) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down

A) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills

which of the following is an example of a independent life event A) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills B) academic struggles C) Experiencing a breakup or divorce D) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down

D) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down

what defines independent life events? A) Occurrences influenced by personal choices and decisions. B) Events that are entirely random and unrelated to any external factors. C) Not being associated with the individual's behavior or current mental health. D) Events which may be associated with an individual's behavior or psychopathology.

C) not being associated with the individuals behaviour or current mental health

which of the following relates to dependent life events? A) Occurrences influenced by personal choices and decisions. B) Events that are entirely random and unrelated to any external factors. C) Not being associated with the individual's behavior or current mental health. D) Events which may be associated with an individual's behavior or characteristics.

D) events which may be associated with an individual’s behaviour or characteristics

which of the following plays a stronger role in the onset of major depression? A) Genetic factors and hereditary predisposition. B) Environmental factors unrelated to life events. C) Dependent life events. D) Independent life events.

C) Dependent life events

due to people with depression having a distinctly negative view of themselves and the world, researchers have developed more sophisticated of life events that A) evaluate what the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person B) rely on the depressed person’s self-report of how stressful an event is C) the person’s subjective evaluations of stress D) do not take into account the biographical context

A) evaluate what the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person

studies that employ techniques that evaluate the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person suggest what as playing a causal role in depressive episodes? A) Genetic predisposition and inherited traits. B) Stressful episodic life events. C) Random and unpredictable occurrences. D) Biological factors unrelated to external events.

B) Stressful episodic life events.

The relationship between severely stressful life events and depression is much stronger in people who A) Undergo recurrent episodes. B) Are having their first onset. C) Have a family history of depression. D) Exhibit chronic stress resistance.

B) Are having their first onset.

which of the following is true regarding mildly stressful events and the onset of depression? A) They are not associated with the onset of clinically significant depression. B) They have a stronger impact on depression than severely stressful events. C) They are more likely to lead to chronic depression. D) They primarily affect individuals with a genetic predisposition to depression.

A) they are not associated with the onset of clinically significant depression

what is true regarding chronic stress and depression? A) It has a protective effect against depression. B) It is only associated with the onset of mild depressive symptoms. C) It increases resilience and reduces the risk of major depression. D) It is associated with increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression.

D) It is associated with increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression.

what is the primary personality variable that serves as a vulnerability factor for depression ? A) Extroversion. B) Neuroticism. C) Conscientiousness. D) Agreeableness.

B) neuroticism

what does neuroticism, or negative affectivity refer to? A) A state of being highly extroverted and sociable. B) A temporary mood characterized by positivity. C) A stable and heritable personality trait that involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli. D) A tendency to remain calm and composed in all situations.

C) A stable and heritable personality trait that involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli.

peo-ple who have high levels of this trait are prone to experi-encing a broad range of negative moods, including not only sadness but also anxiety, guilt, and hostility. A) Extroversion. B) Neuroticism. C) Conscientiousness. D) Agreeableness.

B) Neuroticism.

a disposition to feel joyful, energetic, bold, proud, enthusiastic, and confident A) negative affectivity B) positive affectivity C) Emotional stability. D) Introversion.

B) positive affectivity

people low on this disposition tend to feel unenthusiastic, unenergetic, dull, flat, and bored A) Extraversion B) Introversion C) Agreeableness. D) Conscientiousness.

B) Introversion

people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes may be more prone to becoming depressed than are people who attribute the same events to external, unstable, and specific causes is an example of A) Social support mechanisms. B) Cognitive diatheses C) Genetic factors. D) Neurological predispositions.

B) Cognitive diatheses

The cognitive diatheses that have been studied for depression generally focus on what? ) Positive patterns of thinking. B) Emotional neutrality. C) Negative patterns of thinking. D) Perceptual clarity.

C) Negative patterns of thinking.

How would family turmoil, parental psychopathology, physical or sexual abuse, and other forms of intrusive, harsh, and coercive parenting operate as short and long-term vulnerability to depression? A) By decreasing an individual's sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood. B) By increasing an individual's sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood. C) By promoting emotional resilience and adaptability. D) By having no impact on an individual's vulnerability to depression.

B) By increasing an individual's sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood.

What phenomenon is suggested by research indicating that certain individuals who have undergone early adversity may become resilient, especially when the exposure to early adversity is moderate rather than severe? A) Stress accumulation B) Stress inoculation C) Stress exacerbation D) Stress vulnerability

B) Stress inoculation

according to psychodynamic theories of depression A) Is primarily caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. B) It a result of unresolved childhood conflicts and repressed emotions. C) It is solely a genetic predisposition. D) anger turned inward

B) It a result of unresolved childhood conflicts and repressed emotions.

According to Freud's hypothesis in "Mourning and Melancholia" (1917), what significant similarity did he identify between the symptoms of clinical depression and the symptoms observed in people mourning the loss of a loved one? A) Regression to the anal stage of development. B) Repression of memories. C) Introjection of the lost person and the unconscious incorporation of their feelings. D) Projection of emotions onto external objects.

C) Introjection of the lost person and the unconscious incorporation of their feelings.

a student who fails in school or who fails at a romantic relationship may experi-ence this symbolically as a loss of his or her parents’ love is an example of what theory of depression? A) Behavioral B) Cognitive C) Humanistic D) Psychodynamic

D) Psychodynamic

The most important contribution of the psychodynamic approaches to depression has been: A) Emphasizing the role of neurotransmitters in depressive disorders. B) Noting the importance of loss. C) Highlighting the influence of genetics on depressive tendencies. D) Identifying cognitive distortions as the primary cause of depression.

B) noting the importance of loss

theories that propose that people become depressed when their responses no longer produce positive support or when their rate of negative expe-riences increases A) Behavioral B) Cognitive C) Humanistic D) Psychodynamic

A) Behavioral

research on behavioural theories have found what in relation to people with depression? A) they have lower activity levels, and their moods seem to vary with both their positive and their negative experiences rates B) They consistently exhibit high levels of physical activity and positive moods. C) They have higher activity levels, but their moods are not affected by experiences. D) They experience mood stability regardless of their activity levels

A) they have lower activity levels, and their moods seem to vary with both their positive and their negative experiences rates

what are limitations of research consistent with behavioural theories of depression? A) Lack of consideration for cognitive and emotional factors that may contribute to depression. B) They do not show causal factors of depression. C) Limited focus on genetic influences on depressive tendencies. D) Overemphasis on the role of neurotransmitters in depression.

B) They do not show causal factors of depression.

what therapy has behavioural theory research inspired as effective treatment for depression? A) Behavioral activation treatment. B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy. C) Psychoanalytic therapy. D) Humanistic therapy.

A) Behavioral activation treatment.

what did Beck hypothesise in relation to his cognitive theory of depression? A) That depression is primarily caused by external stressors and life events. B) The cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms rather than vice versa. C) That depression is solely a result of genetic predisposition. D) That behavioral factors are the primary contributors to depression. D)

B) the cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms rather than vice versa

if you think that you are a failure or that you are ugly, it would not be surprising for those thoughts to lead to a depressed mood is an example of A) Behavioral theories of depression. B) Psychodynamic theories of depression. C) Beck's cognitive theory of depression. D) Humanistic theories of depression.

C) Beck's cognitive theory of depression.

Beck’s theory is a diathesis stress theory in which A) Genetic factors are the primary cause of depression. B) Negative cognitions are central. C) Positive cognitions are emphasized. D) Behavioral factors play a central role.

B) Negative cognitions are central.

dysfunctional beliefs in relation to Becks cognitive theory relate to A) Positive beliefs that are flexible and adaptive. B) Neutral beliefs that have no impact on mood. C) Beliefs that are moderate and realistic in nature. D) Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.

D) Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.

“If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.” is an example of A) adaptive cognitive pattern B) depressogenic schema C) flexible cognitive schema D) Maladaptive thought patterns

B) depressogenic schema

according to cognitive theory of depression if someone holds a dysfunctional belief that “If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.” this belief would A) Indicate a healthy and adaptive belief system. B) Predispose the person holding it to develop depression if he or she perceives social rejection. C) predispose one to be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if she or he felt like a failure. D) Suggest that the belief has no impact on mental health outcomes.

