~~~ viewpoints QUIZ

Question 1

In psychoanalytic theory, which psychosexual stage centers on castration anxiety?

A) Genital

B) Oral

C) Anal

D) Phallic

Answer 1

D) Phallic

Question 2

One important contribution of Freud’s theory was that ________

A) He truly understood the role of women in society.

B) He heavily utilized experimental evidence to support his theories.

C) He applied the same principles to normal and abnormal behavior.

D) He increased the focus on positive growth for individuals.

Answer 2

C) He applied the same principles to normal and abnormal behavio

Question 3

John Bowlby’s attachment theory emphasized ________
a. the social environment in forming attachments.
b. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
c. the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments.
d. the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.

Answer 3

b. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.

Question 4

Which of the following perspectives focused upon social determinants of behavior?
a. The attachment perspective
b. The interpersonal perspective
c. The humanistic perspective
d. The existential perspective

Answer 4

b. The interpersonal perspective

Question 4

Which of the following psychodynamic elements of the personality can be described as impulsive and selfish?
a. Ego
b. Id
c. Superego
d. Ideal self

Answer 4

b. Id

Question 4

Which perspective or viewpoint focuses on intrapsychic conflicts as the cause of psychopathology?
a. Biological
b. Behavioral
c. Psychodynamic
d. Sociocultural

Answer 4

c. Psychodynamic

Question 4

Freud’s view of mental disorders was that they were a result of ________

a. unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego.
b. genetic abnormalities that influence people’s ability to cope with their environment.
c. problematic tendencies we develop while dealing with our early interpersonal environments.
d. learned maladaptive behaviors that were rewarded with attention.

Answer 4

a. unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego.

Question 5

Which of the following did Freud believe played a causal role in the development of most forms of psychopathology?
a. Anxiety
b. Depression
c. Unresolved conflicts between the ego and the superego
d. Fixation in the oral stage

Answer 5

a. Anxiety

Question 6

Defense mechanisms ________
a. make a person feel more anxious and have more problems, because they begin to act defensively.
b. are strategies the id uses to try to achieve what it desires.
c. are conscious, intentional attempts to cope in an effective way with an anxiety producing event.
d. help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive.

Answer 6

d. help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive.

Question 7

After cheating on her husband and feeling ashamed, Julia accused her husband of cheating. Such behavior is explained by which of the following defense mechanism?
a. Sublimation
b. Displacement
c. Projection
d. Rationalization

Answer 7

c. Projection

Question 8

Finding meaning in life and dealing with death form core values in which of the following perspectives?
a. Existential
b. Humanistic
c. Behavioral
d. Object-relations

Answer 8

a. Existential

Question 8

The interpersonal perspective ________
a. arose as a reaction against the unscientific methods of psychoanalysis.
b. was introduced by Erik Erikson.
c. emphasizes social rather than inner determinants of behavior.
d. is the most influential humanistic perspective today.

Answer 8

c. emphasizes social rather than inner determinants of behavior.

Question 8

Newer psychodynamic perspectives ________

a. disregard most elements of Freud’s theories.

b. emphasize the role of the id.

c. do not view the libido as a primary determinant of behavior.

d. recognize intrapsychic conflicts as a primary determinant of behavior.

Answer 8

c. do not view the libido as a primary determinant of behavior.

Question 8

The humanistic perspective focuses primarily upon the capacity of the individual to ________
a. confront the dilemma of our deaths.
b. be driven by unconscious motives.
c. rationally explain our behavior.
d. engage in positive self-growth.

Answer 8

d. engage in positive self-growth.

Question 9

One of Freud’s major contributions to current perspectives of mental disorders is ________
a. the concept of the Oedipal complex.
b. the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior.
c. the concept of the Electra complex.
d. the understanding of the three structures of personality.

Answer 9

b. the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior.

