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Abnormal Psychology > ~~~ W2 QUIZ > Flashcards

~~~ W2 QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

Understanding the causes of mental disorders is important because ________

A) Effective treatment is not possible without such an understanding.

B) Classification of disorders cannot be done without such information.

C) Such knowledge might make both the prevention and cure of mental disorders possible.

D) Disagreements about the causes of psychopathology have long limited the advancements made in the study of abnormal psychology.

A

C) Such knowledge might make both the prevention and cure of mental disorders possible.

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2
Q

Dr. Fox studies the causes of depression. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the ________ of depression.

A) Etiology

B) Epidemiology

C) Prevalence

D) Resiliency

A

A) Etiology

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3
Q

Etiology is ________

A) A condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior.

B) The causal pattern of a disorder.

C) A predisposition toward developing a disorder.

D) A condition that makes it less likely a person will experience the negative consequences of stress.

A

B) The causal pattern of a disorder.

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4
Q

In order to develop chicken pox, one must be exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Note, however, that not everyone who is exposed to the virus is affected. In other words, the virus is a ________

A) Risk factor.

B) Necessary cause.

C) Sufficient cause.

D) Contributory cause.

A

B) Necessary cause.

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5
Q

While having a gene for Parkinson’s disease guarantees that Parkinson’s disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson’s disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________

A) Risk factor; sufficient cause

B) Sufficient cause; necessary cause

C) Necessary cause; risk factor

D) Contributory cause; sufficient cause

A

B) Sufficient cause; necessary cause

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6
Q

If having a gene for Parkinson’s disease guarantees that Parkinson’s disease will develop, the presence of the gene can be described as a ________

A) Risk factor.

B) Necessary cause.

C) Sufficient cause.

D) Contributory cause.

A

C) Sufficient cause.

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7
Q

Suppose that the presence of a particular gene is a necessary cause for the occurrence of schizophrenia. Which of the following statements would be true?

A) The gene is also a sufficient cause for the occurrence of schizophrenia.

B) There are other things besides this gene that can cause schizophrenia.

C) Most people with schizophrenia will have that gene.

D) A person with that gene may or may not become schizophrenic.

A

D) A person with that gene may or may not become schizophrenic.

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8
Q

Childhood abuse is commonly seen in those who develop dissociative disorders later in life. Childhood abuse would best be described as a ________

A) Necessary contributory cause.

B) Proximal contributory cause.

C) Reinforcing contributory cause.

D) Distal contributory cause.

A

D) Distal contributory cause.

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9
Q

Karen was sexually abused by her father at the age of 5. She developed a severe separation anxiety reaction whenever her mother tried to leave. As an adult, Karen developed a dissociative disorder due to the same abuse. This is an example of how the same factor, in this case abuse, can be ________

a. both a sufficient and a necessary cause.

b. both a reinforcing contributory cause and
a punishing contributory cause.

c. both a primary and a secondary process.

d. both a proximal and a distal causal factor.

A

d. both a proximal and a distal causal factor

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10
Q

A couple is in counseling. She states that she drinks because he rejects her. He states that he rejects her because she drinks. It appears that in this example of bidirectionality

A) The drinking is probably the actual predisposing cause for the problems in this marriage.

B) The rejection is probably the actual predisposing cause for the problems in this marriage.

C) The drinking and rejection influence and maintain each other.

D) The drinking and rejection are caused by another third variable unknown to the couple.

A

C) The drinking and rejection influence and maintain each other.

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11
Q

A diathesis can best be described as a ________

A) Proximal necessary cause.

B) Sufficient cause.

C) Contributory cause.

D) Proximal causal factor.

A

C) Contributory cause.

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12
Q

A predisposition toward developing a disorder ________

A) Necessarily is biological.

B) Is called a diathesis.

C) Increases the likelihood of developing any given disorder by 50 percent.

D) Necessarily is a psycho-social stressor.

A

B) Is called a diathesis.

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13
Q

In the diathesis-stress model, a stressor is ________

A) A distal, sufficient cause of a mental disorder.

B) A necessary or contributory cause that is distal from the onset of symptoms.

C) A necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms.

D) A biological vulnerability.

A

C) A necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms.

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14
Q

Suppose that low self-esteem is a diathesis for developing depression later in life. This means that ________

A) People who currently are depressed will have low self-esteem.