B) predispose the person holding it to develop depression if he or she perceives social rejection.

according to cognitive theory of depression if someone holds a belief that “If I’m not perfectly successful, then I’m a nobody” .” this belief would A) Indicate a healthy and adaptive belief system. B) Predispose the person holding it to develop depression if he or she perceives social rejection. C) predispose one to be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if she or he felt like a failure. D) Suggest that the belief has no impact on mental health outcomes.

C) predispose one to be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if she or he felt like a failure.

Although they may lie dormant for years in the absence of significant stressors, when dysfunctional beliefs are activated by current stressors or depressed mood, they tend to fuel the current thinking pattern, creat-ing a pattern of A) Cognitive restructuring B) Adaptive coping mechanisms C) Enhanced emotional resilience D) Negative automatic thoughts

D) Negative automatic thoughts

thoughts that often occur just below the surface of awareness and involve unpleasant, pessimistic predictions A) Cognitive restructuring B) Adaptive coping mechanisms C) Enhanced emotional resilience D) Negative automatic thoughts

D) Negative automatic thoughts

pessimistic predictions that occur from negative automatic thoughts tend to enter what Beck calls A) Maladaptive cognition B) Dysfunctional mental schema C) Negative cognitive triad D) Depressive cognitive loop

C) negative cognitive triad

which of the following is not included in the negative cognitive triad A) future B) self C) others D) world

C) others

“I’m worthless” would be an example of what component of the negative cognitive triad? A) future B) self C) others D) world

B) self

“No one loves me” would be an example of what component of the negative cognitive triad? A) future B) self C) others D) world

D) world

“It’s hope-less because things will always be this way” would be an example of what component of the negative cognitive triad? A) future B) self C) others D) world

A) future

the negative cognitive triad tends to be maintained by a variety of negative cognitive biases or errors, each of these involves A) Objective processing of positive information B) Biased processing of negative self-relevant information C) Balanced assessment of both positive and negative information D) Impartial evaluation of neutral stimuli

B) Biased processing of negative self-relevant information

the tendency to think in extremes is related to what biased processing of negative self-relevant information ? A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning B) Selective abstraction, C) Arbitrary inference D) personalisation

A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning

if someone was to say “If I can’t get it 100 percent right, there’s no point in doing it at all.” they would be considered what tenent of the biased processing A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning B) Selective abstraction, C) Arbitrary inference D) personalisation

A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning

a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning B) Selective abstraction, C) Arbitrary inference D) personalisation

B) Selective abstraction

is someone were to say “I didn’t have a moment of pleasure or fun today” not because it it true, but because their focus is on the negative things that happened, what negative cognitive biases or error would this be? A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning B) Selective abstraction, C) Arbitrary inference D) personalisation

B) Selective abstraction,

the process of forming an interpretation of a situation, event, or experience when there is no factual evidence to support the conclusion or where the conclusion is contrary to the evidence A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning B) Selective abstraction C) Arbitrary inference D) personalisation

C) Arbitrary inference

A depressed person might say, after an initial homework assign-ment from a cognitive therapist did not work, “This therapy will never work for me.” what negative cognitive biases or error would this be? A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning B) Selective abstraction, C) Arbitrary inference D) personalisation

C) Arbitrary inference

what did Beck’s theory originally propose about stressors ? A) Stressors are unrelated to depressive episodes B) They are necessary to activate depressogenic schemas or dysfunctional beliefs that lie dormant between episodes C) Stressors are solely responsible for the development of depressive symptoms D) Beck's theory does not address the role of stressors in depression

B) They are necessary to activate depressogenic schemas or dysfunctional beliefs that lie dormant between episodes

what has recent research shown in regards to stressors A) Stressors are the sole cause of depressive symptoms B) They are necessary to activate depressogenic schemas or dysfunctional beliefs that lie dormant between episodes C) They are not necessary to activate the latent depressive schemas between episodes D) Recent research does not provide any insights into the role of stressors in depression

C) they are not necessary to activate the latent depressive schemas between episodes

what approach/type of theory is Becks cognitive theory? A) explanatory B) prescriptive C) normative D) descriptive

D) descriptive

simply inducing a depressed mood (e.g., through listening to sad music or recalling sad memories) in an individual who was previously depressed (that is, at risk) is generally sufficient to activate latent depressogenic schemas would be consistent with A) The sole cause of depression B) A more recent view of depression C) Beck's cognitive theory D) The idea that inducing a depressed mood is unrelated to the activation of depressogenic schemas

B) A more recent view of depression

which of the following statements is true A) people who are not depressed tend to show biased recall of negative information and negative autobiographical memories B) people with depression show better or biased recall of negative information and negative autobiographical memories C) people with depression show biased recall of positive emotional information and positive autobiograph-ical memories D) none of these statements are true

B) people with depression show better or biased recall of negative information and negative autobiographical memories

people with depression are more likely than people who are not depressed to draw negative conclusions that go beyond the information presented in a scenario and to ________ the positive feedback they have received A) Overestimate B) Rely on C) Disregard D) Underestimate

D) Underestimate

research directed toward confirming the causal hypotheses of Beck’s theory are usually tested with what sort of study design? A) Experimental B) Prospective C) Cross-sectional D) Retrospective

B) Prospective

Lewinsohn and colleagues (2001) studied adolescence for their dysfunctional beliefs or attitudes and followed them for 1 year, at which point stressful life events during that year were assessed, what did the results of this study find? A) There was no relationship between dysfunctional beliefs and stressful life events B) Those who had started with high levels of dysfunctional beliefs and who experienced high stress were more likely to develop major depression than those with low stress or than those with low dysfunctional beliefs and high stress C) Dysfunctional beliefs had a protective effect against major depression in the presence of high stress D) The study did not find any significant associations between dysfunctional beliefs and the development of major depression.

B) Those who had started with high levels of dysfunctional beliefs and who experienced high stress were more likely to develop major depression than those with low stress or than those with low dysfunctional beliefs and high stress

research evaluating the Causal Aspects of Beck’s Theory has yielded what sort of results? A) Inconsistent B) Variable C) mixed D) consistent

C) mixed

what theory grew out of clinical observations and research on the pervasive pat-terns of negative thinking seen in patients with depression? A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Eclectic Depression Model

C) Beck's Cognitive Theory

what theory grew out of observations in an animal research laboratory? A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Eclectic Depression Model

B) Learned Helplessness Theory

what theory states that when animals or humans find that they have no control over aversive events, they may learn that they are vulnerable, which makes them unmotivated to try to respond in the future. and instead they exhibit passivelt and even depressive symptoms A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Eclectic Depression Model

B) Learned Helplessness Theory

what theory proposes that humans are slowto learn that any response they make is effective, which may parallel the negative cognitive set in human depresion A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Eclectic Depression Model

B) Learned Helplessness Theory

According to Abramson and colleagues, what is the significance of attributions in the context of exposure to uncontrollable negative events? a) Attributions have no impact on the likelihood of depression. b) Attributions play a crucial role in determining whether people become depressed. c) Attributions are only relevant for animals, not for humans. d) Attributions are irrelevant in understanding the impact of negative events on mental health.

b) Attributions play a crucial role in determining whether people become depressed.

According to Abramson and colleagues what are the three critical dimensions on which attributions are made? A) (1) Personal/impersonal, (2) Positive/negative, (3) Past/future B) (1) External/internal, (2) Broad/narrow, (3) Constant/fluctuating C) (1) Cognitive/affective, (2) Intrapersonal/interpersonal, (3) Present/future D) (1) Internal/external, (2) Global/specific, (3) Stable/unstable

D) (1) Internal/external, (2) Global/specific, (3) Stable/unstable

Abramson and colleagues (1978) proposed that people who have a relatively stable and consistent _______ have a vulnerability or diathesis for depression when faced with uncontrollable negative events A) Pessimistic attributional style B) Optimistic attributional style C) Realistic attributional style D) Neutral attributional style

A) Pessimistic attributional style

Pessimistic attributional style develops in some part through what? A) Genetic factors B) Social learning C) Innate cognitive processes D) Biological predisposition

B) Social learning

according to this theory individuals come to feel helpless through learning to attribute internal, stable, and global causes to a variety of events. A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Eclectic Depression Model

A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory

what theory has been used to explain sex differences in depression A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Eclectic Depression Model

A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory

How does the helplessness theory explain sex differences in depression? a) It suggests that men are more prone to experiencing a lack of control over negative life events. b) It proposes that women, due to their societal roles, are more likely to feel a lack of control over negative life events. c) It argues that both men and women are equally prone to experiencing helplessness in the face of negative life events. d) It states that societal roles have no impact on feelings of helplessness in relation to depression.

b) It proposes that women, due to their societal roles, are more likely to feel a lack of control over negative life events.

what theory proposes that having a pessimistic attributional style in conjunction with one or more negative life events was not sufficient to produce depression unless one first experienced a state of hopeless-ness A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Hopelessness Theory

D) Hopelessness Theory

how is a hopelessness expectancy defined A) a persistent pattern of expecting positive outcomes in various life situations, regardless of the evidence or circumstances. B) an unwavering belief that likelihood of positive events will not occur, even in situations where evidence suggests otherwise. C) perception that one had no control over what happened and by the absolute certainty that an important bad outcome was going to occur or that a highly desired good outcome was not going to occur. D) Defined by a general sense of uncertainty about future events, without a specific focus on the perceived lack of control or absolute certainty about negative outcomes.