Question 9

treatment, where he is gradually exposed to dogs, until he can be in the same room with a dog without feeling any fear. Three weeks later, while walking in his neighborhood, Jose hears a dog barking viciously. For a few weeks after this, his fear returns. This shows ________
a. the treatment had no effect.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus-stimulus expectancy.
d. spontaneous recovery.

Answer 9

d. spontaneous recovery.

Question 10

Which perspective was initially developed through laboratory research?
a. Behavioral
b. Biological
c. Humanistic
d. Psychodynamic

Answer 10

a. Behavioral

Question 10

Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory?
a. Underemphasis on the sex drive
b. Overly positive view of women
c. Lack of scientific evidence
d. Too much focus on symptoms and not enough on underlying causes

Answer 10

c. Lack of scientific evidence

Question 11

If a response has been learned through conditioning, it would be appropriate to treat it using the process of ________
a. displacement.
b. extinction.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. stimulus-stimulus expectancy.

Answer 11

b. extinction.

Question 12

Alicia developed a fear of spiders after being bitten by one. However, she has no problem looking at pictures of spiders. This is an example of ________
a. discrimination.
b. generalization.
c. instrumental conditioning.
d. intrapsychic conflict.

Answer 12

a. discrimination.

Question 13

Learning not to do something because you are punished when you do it is an example of ________
a. classical conditioning.
b. generalization.
c. instrumental conditioning.
d. observational learning.

Answer 13

c. instrumental conditioning.

Question 14

Due to ________, we can learn from the experiences of others.
a. classical conditioning
b. generalization
c. instrumental conditioning
d. observational learning

Answer 14

d. observational learning

Question 15

In its early days, the behavioral perspective was criticized for ________
a. focusing on symptoms.
b. not providing an explanation for how abnormal behavioral responses are acquired.
c. viewing basic human nature as good.
d. its overemphasis on the use of punishment.

Answer 15

a. focusing on symptoms.

Question 16

Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of ________
a. extinction.
b. lack of generalization of behaviors.
c. a poor response-outcome expectancy.
d. failure to learn adaptive behaviors.

Answer 16

d. failure to learn adaptive behaviors.

Question 17

From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________

a. behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.

b. behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.

c. behaviorists held an overly stringent view of what constitutes scientific inquiry.

d. behaviorists overemphasized the importance of subjective experience.

Answer 17

b. behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.

Question 18

Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior ________
a. consists of learned maladaptive response patterns.
b. results from distorted thinking and information processing.
c. results from neurotic thought processes.
d. results from impaired patterns of interpersonal relationships.

Answer 18

b. results from distorted thinking and information processing.

Question 19

A(n) ________ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories.
a. attribution.
b. conditioned stimulus
c. schema
d. unconditioned stimulus

Answer 19

c. schema

Question 20

Schemas ________
a. do not really influence how we interpret the world.
b. may be a source of psychological vulnerability.
c. are always types of biases that color our interpretation of the world.
d. are attempts to change other people’s behavior.

Answer 20

b. may be a source of psychological vulnerability.

Question 21

The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called ________
a. attribution.
b. internal reinforcement.
c. schema therapy.
d. cognition.

Answer 21

a. attribution.

Question 22

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. cognitive
d. sociocultural

Answer 22

c. cognitive

Question 23

New perceptions and experiences tend to be worked into our existing schemas, even if the new information must be distorted to fit them. This process is called ________
a. accommodation.
b. assimilation.
c. appropriation.
d. attribution.

Answer 23

b. assimilation.

Question 24

Making a new experience fit existing frameworks is associated with ________; changing our existing frameworks to incorporate a new experience is associated with ________.
a. positive attributions; negative attributions
b. accommodation; assimilation
c. self-efficacy; self-identity
d. assimilation; accommodation

Answer 24

d. assimilation; accommodation

Question 25

According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person’s psychopathology is ________
a. processed at a conscious, intentional level.
b. processed at a nonconscious level.
c. not processed at all.
d. processed only when in interpersonal relationships.