B) Low self-esteem is a proximal trigger for depression.

C) People with low self-esteem have a predisposition for developing depression.

D) The psychological processes associated with low self-esteem will always trigger depression.

A

C) People with low self-esteem have a predisposition for developing depression.

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15
Q

The loss of a parent may be ________

A) A stressor.

B) A diathesis.

C) A diathesis and/or a stressor.

D) Neither a diathesis nor a stressor.

A

C) A diathesis and/or a stressor.

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16
Q

The additive model of the diathesis-stress theory proposes that ________

A) People with a very high level of a diathesis may need a very large amount of stress to develop the disorder.

B) People with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder.

C) Someone with no diathesis will never develop the disorder.

D) Someone with no genes for the disorder will never develop the disorder.

A

B) People with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder.

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17
Q

A protective factor is ________

A) An influence that modifies a person’s response to environmental stressors.

B) An influence that modifies a person’s response to genetic problems.

C) A distal causal factor for a mental disorder.

D) A biological makeup that makes people more resistant to stress.

A

A) An influence that modifies a person’s response to environmental stressors.

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18
Q

Ryan, age 8, was cut from the school soccer team. After the initial disappointment, he became a boy scout, which he really enjoyed. Now as an adult, when he did not get into graduate school, rather than become depressed, Ryan found a job in his field that he enjoys, and plans to try again later. This is an example of ________

A) A necessary and sufficient cause.

B) The diathesis-stress theory.

C) The interactive model of the diathesis-stress theory.

D) The steeling or inoculation effect of some stressful experiences.

A

D) The steeling or inoculation effect of some stressful experiences.

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19
Q

According to the text, which of the following has not been identified as a potential protective factor?

A) Exposure to moderate stressors

B) High intelligence

C) An introverted personality

D) A warm and supportive parent

A

C) An introverted personality

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20
Q

When psychologists say that a person shows resilience, it means ________

A) The person has not been faced with significant stressors.

B) That regardless of the stresses the person faces, he or she will feel no emotional distress.

C) The person can successfully adapt and survive in threatening circumstances.

D) Recovering from traumatic events without the need for psychological protective factors.

A

C) The person can successfully adapt and survive in threatening circumstances.

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21
Q

Which of the following is an example of the phenomena that the term resilience has been used to describe?

A) Julie dreams of becoming a successful lawyer but never finished college.

B) After failing French the first time, Carl did not earn a passing grade when he took the course for a second time.

C) After his father died, Julio had a hard time maintaining responsibilities at work.

D) Following the events of September 11, the children of PS100 in New York City were able to resume their studies and finish the school year without incident.

A

D) Following the events of September 11, the children of PS100 in New York City were able to resume their studies and finish the school year without incident.

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22
Q

Resilient children ________

A) Show resilience in all domains.

B) May still experience emotional distress.

C) Usually have survived chronic maltreatment.

D) Are increasingly rare.

A

B) May still experience emotional distress.

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23
Q

What is the primary focus of the field of developmental psychopathology?

A) Understanding how critical incidents in childhood affect people as adults.

B) To understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal.

C) To discover and improve the environmental factors that can contribute to a child later developing a mental illness.

D) Understanding how disorders develop over time.

A

B) To understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal.

23
Q

Which of the following most accurately describes the notion of different viewpoints of abnormal behavior?

A) Each viewpoint accurately describes the causes and symptoms of two or three different disorders.

B) Each viewpoint offers its own explanation of abnormal behavior.

C) All viewpoints are equally valid.

D) Only the biological viewpoint has been studied experimentally.

A

B) Each viewpoint offers its own explanation of abnormal behavior.

23
Q

Dr. Simon, a psychiatrist, takes a biopsychosocial viewpoint of psychopathology. Which of the following treatments is he most likely to suggest for Julia’s current state of depression?

A) Intense psychotherapy

B) A prolonged vacation

C) A combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs

D) Family therapy and a change in her work environment

A

C) A combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs

24
Q

The disorders first recognized as having biological bases are best characterized as disorders that ________

A) Involved significant damage to brain tissue.

B) Were characterized by neurochemical imbalances.

C) Did not cause neurological damage.

D) Resulted from contact with other animal species.

A

A) Involved significant damage to brain tissue.

25
Q

Which of the following is true?

A) Most mental disorders are caused only by psychological factors.

B) Most mental disorders have a simple biological explanation.