C) perception that one had no control over what happened and by the absolute certainty that an important bad outcome was going to occur or that a highly desired good outcome was not going to occur.

Abramson and colleagues (1989) hopelessness theory of depression proposes what dimensions of attributions as not being important to depression? A) negative inferences B) internal/external C) global/specific D) stable/unstable

B) internal/external

what theory suggests that depression-prone individuals not only tend to make global and stable attributions for negative events but also tend to make negative inferences about other likely negative consequences of the event and negative inferences about the implications of the event for the self-concept A) Reformulated Helplessness Theory B) Learned Helplessness Theory C) Beck's Cognitive Theory D) Hopelessness Theory

D) Hopelessness Theory

what two theories have been integrated in which some have hypothesized that cognitively vulnerable individuals are at risk for decreased approach related behaviour as a result of increased pessimistic attributional style and high levels of dysfunctional belief A) Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and Psychoanalytic Theory B) Hopelessness Theory and Motivational Theory of Depression C) Social Learning Theory and Humanistic Theory D) Biopsychosocial Model and Psychodynamic Theory

B) Hopelessness Theory and Motivational Theory of Depression

what theory focuses on different kinds of responses that people have when they experience feelings and symptoms of sadness and distress, and how their differing response styles affect the course of their depression A) Becks Cognitive theory B) Hopelessness Theory C) Learned helplessness theory D) Rumination response theory

D) Rumination response theory

what word is used to describe a pattern of repetitive and relatively passive mental activity A) Reflection B) Rumination C) Contemplation D) Cognition

B) Rumination

which of the following it true regarding rumination?' A) Rumination is more prevalent in men than in women B) Rumination is a rare phenomenon C) Women are more likely to ruminate when they become depressed D) Rumination is not associated with gender differences

C) Women are more likely to ruminate when they become depressed

what does self-focused rumination lead to? A) Improved self-esteem B) Increased recall of more negative autobiographical memories C) Enhanced recall of positive mood states D) Reduced cognitive load

B) Increased recall of more negative autobiographical memories

which of the following it true regarding rumination A) women are less likely to ruminate when they feel control over situations B) women are more likely to engage in a harmful distracting behaviour when they are in a depressed mood C) men only engage in distracting activities when in a depressed mood when they are surrounded by friends D) men are more likely to engage in distracting activity when they get in a depressed mood

D) men are more likely to engage in distracting activity when they get in a depressed mood

which of the following is true regarding sex difference in the development of depression A) it emerges at age 12, peaks during middle adulthood and remains stable thereafter B) it emerges at age 12, peaks during middle adolescence and then declines but remains stable into adulthood C) it emerges at age 12, peaks during adolescence and then continues to decline into adulthood and old age D) It emerges at age 12, peaks during late adulthood, and then declines in old age.

B) it emerges at age 12, peaks during middle adolescence and then declines but remains stable into adulthood

cognitive vulnerability-stress model was proposed to explain what? A) The role of genetics in depression B) The impact of personality traits on depression C) The cognitive processes underlying depression D) Gender differences of depression during adolescence

D) gender differences of depression during adolescence

what does the cognitive vulner-ability-stress model of the development of gender differences in depression during adolescence suggest? A) Genetics plays a significant role in gender differences in depression during adolescence B) Girls tend to have a more pessimistic attributional style, to show more rumination, and to experience more negative life events C) Boys tend to have a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms during adolescence D) There is no association between cognitive factors and gender differences in depression during adolescence

B) Girls tend to have a more pessimistic attributional style, to show more rumination, and to experience more negative life events

the distinction between depression and anxiety can be made by differentiating people in their reports of A) Sleep patterns B) Cognitive distortions C) Positive affect D) Negative affect

C) Positive affect

the tripartite model conceptualises depression and anxiety symptoms in A) five groups B) three groups C) two groups D) one group

B) three groups

tripartite model of anxiety and depression explains that anxiety and depression share the same feature of A) high negative affect B) anhedonia C) anxious hyperarousal D) low positive affect

D) low positive affect

the tripartite model of anxiety and depression explains that anxiety and depression differ in what features? with depression having features of _______ and panic being anxious _____ A) low positive affect; high positive affect B) high negative affect ; low positive affect C) low positive affect ; hyperarousal D) hyperarousal; low positive affect

C) low positive affect ; hyperarousal

what can depressive behaviour elicit in others? A) increased empathy and understanding B) negative feelings and rejection C) enhanced social bonding D) indifference and apathy

B) negative feelings and rejection

what ultimately happens with a depressed persons behaviour on others? A) sympathy and support from others B) downwardly spiraling relationship C) increased positive interactions D) improved communication and understanding

B) downwardly spiraling relationship

what is the relationship between marital dissatisfaction and depression for both women and men A) no correlation B) high negative correlation C) high positive correlation D) low negative correlation

B) high negative correlation

what would be a likely risk factor for relapse after someone whose depression has cleared up A) regular exercise and a healthy diet B) strong social support from friends and family C) high levels of critical and hostile comments from the spouse D) effective coping strategies and stress management techniques

C) high levels of critical and hostile comments from the spouse

which of the following is a powerful trigger in relapsing even after full recovery for those who are vulnerable to depression A) social rejection B) constructive feedback C) negative reinforcement D) criticism

D) criticism

In a study of women who had recovered from depression, after they heard criticism from their mothers, the recovered-depressed participants showed A) more brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex than the never-depressed controls did B) less brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex than the never-depressed controls did C) increased serotonin levels compared to the never-depressed controls D) no significant differences in brain activation compared to the never-depressed controls

B) less brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex than the never-depressed controls did

in recovered depressed persons, what brain area shows increased activity following criticism? A) Prefrontal cortex B) Amygdala C) Hippocampus D) Basal ganglia

B) Amygdala

in terms of parental depression, which of the following statements is true A) Parental depression has no impact on children's well-being B) The effects of maternal depression are larger than a fathers depression C) The impact of parental depression is equal for both mothers and fathers D) The effects of parental depression vary based on the child's age

B) The effects of maternal depression are larger than a fathers depression

Children of parents with depression who become depressed themselves tend to become depressed A) with the same age of onset and similar course as control children who do not have a parent with depression B) with the same age of onset as control children who do not have a parent with depression but show a less severe course C) later in life and show a milder course than control children who become depressed and do not have a parent with depression D) earlier and show more severe and persistent course than control children who become depressed and do not have a parent with depression

D) earlier and show more severe and persistent course than control children who become depressed and do not have a parent with depression

what has evidence found in relation to parental depression and a child's depression A) There is no association between parental depression and a child's depression B) Inadequate parenting mediates the relationship C) Positive parenting is the main mediator in the relationship D) Genetic factors alone determine a child's risk for depression

B) inadequate parenting mediates the relationship

what disorder refers to the repeated experience of hypomanic symptoms for a period of at least 2 years A) Cyclothymic disorder B) Bipolar 1 C) Bipolar 2 D) Persistent Depressive Disorder

A) Cyclothymic disorder

what is a less serious version of full-blown bipolar disorder because it lacks the extreme mood and behavior changes, psychotic features, and marked impairment seen in bipolar disorder A) Cyclothymic disorder B) Depressive episode C) Hypomanic episode D) Persistent Depressive Disorder