Answer 25

b. processed at a nonconscious level.

Question 26

The effects of early social deprivation ________
a. are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.
b. have not been well-established.
c. can’t be explained by psychosocial theories.
d. are not seen when physical needs are adequately met.

Answer 26

a. are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.

Question 26

Abused infants and toddlers ________
a. tend to develop into resilient adults.
b. have a tendency to be passive and to avoid conflict with both peers and authorities.
c. are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior.
d. are likely to develop close bonds with same-sex peers.

Answer 26

c. are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior.

Question 27

According to Bowlby, ________

a. despair is a normal response to separation.

b. the display of despair in response to separation is indicative of an insecure attachment.

c. frequent parental separation in infancy contributes to the development of resiliency.

d. the failure to experience normal parental separations in infancy contributes to an inability to tolerate relationship-related stressors in adulthood.

Answer 27

a. despair is a normal response to separation.

Question 28

Infant characteristics ________

a. do not affect parental behavior.

b. only affect parental behavior when psychopathology is present.

c. are not influenced by biological factors.

d. can influence the quality of attachment relationships.

Answer 28

d. can influence the quality of attachment relationships.

Question 28

Dana’s mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to ________
a. be at risk for depression herself.
b. become a happy-go-lucky child because she had to cope with so much.
c. act in an aggressive, criminal manner.
d. have intense attachments to her mother.

Answer 28

a. be at risk for depression herself.

Question 29

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions: warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control.
a. high; low
b. low; low
c. high; moderately high
d. low; moderately high

Answer 29

c. high; moderately high

Question 29

Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?
a. Authoritarian
b. Permissive/indulgent
c. Authoritative
d. Neglectful-uninvolved

Answer 29

c. Authoritative

Question 29

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?
a. Authoritarian
b. Permissive/indulgent
c. Authoritative
d. Neglectful-uninvolved

Answer 29

d. Neglectful-uninvolved

Question 30

A major factor associated with a child’s rejection by peers is ________
a. overly aggressive behavior.
b. being too intelligent.
c. socioeconomic background.
d. a lack of empathy.

Answer 30

a. overly aggressive behavior.

Question 30

There is experimental evidence showing consistently being discriminated against may cause a person to ________
a. be happy.
b. be more conscious.
c. have cardiovascular reactivity.
d. have greater intelligence and wisdom.

Answer 30

c. have cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 30

Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is not supported by the existing data?
a. Low SES may cause abnormal behavior.
b. Abnormal behavior is more likely to go untreated in those of low SES.
c. Recovery from loss of a job may be more difficult for those exhibiting signs of mental illness.
d. High SES may cause abnormal behavior.

Answer 30

d. High SES may cause abnormal behavior.

Question 30

Children from lower-SES families ________
a. are more likely to be resilient adults than those from higher-SES families.
b. show no signs of ill effects if there is an increase in SES before age 5.
c. are not affected by SES status unless persistent employment is the reason for the economic hardships of the family.
d. are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.

Answer 30

d. are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.

Question 31

Studies on the cultural differences in parental tolerance of under- or over-controlled behavior suggest that ________

a. these different styles can produce different rates of problem behaviors in different cultures.

b. parental styles make no difference in rates of different behavior problems—they seem to be primarily genetic.

c. parental styles make no difference in rates of different behavior problems—they seem to be independent of culture.

d. all cultures feel the same about bringing their children for treatment, regardless of the type of behavior problem

Answer 31

a. these different styles can produce different rates of problem behaviors in different cultures.

Question 32

Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that ________

a. depression is a common response to life challenges in all countries studied.

b. stress rarely leads to any evidence of illness in non-Western cultures.

c. responses to stress vary cross-culturally.

d. culture-specific reactions are not seen to respond to alterations in the environment.

Answer 32

c. responses to stress vary cross-culturally.