C) Most mental disorders are caused by neurological damage.

D) Most mental disorders are not caused by neurological damage.

A

D) Most mental disorders are not caused by neurological damage.

26
Q

The site of communication between two neurons is the ________

A) Synapse.

B) Neurotransmitter.

C) Nucleus.

D) Vesicle.

A

A) Synapse.

27
Q

Neurotransmitters released into the synapse may be reuptaken into the axon endings from which they originated. One name for this process is ________

A) Retracing.

B) Deactivation.

C) Recapture.

D) Inhibitory transmission.

A

B) Deactivation.

28
Q

Reuptake of neurotransmitters is the process by which neurotransmitters ________

A) Are repeatedly released into the synapse.

B) Are reabsorbed by the axon.

C) Stimulate the post-synaptic neuron to fire.

D) Are connected to hormones.

A

B) Are reabsorbed by the axon.

29
Q

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all ________

A) Hormones that affect behavior.

B) Catecholamines that inhibit nerve impulses.

C) Neurotransmitters that are involved in psychopathology.

D) Forms of neurotransmitters called amino acids that can cause brain damage.

A

C) Neurotransmitters that are involved in psychopathology.

30
Q

Cortisol is a hormone that ________

A) Is released by the hypothalamus and travels to the pituitary gland, causing it to respond.

B) The pituitary gland releases to stimulate the adrenal gland.

C) The adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress.

D) Reduces the reuptake of the monamine neurotransmitters.

A

C) The adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress.

30
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Most behavioral disorders are determined exclusively by genes.

B) Genes play a role in most mental disorders.

C) Genes do not affect biochemical processes.

D) The genes that will be expressed in an individual are not affected by experience.

A

B) Genes play a role in most mental disorders.

31
Q

What do genes consist of?

A) Trisomes

B) Chromosomes

C) DNA

D) Proteins

A

C) DNA

32
Q

Down syndrome has been linked to ________

A) A chemical imbalance.

B) A gene on the X chromosome.

C) Possessing an extra X chromosome.

D) Possessing an extra chromosome in chromosome 21.

A

D) Possessing an extra chromosome in chromosome 21.

33
Q

Normal human cells have ________

A) Twenty-two chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.

B) Twenty-one trisomy chromosome pairs, one autosomal pair, and one pair of sex chromosomes.

C) Twenty-one chromosome pairs and two trisomy chromosome pairs.

D) Twenty-three chromosome pairs.

A

A) Twenty-two chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.

33
Q

When examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always ________

A) Influenced by one particular gene.

B) Influenced by multiple genes.

C) Influenced by recessive genes.

D) Not influenced by genes.

A

B) Influenced by multiple genes.

34
Q

Mental disorders are almost always ________, meaning they are influenced by multiple genes.

A) Environmental

B) Chemical circuits

C) Polygenic

D) Probands

A

C) Polygenic

35
Q

The genetic influences that determine behavior may never be fully understood due to ________

A) The ease of research to differentiate between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes.

B) The likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment.

C) The tendency to rely upon twin studies in genetic research.

D) Our significant understanding of how genes impact brain chemistry.

A

B) The likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment.

36
Q

Genes ________

A) Determine how a person will behave.

B) Cause people to develop mental disorders.

C) Determine what characteristics a person will have.

D) Determine the range of characteristics a person has.

A

D) Determine the range of characteristics a person has.

37
Q

Attractive babies and unattractive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant’s physical phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of?

A) Active

B) Evocative

C) Passive

D) Persuasive

A

B) Evocative

37
Q

Ian was predisposed to being very aggressive with his peers in school, who responded by rejecting him. Later in life, Ian began to associate with other aggressive youth and to participate in a variety of delinquent behaviors. This is an example of ________

A) Phenotypic vulnerability to aggression.

B) A phenotypic diathesis.

C) Polygenic expression.

D) The way the genotype may shape the phenotype.

A

D) The way the genotype may shape the phenotype.

38
Q

Highly coordinated children are picked out at an early age by coaches and given special opportunities to excel at sports. Extraverted children seek out social situations and become unusually comfortable with strangers. Both of these phenomena illustrate ________

A) The power of the phenotype over the genotype.

B) Genotype-environment correlations.

C) The polygenic effect of chromosomes on behavior.

D) How the environment shapes one’s genetic endowment.