A) Cyclothymic disorder

what is the duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of cyclothymia in adults A) 2 years B) 1 year C) 6 months D) 2 months

A) 2 years

what is the duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of cyclothymia in children and adolescents A) 2 years B) 1 year C) 6 months D) 2 months

B) 1 year

individuals with cyclothymia at great risk of developing A) Panic disorder B) Depressive episode C) Bipolar 1 and 2 D) Persistent Depressive Disorder

C) Bipolar 1 and 2

what occurs during a hypomanic phase of cyclothymia A) the person has an inflated sense of self esteem, decreased need for sleep and flight of ideas B) the person may become especially creative and productive because of increased physical and mental energy C) distinct loss of interest or pleasure in customary activities and pastimes D) the person experiences increased goal directed activity and psychomotor agitation

B) the person may become especially creative and productive because of increased physical and mental energy

In the depressed phase of cyclothymic disorder, what does a person’s symptoms usually look like A) persistent depressive disorder with a 2 year duration criteria B) persistent depressive disorder without the duration criteria C) rapid shifts betweens feelings of inadequacy, social withdrawal, and a pessimistic, brooding attitude D) none of the above

B) persistent depressive disorder without the duration criteria

who introduced the term manic-depressive insanity and clarified the clinical picture of bipolar disorder? A) Baldessarini B) Kraepelin C) Kessler D) Soloman

B) Kraepelin

how did Kraepelin described the manic-depressive insanity? A) no experience full-blown manic (or mixed) episodes but has experienced clear-cut hypomanic episodes as well as major depressive episodes B) a series of attacks of elation and depression, with periods of relative normality in between. C) a series of hypomanic episodes with periods of depressive episodes D) as a form of psychosis with no mood disturbances.

B) a series of attacks of elation and depression, with periods of relative normality in between.

how is Bipolar I dinguised from MDD A) hypomania B) mania C) depressive episode D)

B) mania

how is a mixed episode characterized A) no experience of clear cut hypomanic episodes as well as major depressive episodes B) symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week C) D)

B) symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week

a mixed episode is characterised by symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for A) at least 1 week B) at least 2 days C) at least a month D) up to 6 months

A) at least 1 week

in which disorder does a mixed episode occur A) Bipolar 1 B) Bipolar 2 C) MDD D) Cyclothymia

A) Bipolar 1

how do mixed episodes present A) with consistent and stable mood states B) solely as periods of euphoria C) with long-lasting periods of depression D) either intermixed or alternating rapidly every few days.

D) either intermixed or alternating rapidly every few days.

bipolar disorder or manic depression was once known to be called A) Unipolar disorder B) Manic-depressive insanity C) Major depressive disorder D) Cyclothymic disorder

B) Manic-depressive insanity

what it the course of outcome for people whose first episode of mania is mixed compared to those originally presenting with a depressive or a manic episode A) a better long-term outcome B) a worse long-term outcome C) a similar long-term outcome D) no impact on the long-term outcome

B) a worse long-term outcome

what disorder would be given in which the person does not experience full-blown manic (or mixed) episodes but has experienced clear-cut hypomanic episodes as well as major depressive episodes A) Bipolar 2 B) Major depressive disorder C) Cyclothymic disorder D) Bipolar 1

A) Bipolar 2

what is the diagnostic difference between males and females with bipolar disorder A) the age of onset is earlier in females B) occurs equally in males and females C) is more common in males D) is more common in females

B) occurs equally in males and females

at what life stage does the onset of Bipolar disorder occur? A) late adulthood and B) adolescence and young adulthood C) middle adulthood and late adulthood D) childhood and adolescence

B) adolescence and young adulthood

what is the average age of onset for bipolar disorder A) 30-40 B) 18-22 C) 12-18 D) 22-30

B) 18-22

what is the difference between the age of onset rfor Bipolar 2 compared to Bipolar 1 A) Bipolar 2 occurs 5 years earlier than bipolar 1 B) Bipolar 2 occurs 5 years later than bipolar I disorder C) There is no significant difference in the average age of onset between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 D) Bipolar 2 occurs 10 years later than bipolar 1

B) Bipolar 2 occurs 5 years later than bipolar I disorder

how do episodes of bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorder occur A) randomly and without any pattern B) exclusively during stressful situations C) they are recurrent D) one a few times in a lifetime

C) they are recurrent

In about two-thirds of cases of bipolar disorder, how do the manic episodes usually occur A) independently of any depressive episodes B) exclusively during the winter months C) the manic and depressive episodes are separated by intervals of relatively normal functioning D) they precede or immediately follow a depressive episode

D) they precede or immediately follow a depressive episode

what do most patients with bipolar disorder experience on only about 50% of days A) manic episodes B) remission C) severe depressive episodes D) stable mood

B) remission

what is the duration between manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder A) they occur simultaneously B) there is no consistent pattern C) manic and hypomanic episodes tend to be shorter than the duration of depressive episodes D) depressive episodes tend to be shorter than manic and hypomanic episodes

C) manic and hypomanic episodes tend to be shorter than the duration of depressive episodes

what is the most widely replicated difference between symptoms of depressive episodes in unipolar depression and bipolar disorder A) There is no significant difference in symptoms between unipolar depression and bipolar disorder B) people with a bipolar depressive episode tend to show more mood lability, more psychotic features, more psychomotor retardation, and more substance abuse C) individuals with bipolar depressive episodes, on average, show more anxiety, agitation, insomnia, physical complaints, and weight loss D) individuals with unipolar depression, on average, show mood lability, more psychotic features, more psychomotor retardation, and more substance abuse

B) people with a bipolar depressive episode tend to show more mood lability, more psychotic features, more psychomotor retardation, and more substance abuse

what symptoms of depressive episodes do individuals with unipolar depression show A) mood lability, psychotic features, psychomotor retardation B) anxiety, agitation, insomnia, physical complaints, and weight loss C) aggression and substance use D) euphoria and excessive energy

B) anxiety, agitation, insomnia, physical complaints, and weight loss

In spite of the high degree of similarity in symptoms, research clearly indicates that major depressive episodes in people with bipolar disorder are A) more severe than those seen in unipolar disorder B) less severe than those seen in unipolar disorder C) characterized by different symptoms than those in unipolar disorder D) unrelated to mood disorders in unipolar disorder

A) more severe than those seen in unipolar disorder

what has evidence shown in relation to antidepressant drugs used to treat what is thought to be unipolar depression A) Antidepressants have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular problems in patients with unipolar depression. B) it may precipitate manic episodes in patients who actually have as-yet-undetected bipolar disorder, thus worsening the course of the illness C) Some studies suggest that antidepressants have no significant effect on improving symptoms of unipolar depression in the long term. D) Limited studies suggest that antidepressant drugs have no impact on the course or severity of unipolar depression, making them an ineffective treatment option.

B) it may precipitate manic episodes in patients who actually have as-yet-undetected bipolar disorder, thus worsening the course of the illness

People with bipolar disorder suffer from more epi-sodes during their lifetimes than do persons with unipolar disorder, however A) People with bipolar disorder experience fewer episodes over their lifetimes compared to those with unipolar disorder. B) These episodes tend to be somewhat shorter, averaging 3–4 months C) Individuals with bipolar disorder typically have longer episodes, lasting up to a year on average. D) The frequency and duration of episodes in bipolar disorder are comparable to those in unipolar disorder.

B) these episodes tend to be somewhat shorter, averaging 3–4 months

As many as 5 to 10 percent of persons with bipolar disorder experience at least four episodes (either manic or depressive) every year, a pattern known as A) Consistent Cycling B) Frequent Oscillation C) Intermittent Fluctuation D) Rapid cycling

D) Rapid cycling

which of the following is NOT true in relation to those who develop rapid cycling A) are more likely to be men B) more likely to have an earlier average age of onset C) more likely to have a history of manic or hypomanic episodes D) are more likely to be women

A) are more likely to be men

which of the following is true regarding the rapid cycling A) Rapid cycling is a common lifelong condition that persists indefinitely. B) It is a temporary phenomenon and gradually disappears within about 2 years. C) it is more prevalent in unipolar disorder than in bipolar disorder. D) Rapid cycling is exclusively observed in individuals with bipolar II disorder.

B) It is a temporary phenomenon and gradually disappears within about 2 years.

what are the probabilities of “full recovery” from bipolar disorder A) at least one new manic or hypomanic episode may occur within 10 years following recovery B) Even with the use of lithium people are very likely to relapse within 6 months after recovery C) Lithium has been proven to provide complete immunity, preventing any relapses within the first year after recovery. D) Full recovery is an absolute guarantee, and individuals never experience any symptoms again.

B) even with the use of lithium people are very likely to relapse within 6 months after recovery

in terms of causal factors for bipolar disorder, what clearly dominates A) Environmental factors B) Social causal factors C) Biological causal factors D) Psychological causal factors

C) Biological causal factors

which of the following regarding biological causal factors of bipolar disorder are true A) Genetic factors contribute more to the development of unipolar disorder than bipolar I disorder B) There is a greater genetic contribution to bipolar I disorder than to unipolar disorder C) Biological factors have no significant impact on the development of bipolar disorder. D) Genetic factors have an equal influence on both bipolar and unipolar disorders.

B) There is a greater genetic contribution to bipolar I disorder than to unipolar disorder

which of the following it true regarding first-degree relatives of a person with bipolar disorder A) Individuals with bipolar disorder are at no greater risk for any mood disorders. B) There is a higher risk for unipolar major depression, and the reverse is also true. C) They are at a higher risk for bipolar disorder, but not for unipolar major depression. D) They are at elevated risk for unipolar major depression, although the reverse is not true

D) They are at elevated risk for unipolar major depression, although the reverse is not true

what have results from twin studies found in relation to the genetic basis for bipolar A) The concordance rates are similar for both identical and fraternal twins. B) The concordance rates are much higher for identical than for fraternal twin C) The heritability of bipolar disorder is negligible, with environmental factors playing a more significant role. D) Twin studies have shown no evidence of a genetic basis for bipolar disorder.

B) The concordance rates are much higher for identical than for fraternal twin

What does research indicate about the contribution of genetics to the development of bipolar I disorder? A. Genetic factors play a minimal role in the development of bipolar I disorder. B. Approximately 50 percent of the variance in bipolar I disorder is attributed to genetic factors. C. Studies suggest that genes account for about 80 to 90 percent of the variance in the liability to develop bipolar I disorder. D. Genetic influences are negligible, with environmental factors being the primary contributors.

C. Studies suggest that genes account for about 80 to 90 percent of the variance in the liability to develop bipolar I disorder.

How does the heritability of bipolar I disorder compare to other major adult psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia? A. Bipolar I disorder has lower heritability than other major psychiatric disorders. B. The heritability of bipolar I disorder is similar to that of unipolar disorder. C. Genes account for about 80 to 90 percent of the variance in the liability to develop bipolar I disorder, surpassing other major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. D. Heritability estimates for bipolar I disorder are not significantly different from those of schizophrenia.

C. Genes account for about 80 to 90 percent of the variance in the liability to develop bipolar I disorder, surpassing other major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia.

Efforts to locate the chromosomal site(s) of the implicated gene or genes in the genetic transmission of bipolar disorder suggest what A) it is solely determined by a single gene. B) Efforts to locate the chromosomal sites have revealed no genetic involvement in bipolar disorder. C) There is conclusive evidence pointing to a specific chromosomal location for the implicated gene or genes. D) The research has identified multiple chromosomal sites, indicating that bipolar disorder is polygenic.

D) The research has identified multiple chromosomal sites, indicating that bipolar disorder is polygenic.

What is the current status of research on the genetic transmission of bipolar disorder, based on the provided information? A. Candidate genes for bipolar disorder have been consistently identified through linkage analysis and association studies. B. There is strong evidence supporting a specific mode of genetic transmission for bipolar disorder. C. Despite extensive research, no consistent support exists for any specific mode of genetic transmission of bipolar disorder. D. Genetic transmission studies have conclusively demonstrated the sole role of environmental factors in bipolar disorder.

C. Despite extensive research, no consistent support exists for any specific mode of genetic transmission of bipolar disorder.

What insight do recent studies provide regarding the genetic etiology of bipolar disorder and its relationship to other psychiatric disorders? A. Bipolar disorder has a unique genetic etiology that is distinct from other psychiatric disorders. B. Genetic polymorphisms associated with bipolar disorder are exclusive to this condition and not observed in other disorders. C. There is evidence of shared genetic factors between bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. D. The genetic etiology of bipolar disorder has been completely unraveled, with no connections to other psychiatric disorders.

C. There is evidence of shared genetic factors between bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression.

there is a greater genetic risk of schizophrenia in patients with ______disorder than those with ______ disorder A) Anxiety; Mood B) Bipolar I; Bipolar II C) MDD; Dysthymic D) Bipolar II; Bipolar I;

B) Bipolar I; Bipolar II

The early monoamine hypothesis for unipolar disorder was extended to bipolar disorder, what does this hypothesis state A) Mania is caused by deficiencies of norepinephrine or serotonin, in contrast to the role of excesses in depression. B) If depression is caused by deficiencies of norepinephrine or serotonin, then per-haps mania is caused by excesses of these neurotransmitters C) The monoamine hypothesis only applies to unipolar disorder and has no relevance to bipolar disorder. D) The early monoamine hypothesis suggests that neurotransmitter levels have no impact on mood disorders.

B) if depression is caused by deficiencies of norepinephrine or serotonin, then per-haps mania is caused by excesses of these neurotransmitters

where is there consistent evidence for the role of norepinephrine activity A) that deficiencies of norepinephrine activity causes depression B) that increased norepinephrine activity occurs during manic episodes C) that decreased norepinephrine activity occurs during manic episodes D) that there is lowered norepinephrine activity during depression

B) that increased norepinephrine activity occurs during manic episodes

what is the role of serotonin in mania and depressive phases? A) it plays only a small role in mania but a larger role in depression B) it is low in both depression and mania C) it is high in depression but low in mania D) it is high in mania but low in depression

B) it is low in both depression and mania

what do drugs like lithium do? A) reduce serotonin activity and are anti hypomanic B) reduce dopaminergic activity and are antimanic C) increase dopaminergic activity and are D) reduce norepinephrine and are antipsychotic

B) reduce dopaminergic activity and are antimanic

what neurotransmitter functioning are decreased in depression A) norepinephrine and dopamine B) GABA and dopamine C) serotonin and GABA D) norepinephrine and glutamate

A) norepinephrine and dopamine

people with bipolar disorder who are in a depressed episode show evidence of abnormalities on the dexamethasone suppression test , what does this test reveal A) the levels of serotonin in the body B) how much cortisol the body is releasing C) functioning of the adrenal glands and their response to stress D) is irrelevant to mood disorders

B) how much cortisol the body is releasing

people who are in a depressed episode in bipolar show what in terms of cortisol A) it is released at a higher rate than those experiencing a unipolar depression B) it is released at a higher rate than those experiencing a manic episode C) it is released at a lower rate than those experiencing unipolar depression D) it is released at the same rate as those experiencing a unipolar depression

D) it is released at the same rate as those experiencing a unipolar depression

what is the rate of how much cortisol the body is releasing during a manic episode A) it is lower than those in a depressive episode B) it is higher than those in a depressive episode C) it the same as those experiencing a depressive episode D) none of the above

A) it is lower than those in a depressive episode

administration of what kind of drugs often makes antidepressant drugs work better A) Thyroid hormone B) Antipsychotic medication C) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) D) Calcium channel blockers

A) thyroid hormone

what is a downside of using thyroid hormone in those with bipolar depression A) it can interact with antimanic drugs B) it can precipitate manic episodes C) it can make depressive episodes worse D) it can interact with antidepressant drugs

B) it can precipitate manic episodes

what are the patterns of brain activity during mania and during depressed and normal mood A) Consistent and unchanging patterns of brain activity across different mood states. B) Shifting between prefrontal cortical areas C) Shifting between subcortical regions with no involvement of prefrontal cortical areas. D) There is no discernible difference in brain activity between manic, depressed, and normal mood states.