A

B) Genotype-environment correlations.

38
Q

Which method for studying genetic influences fails to control for the possible effect of sharing a common environment?

A) Family history or pedigree method

B) Adoption method

C) Association studies

D) Linkage analysis

A

A) Family history or pedigree method

38
Q

If a trait is highly heritable, it would be expected that the concordance rate for ________

A) Dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins would be comparable.

B) Dizygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for monozygotic twins.

C) Monozygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for dizygotic twins.

D) Dizygotic twins would be close to 100 percent.

A

C) Monozygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for dizygotic twins.

38
Q

Which of the following is not a common method for studying genetic influences?

A) The study of specific gene defects

B) Twin studies

C) Adoption studies

D) Family history (pedigree) studies

A

A) The study of specific gene defects

38
Q

Why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who were raised in different environments?

A) Differences in brain function can easily be identified.

B) Concordance rates tend to be higher.

C) It is possible that the genetics of twins who have been separated have changed in ways to explain any differences found.

D) It is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together are due to their being treated more similarly than nonidentical twins.

A

D) It is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together are due to their being treated more similarly than nonidentical twins.

39
Q

George and Logan are brothers. They live in a small apartment in the city with some other relatives. Their family is extremely poor. Their father is hardest on George, the eldest, and sometimes physically abuses him. Which environmental factor is likely to be more important in the later adjustment of George and Logan?

A) Their poverty.

B) The overcrowding of their living situation.

C) The physical abuse.

D) The fact that they live with other family members.

A

C) The physical abuse.

39
Q

Which of the following is a misconception about genetics and behavior?

A) The influence of genetics on behavior disappears as we get older.

B) Just because a disorder runs in families does not mean genetics are the reason.

C) Genetic research strategies provide useful tests of the influence of the environment on behavior.

D) Genetics influence behavior by making the person more or less susceptible to environmental influences.

A

A) The influence of genetics on behavior disappears as we get older.

39
Q

Which of the following is an example of a nonshared environmental influence?

A) Family economic status

B) Divorce

C) Death of a parent

D) Sibling rivalry

A

D) Sibling rivalry

40
Q

Which of the following strives to describe the location of genes responsible for mental disorders?

A) Association studies

B) Family histories

C) Twin studies

D) Adoption studies

A

A) Association studies

41
Q

Suppose that, using linkage analysis, a researcher finds that family members with a high likelihood of developing depression also are very likely to be of below average height. This would mean ________

A) Being short is a contributory factor for depression.

B) The gene for depression is probably located near the gene for height.

C) Height and depression are probably caused by the same gene.

D) Having depression causes people not to grow as tall as they would if they didn’t have depression.

A

B) The gene for depression is probably located near the gene for height.

42
Q

A child consistently identified as behaviorally inhibited is most likely to ________

A) Be an outgoing adult.

B) Develop conduct disorder.

C) Be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder in adulthood.

D) Have been born prematurely.

A

C) Be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder in adulthood.

43
Q

Which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is correct?

A) Identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders.

B) Brain damage may decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.

C) Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.

D) Brain development can be altered by experience, always leading to changes in the brain that decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.

A

C) Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.

43
Q

Neural plasticity is ________

A) The process by which neurotransmitters are broken down in the brain.

B) The flexibility of the brain—existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.

C) Strong evidence of brain damage, leading to the development of a mental disorder.

D) The best indicator of temperament and its effect on the personality development of a child.

A

B) The flexibility of the brain—existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.

44
Q

Biological discoveries ________

A) Have lessened the subjectivity of definitions of abnormal.

B) Demonstrate that the environment plays only a minimal role in the development of psychopathology.

C) Make it clear that mental disorders are diseases and should be dealt with by the medical profession.

D) Have led to a recognition of the role that genetic factors and other biological influences play in the development of many disorders.

A

D) Have led to a recognition of the role that genetic factors and other biological influences play in the development of many disorders.

45
Q

Todd and his siblings have parents who are physically abusive to each other.
When they fight, they expect Todd to stay quiet and keep the other children under control. They allow the other children to cry and hide, but Todd must stay in the room with them and referee. This is an example of

a. a genotype-environment correlation.

b. a shared environmental influence.

c. a nonshared environmental influence.

d. a protective factor.

A

c. a nonshared environmental influence.

Abnormal Psychology (48 decks)

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