B) shifting between prefrontal cortical areas

in what brain area is there deficits of activity in bipolar disorder? A) prefrontal cortex B) Amygdala C) Hippocampus D) Brainstem

A) prefrontal cortex

how is the size of subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and amygdala distinguished between bipolar and unipolar A) enlarged in unipolar and reduced in bipolar B) enlarged in bipolar and reduced in unipolar C) are enlarged in both bipolar and unipolar D) are reduced in both bipolar and unipolar

B) enlarged in bipolar and reduced in unipolar

The decreases in hippocampal volume that are often observed in unipolar depression are A) A result of increased hippocampal activity in unipolar depression. B) Only relevant to bipolar depression, not unipolar depression. C) not found in bipolar depression D) also found in those with bipolar depression

C) not found in bipolar depression

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) find increased activation in bipolar patients in subcortical brain regions involved in A) Executive functioning B) Motor coordination C) Visual perception D) Emotional processing

what is the most common symptom to occur prior to a manic episode? A) Reduced need to sleep B) Increased appetite C) Enhanced concentration D) Decreased energy levels

A) reduced need to sleep

what term would be used to describe bipolar disorder A) Acute B) Chronic C) Cyclic D) Consistent

C) Cyclic

what personality dimension predicts increases in depressive symptoms in people with bipolar disorder just as it does in unipolar disorder. A) Extraversion B) Neuroticism C) Openness D) Agreeableness

B) Neuroticism

two personality variables associated with high levels of achievement striving and increased sensitivity to rewards in the environment predict A) Stable mood patterns B) Increases in manic symptoms C) Enhanced emotional regulation D) Decreases in mood variability

B) Increases in manic symptoms

which of the following it true regarding an individual with a pessimistic attributional style who had also experienced negative life events A) A decrease in depressive symptoms, regardless of the presence of bipolar or unipolar disorder. B) An increase in depressive symptoms, whether they had bipolar or unipolar disorder. C) A decrease in depressive symptoms only in individuals with bipolar disorder, not unipolar disorder. D) No impact on depressive symptoms, regardless of the attributional style or life events.

B) An increase in depressive symptoms, whether they had bipolar or unipolar disorder.

why is it difficult to provide conclusive evidence regarding sociocultural factors affecting unipolar and bipolar disorders A) Limited research funding B) Methodological problems C) Cultural biases in diagnostic tools D) Lack of expert consensus

B) Methodological problems

what sort of symptoms do non-western cultures exhibit in relation to depression A) Spiritual B) Familial C) Psychological D) Physical

D) Physical

which of the following it NOT a reason why non western culture experience more physical symptoms of depression compared to Westerns who experience more psychological symptoms A) unity of the mind B) a lack of expressiveness C) stigma D) negative thoughts about the self

D) negative thoughts about the self

why have rates of depression risen in Asian cultures A) Shifts in cultural attitudes and expectations B) Industrialisation and urbanisation C) Westernization and changing societal norms D) Cultural assimilation

B) industrialisation and urbanisation

what are prevalence rates across countries A) Consistently 10% in all countries B) Only 1% in developed nations C) Always higher in rural areas D) They vary across countries

D) They vary across countries

what is true regarding patients with mood disorders and treatment A) All patients respond positively to medication B) They never seek treatment C) There is a universal treatment that works for all patients D) They never fully recover with treatment

B) They never seek treatment

which of the following is true regarding recovery in those with mania and depression A) Recovery is always immediate and complete B) Only a small minority recover within less than a year C) A great majority will recover within less than a year D) No one ever fully recovers from mania or depression

C) A great majority will recover within less than a year

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) medication inhibit the action of e monoamine oxidase because they are responsible for what A) Synthesis of neurotransmitters B) The breakdown of dopamine and acetylcholine once released. C) The reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin once released D The breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin once released.

D The breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin once released.

what subtype of depression responds preferentially to the MAOIs A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features B) Major depressive episode with atypical features C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features. D) major depressive episode with melancholic features

B) Major depressive episode with atypical features

For most patients who are moderately to seriously depressed, including those with persistent depressive disor-der, the drug treatment of choice from the 1960s to the early 1990s was what A) SNRI B) tricyclic antidepressants C) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) D) SSRI

B) tricyclic antidepressants

what is the role of tricyclic antidepressants A) Inhibit the reuptake of monoamines B) increase neurotransmission of the monoamines C) increase neurotransmission of the amino acids D) Inhibit the reuptake of amino acids

B) increase neurotransmission of the monoamines

The side effects and toxicity of TCAs have led physicians to increasingly prescribe A) SNRI B) Atypical C) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) D) SSRI

D) SSRI

why are SSRIs prescribed over tricyclic antidepressants for severe depression A) Lower cost B) Quicker onset of action C) better tolerated D) more effective

C) better tolerated

how long do antidepressant drugs require to take effect A) instantly B) less than a week C) 1 to 2 weeks D) 3 to 5 weeks

D) 3 to 5 weeks

what is a widely used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of both depressive and manic episodes of bipolar disorder A) Clomipramine B) Sertraline C) Valium D) Lithium

D) Lithium

what is a category of drugs which have emerged in the past several decades for the treatment of bipolar A) SSRI B) Anticonvulsants C) Lithium D) SNRI

B) Anticonvulsants

what is a major disadvantage of prescribing anticonvulsants over lithium for the treatment of bipolar A) Takes longer to feel the effects B) Higher risk of psychosis C) Reduced risk of weight gain D) Higher risk of attempted and completed suicide

D) Higher risk of attempted and completed suicide

because antidepressants often take 3 to 4 weeks to produce significant improvement, what is often used with patients who are severely depressed and who may present an immediate and serious suicidal risk, including those with psychotic or melancholic features A) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) B) Intensive psychotherapy C) Benzodiazepines D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) shows signs of complete remission of symptoms for many patients with severe depression after about A) a year of treatment B) 12- 24 treatments C) 6 to 12 treatments D) one treatment

C) 6 to 12 treatments

what is a promising, non invasive approach for the treatment of unipolar depression in patients who are moderately resistant to other treatments A) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) B) Intensive psychotherapy C) Benzodiazepines D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

which of the following it NOT an advantages of TMS over ECT A) mild and transient side effects B) Cognitive performance and memory are not affected adversely C) Safe for use with children and adolescents, D) Greater efficacy in treating severe depression

D) Greater efficacy in treating severe depression

what has been explored as a treatment approach for individuals with refractory depression who have not responded to other treatment approaches, such as medication, psychotherapy, and ECT. A) Mindfulness-based therapy B) Deep brain stimulation C) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) D) Bright light therapy

B) Deep brain stimulation

what is one best known psychotherapy for unipolar depression with documented effectiveness A) behavioural activation treatment B) CBT C) family therapy D) interpersonal therapy

B) CBT

What does CBT focus on in contrast to psychodynamic psychotherapy? A) Remote causal issues B) Unconscious conflicts C) Here-and-now problems D) Repressed memories

C) Here-and-now problems

what therapy consists of highly structured, sys-tematic attempts to teach people with unipolar depression to evaluate systematically their dysfunctional beliefs and negative automatic thoughts A) CBT B) psychodynamic therapy C) family therapy D) interpersonal therapy

A) CBT

what therapy teaches patients to idenfity and correct their biases or distortions in information processing A) CBT B) psychodynamic therapy C) family therapy D) interpersonal therapy

A) CBT

what therapy teaches patients to uncover and challenge their underlying depressogenic assumptions and beliefs A) CBT B) psychodynamic therapy C) family therapy D) interpersonal therapy

A) CBT

what does cognitive therapy rely heavily on A) a theoretical approach B) an empirical approach C) a normative approach D) a scientific approach

B) an empirical approach

an empirical approach used in CBT means that patients treat their beliefs as A) Fixed truths B) Unchangeable dogma C) Hypotheses D) Unquestionable facts

C) Hypotheses

the following is an example of what patient: My husband doesn’t love me anymore. therapist: That must be a very distressing thought. What makes you think that he doesn’t love you? patient: Well, when he comes home in the evening, he never wants to talk to me. He just wants to sit and watch TV. Then he goes straight off to bed. therapist: OK. Now, is there any evidence, anything he does, that goes against the idea that he doesn’t love you? patient: I can’t think of any. Well, no, wait a minute. Actually it was my birthday a couple of weeks ago, and he gave me a watch which is really lovely. I’d seen them advertised and mentioned I liked it, and he took notice and went and got me one. therapist: Right. Now how does that fit with the idea that he doesn’t love you? patient: Well, I suppose it doesn’t really, does it? But then why is he like that in the evening? therapist: I suppose him not loving you any more is one possible reason. Are there any other possible reasons? A) Analyzing unconscious conflicts in psychodynamic therapy B) Exploring childhood memories in psychoanalytic therapy C) Hypothesis testing in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) D) Encouraging free association in humanistic therapy

D) hypothesis testing in CBT

when compared with pharmacotherapy, what is the effectiveness of CBT for treating severe depression A) More effective B) Equally effective C) Less effective D) Not applicable for severe depression

B) Equally effective

What is a variant on cognitive therapy developed for people with highly recurrent depression? A) Gestalt therapy B) Existential therapy C) Dialectical behavior therapy D) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

D) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

What is the logic behind Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for people with recurrent depression? A) Negative thinking patterns are more likely to be activated when in a depressed mood. B) Mindfulness can prevent the recurrence of depression. C) Positive thinking is encouraged during depressive episodes. D) People with recurrent depression are not affected by negative thinking patterns.

A) Negative thinking patterns are more likely to be activated when in a depressed mood.

what technique is used in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to develop a patients’ awareness of their unwanted thoughts, feelings, and sensations so that they no longer automatically try to avoid them A) reframing negative thoughts into positive ones B) learning to accept them as what they are C) Encouraging avoidance of distressing thoughts D) suppressing unwanted thoughts and feelings

B) learning to accept them as what they are

what has research found in terms of treating remitted depression A) no impact on symptoms B) reduced relapse C) increased mindfulness D) positive thinking

B) reduced relapse

This treatment approach focuses intensively on getting patients to become more active and engaged with their environment and with their interpersonal relationships. A) cognitive therapy B) interpersonal therapy C) behavioural activation treatment D) family therapy

C) behavioural activation treatment

How does Behavioral Activation Treatment differ from traditional cognitive therapy? A) It focuses on implementing cognitive changes. B) It focuses on changing behavior. C) It addresses depressive symptoms indirectly. D) It does not attend to negative thinking patterns.

B) It focuses on changing behavior.

what are the goals of behavioural activation treatment? A) decrease levels of negative reinforcement and increase levels of positive reinforcement B) increase levels of positive reinforcement and to reduce avoidance and withdrawal C) increase approach behaviours and decrease avoidance and withdrawal D) Enhance insight into early childhood experiences

B) increase levels of positive reinforcement and to reduce avoidance and withdrawal

what is the trend of behavioural activation treatment compared to cognitive treatment for moderate to severe depression A) Behavioral activation treatment is consistently more effective than cognitive therapy. B) Behavioral activation treatment has slight superiority initially, but is not maintained, where cognitive therapy is slightly superior at follow-up. C) Both treatments show no significant differences in effectiveness. D) Behavioral activation treatment is less effective than cognitive therapy.

B) behavioural activation treatment has slight superiority initially, but is not maintained, where cognitive therapy is slightly superior at follow up

what therapy focuses on current relationship issues, trying to help the person understand and change maladaptive interaction patterns A) behavioural activation treatment B) cognitive therapy C) interpersonal therapy D) family therapy

C) interpersonal therapy

when can interpersonal therapy be useful A) Only in cases of mild depression B) In long-term follow-up for individuals with severe recurrent unipolar depression C) Exclusively for individuals with bipolar disorder D) As the first-line treatment for all forms of depression

B) In long-term follow-up for individuals with severe recurrent unipolar depression

What is the focus of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder? A) Identifying cognitive distortions. B) Stabilizing daily social rhythms. C) Implementing behavioral activation. D) Addressing negative thinking patterns.

B) Stabilizing daily social rhythms.

how does family therapy prevent relapse in those with bipolar disorder A) Focusing on individual therapy for the bipolar individual B) Reducing the level of expressed emotion C) Promoting autonomy and independence within the family D) Encouraging open communication and emotional expression

B) Reducing the level of expressed emotion

Even without formal therapy, the great majority of patients with mania and depression recover from a given episode in A) less than 2 months B) less than 2 years C) less than 1 month D) less than a year

D) less than a year

what is a significant factor in all types of depression A) suicide B) cognitive distortions C) environmental stressors D) biological imbalances

A) suicide

What percentage of individuals who think about suicide actually go on to make a suicide attempt? A) Approximately 50% B) About two-thirds (66%) C) Only about one-third (33%) D) Over 75%

C) Only about one-third (33%)

What does research suggest about the risk of transitioning from suicidal thoughts to suicide attempts? A) The risk is highest after several years of contemplating suicide. B) The longer a person thinks about suicide, the higher the likelihood of making an attempt. C) Suicidal thoughts rarely lead to suicide attempts. D) The risk is highest in the first year after the onset of suicidal thinking.

D) The risk is highest in the first year after the onset of suicidal thinking.

How can suicidal behavior be distinguished from nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)? A) Suicidal behavior involves accidental self-harm, while NSSI is intentional. B) NSSI always involves cutting or burning, while suicidal behavior can take various forms. C) Suicidal behavior includes the intent to die, while NSSI is without any intent to die. D) NSSI is a form of suicidal behavior, and the terms can be used interchangeably.

C) Suicidal behavior includes the intent to die, while NSSI is without any intent to die.

What are the primary reasons individuals often give for engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)? A) To intentionally cause harm to others. B) To test pain tolerance and threshold. C) To decrease high levels of distress. D) To demonstrate a lack of emotional vulnerability.

C) To decrease high levels of distress.

In what circumstances do suicide attempts most often occur? A) In social settings with friends and family. B) During moments of joy and happiness. C) When individuals are alone and in severe psychological distress. D) When people are able to objectively evaluate alternative courses of action.

C) When individuals are alone and in severe psychological distress.

who is more likely to have thoughts about suicide and non lethal suicide attempts A) those in middle adulthood B) men C) both men and women are equally likely D) women

D) women

who are more likely to die by suicide A) those in middle adulthood B) men and women are equally likely C) women D) men

D) men

when do dramatic increases in suicidal thoughts and behaviours occur A) childhood and middle adulthood B) childhood and young adulthood C) middle adulthood and late adulthood D) late adulthood

B) childhood and young adulthood

at what age do suicidal thoughts and behaviours increase in prevalence A) starts around early to mid 20s and continues to increase into late 40s B) starts around age 12 and continues to increase into early to mid 20s C) starts around age 18 and increases up until late 20s D) starts around age 12 and continues to increase before decreasing into the early 30s

B) starts around age 12 and continues to increase into early to mid 20s

what is the rate of suicide death patterns A) starts around early to mid 20s and continues to increase into late 40s before decreasing B) starts around age 12 and continues to increase into early to mid 20s and peaks in middle age, with a slight decrease and leveling off for the remainder of life C) starts around age 18 and increases up until late 20s before it peaks and then decreases D) starts around age 12 and continues to increase before decreasing into the early 30s

B) starts around age 12 and continues to increase into early to mid 20s and peaks in middle age, with a slight decrease and leveling off for the remainder of life

when do suicide death rates peak A) late adulthood B) young adulthood C) middle adulthood D) adolescence

C) middle adulthood

what statement best describes the overall suicide rate over the past 100 years? A) The suicide rate has steadily increased. B) The suicide rate has steadily decreased. C) The suicide rate has remained relatively stable. D) The suicide rate has fluctuated, but there is an overall increase.

C) The suicide rate has remained relatively stable.

what statement best describes the overall suicide rate in ages over the past 100 years? A) The overall suicide rate has consistently increased. B) The rates for different age groups have varied over time. C) The overall suicide rate has consistently decreased. D) The rates for different age groups have remained constant.

B) The rates for different age groups have varied over time.

what characteristics of a disorder predicts acting on one's suicidal thoughts A) those characterised by worry and panic B) those characterised by agitation and aggression/impulsive-ness C) those characterised by marked physical symptoms D) those characterised by psychosis

B) those characterised by agitation and aggression/impulsive-ness

what does depression predict regarding suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts? A) Depression predicts both the development of suicidal thoughts and subsequent suicide attempts. B) Depression is not predictive of either suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts. C) Depression predicts the development of suicidal thoughts but not necessarily suicide attempts. D) Depression predicts suicide attempts but not the development of suicidal thoughts.

C) Depression predicts the development of suicidal thoughts but not necessarily suicide attempts.

which of the following disorders is NOT a disorder that can predict the transition from suicidal thoughts to suicidal attempts A) PTSD B) depression C) bipolar D) conduct disorder

B) depression

What is the main distinction between risk factors and warning signs in the context of suicide A) Risk factors are short-term predictors, while warning signs are longer-term predictors. B) Risk factors represent the earliest detectable signs, while warning signs are longer-term predictors. C) Risk factors are longer-term predictors, while warning signs are the earliest detectable signs of the actual outcome. D) Risk factors and warning signs are synonymous terms.

C) Risk factors are longer-term predictors, while warning signs are the earliest detectable signs of the actual outcome.

which of the following is NOT one of the three warning signs of imminent risk that should lead you to immediate action to help the person in question for suicide A) Someone looking for ways to kill themselves: seeking access to pills, weapons, or other means B) Someone talking or writing about death, dying, or suicide C) Someone threatening to hurt or kill themselves D) someone acting reckless or engaging in risky activities, seemingly with-out thinking

D) someone acting reckless or engaging in risky activities, seemingly with-out thinking

, a recent study of suicidal behavior across people from 17 different countries around the world revealed what about suicide A) people with no history of psychological disorders have a risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours B) those with only one psychological disorder have no increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors C) those with only one psychological disorder have an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors D) none of the above

B) those with only one psychological disorder have no increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors

Edwin Shneidman has written extensively about the “suicidal mind” based on his extensive inter-views with many suicidal people and he suggested what A) Suicide is primarily an impulsive act B) There is a single, universal cause of suicide C) Suicide comes down to the experience of intense psychological pain D) Suicide is solely determined by external factors

C) Suicide comes down to the experience of intense psychological pain

what did Edwin Shneidman write about what undelies the hurt, anguish, or ache that takes hold in the mind ... the pain of excessively felt shame, guilt, fear, anxiety, loneliness, angst, and dread of growing old or of dying badly. A) Psychache B) Emotional pain C) Mental distress D) Psychological torment

A) Psychache

People who become suicidal often come from what sort of back-grounds A) B) Maladjustment and inability to resolve stressors C) Financial insecurity, emotional dysregulation and family instability D) Family psychopathology, child maltreatment, and family instability

D) Family psychopathology, child maltreatment, and family instability

what are implicit associations A) mental associations that people hold between two concepts that they are unwilling or unable to report B) unconscious biases that people are willingly eager to express C) Subconscious connections between biases and automatic thought patterns D) Automatic thought patterns

A) mental associations that people hold between two concepts that they are unwilling or unable to report

what is the concordance rate for suicide in identical twins compared to fraternal twins A) the same B) three times higher C) two times higher D) seven times higher

B) three times higher

what is often observed in suicide victims in relation to serotonin functioning? a. Increased serotonergic activity b. No alterations in serotonin functioning c. Reduced serotonergic activity d. Exclusive alterations in dopamine functioning

c. Reduced serotonergic activity

How is reduced serotonergic activity associated with suicide risk a. It decreases the risk of suicide b. It is unrelated to suicide risk c. It is exclusively associated with non-violent suicide d. It is associated with increased suicide risk, especially for violent suicide

d. It is associated with increased suicide risk, especially for violent suicide

What type of suicide is particularly associated with reduced serotonergic activity? a. Non-violent suicide b. Violent suicide c. Suicide without neurotransmitter alterations d. Suicide with increased serotonergic activity

b. Violent suicide

what have researchers found in the brains of suicidal people regarding patterns of responding when thinking about suicide? a. Similar patterns to non-suicidal individuals b. Greater activation in regions associated with self-referential thought c. Reduced activation in regions associated with self-referential thought d. No observable differences in brain activation

b. Greater activation in regions associated with self-referential thought

According to Joiner's interpersonal-psychological model of suicide, what are the two key psychological states that interact to produce suicidal thoughts and desires? a. Hopelessness and despair b. Perceived burden-someness and thwarted belongingness c. Anxiety and depression d. Fear and guilt

b. Perceived burden-someness and thwarted belongingness

What does "perceived burden-someness" refer to in Joiner's interpersonal-psychological model of suicide? a. The perception of being a burden to others b. The sense of personal responsibility c. The feeling of being alone d. The perception of thwarted goals

a. The perception of being a burden to others

In Joiner's interpersonal-psychological model of suicide, what is "thwarted belongingness" associated with? a. The feeling of being a burden to others b. The sense of personal responsibility c. The feeling of being alone d. The perception of thwarted goals

c. The feeling of being alone

What is the third factor in Joiner's interpersonal-psychological model of suicide that is believed to be necessary for a person to have the desire and ability to make a lethal suicide attempt? a. Hopelessness b. Acquired capability for suicide c. Perceived burden-someness d. Thwarted belongingness

b. Acquired capability for suicide

How is the acquired capability for suicide believed to be acquired in Joiner's interpersonal-psychological model of suicide? a. Through social support b. Through pain or provocative experiences c. Through medication d. Through cognitive restructuring

b. Through pain or provocative experiences

who most often gives treatment for people with suicidal behaviours A) general practitioner B) health care professional C) psychiatrist D) family

A) general practitioner

when dealing with an underlying mental disorders to help prevent suicide, what is a concern with using antidepressants for a person depression A) Despite minimal side effects, the depressed person may never not have suicidal behaviours B) Potential for increasing the risk of suicidal behavior among adolescents C) Long term effectiveness may not decrease the risk of suicide D) Potential for increasing the risk of suicidal behavior among adults

B) potential for increasing the risk of suicidal behavior among adolescents

what is a powerful antisuicide agent over the long term A) SNRIs B) Benzodiazepines C) Lithium D) SSRIS

C) Lithium

what is the primary objective of crisis intervention A) long term therapy for chronic issues B) provide support during immediate life crises C) diagnosis and medication management D) psychoeducation on mental health

B) provide support during immediate life crises

In suicide prevention interventions, what is often possible when people contemplating suicide are willing to discuss their problems with someone at a suicide prevention center? a. Immediate referral to long-term therapy b. Averting an actual suicide attempt c. Diagnosis of chronic mental health issues d. Medication management

b. Averting an actual suicide attempt

what is the primary objective when people contemplating suicide engage in discussions with a suicide prevention center? a. Providing long-term therapy b. Averting an actual suicide attempt c. Conducting a comprehensive psychological assessment d. Administering medication solutions

b. Averting an actual suicide attempt

What is the emphasis in suicide prevention interventions when maintaining contact with the person over a short period of time? a. Long-term therapeutic engagement b. Highly directive contact c. Medication management d. Diagnosis of chronic issues

b. Highly directive contact

What is the main focus of suicide prevention interventions in helping the person realize? a. The inevitability of their distress b. The accuracy of their assessment of the situation c. The potential for endless emotional turmoil d. The impairments caused by acute distress

d. The impairments caused by acute distress

How does suicide prevention intervention help the person to cope with immediate problems? a. By providing long-term therapy b. By administering medication solutions c. By maintaining supportive and highly directive contact d. By conducting a comprehensive psychological assessment

c. By maintaining supportive and highly directive contact

When people contemplating suicide are willing to dis-cuss their problems with someone at a suicide prevention center which of the following is NOT emphasised A) acute dis-tress is impairing his or her ability to assess the situation accurately and to see that there are better ways of dealing with the problem B) the present distress and emotional turmoil will not be endless C) maintaining supportive and often highly directive contact with the person over a short period of time D) minimising the importance of their cognitive biases and schemas

D) minimising the importance of their cognitive biases and schemas

who are suicide hotlines usually staffed by A) suicide therapists B) nonprofessionals C) psychiatrists D) psychologists

B) nonprofessionals

what therapy has shown to be effective in dealing with reducing the risk of suicide attempt in adults who had already made at least one prior attempt A) Cognitive restructuring B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy C) Family therapy D) Cognitive therapy

D) Cognitive therapy

what l therapy for suicide prevention is feasible for use with adolescents who have attempted suicide A) Cognitive restructuring B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy C) Family therapy D) Cognitive therapy

B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy

what is emphasised in the “intervention” perspective compared to the "prevention" perspective A) intervention focuses on the immediate crisis rather than long-term strategies B) intervention embodies a more neutral moral stance than suicide prevention C) intervention is a more proactive approach to addressing suicide D) all of the above

B) intervention embodies a more neutral moral stance than suicide prevention

MOOD DISORDERS Flashcards

(353 cards)