Causal factors of mood disorders

Question 1

for female adults, what have most studies shown that often serve as precipitating factors of unipolar depression

A) Biological factors such as hormonal changes

B) Stressful life events

C) Genetic predisposition

D) Cognitive distortions and negative thinking patterns

Answer 1

B) stressful life events

Question 2

where has an important distinction been made in relation to stressful life events

A) based on their subjective impact on individuals

B) between independent life events and dependent life events

C) by the frequency of their occurrence

D) according to their unpredictability

Answer 2

B) between independent life events and dependent life events

Question 3

what type of life event has been suggested as playing a strong role in the onset of major depression

A) Dependent life events

B) Independent life events

C) Acute life events

D) Chronic life events

Answer 3

A) Dependent life events

Question 4

losing a job because one’s company is shutting down or having one’s house hit by a hurricane is an example of

A) Dependent life events

B) Independent life events

C) Acute life events

D) Chronic life events

Answer 4

B) Independent life events

Question 5

being unable to resolve conflicts with a spouse, in turn leads to higher levels of inter-personal stress, which in turn leads to further symptoms of depression is an example of

A) Dependent life events

B) Independent life events

C) Acute life events

D) Chronic life events

Answer 5

A) Dependent life events

Question 6

which of the following would play a larger or role in the onset of major depression

A) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down

B) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills

C) having one’s house hit by a hurricane

D) all of the above

Answer 6

B) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills

Question 7

what are dependent life events

A) Events that may have been at least partly generated by the depressed per-son’s behavior or personality

B) Life events that occur independently of an individual’s actions or characteristics.

C) Events that are unrelated to an individual’s actions or characteristics.

D) Events that are entirely unpredictable.

Answer 7

A) Events that may have been at least partly generated by the depressed per-son’s behavior or personality

Question 8

what are independent life events

A) Events that may have been at least partly generated by the depressed per-son’s behavior or personality

B) Life events that occur independently of an individual’s actions or characteristics.

C) Events that are related to an individual’s actions or characteristics.

D) Events that one may have control of

Answer 8

B) Life events that occur independently of an individual’s actions or characteristics.

Question 9

what type of interview-based techniques are more reliable and valid in predicting depressive episodes

A) Structured interviews focused on present symptoms

B) Unstructured interviews exploring childhood experiences

C) Evaluation of what the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person who has experienced this event in these particular life circumstances

D) Interviews assessing only cognitive distortions

Answer 9

C) Evaluation of what the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person who has experienced this event in these particular life circumstances

Question 10

Several recent reviews of studies measuring life stress suggest that _______ play a causal role (most often within a month or so after the event) in about 20 to 50 percent of cases

A) Major life changes

B) Chronic daily hassles

C) Mildly stressful events

D) Severely stressful episodic life events

Answer 10

D) Severely stressful episodic life events

Question 11

the relationship between severely stressful life events and depression is much stronger in people who are

A) genetically predisposed to depression

B) having their first onset than in those undergoing recurrent episodes

C) prone to chronic daily hassles

D) characterized by low levels of anxiety

Answer 11

B) having their first onset than in those undergoing recurrent episodes

Question 12

Studies applying more sophisticated strategies for assessing life stress have generally not found _______ to be associated with the onset of clinically significant depression

A) Major life changes

B) Chronic daily hassles

C) Mildly stressful events

D) Severely stressful episodic life events

Answer 12

C) Mildly stressful events

Question 13

An interesting hypothesis has been raised that minor events may play more of a role in the onset of _______ episodes than in the ________ episode

A) recurrent; initial

B) major; minor

C) chronic; acute

D) episodic; chronic

Answer 13

A) recurrent ; initial

Question 14

Chronic stress (or chronic strain or difficulties) has been defined in different ways, but usually refers to

A) intense and acute stressors occurring over a short period

B) one or more forms of stress ongoing for at least several months

C) a singular, traumatic life event

D) stress that is easily manageable and does not persist for long periods

Answer 14

B) one or more forms of stress ongoing for at least several months

Question 15

A number of studies have demonstrated that _______
______ is associated with increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression

A) chronic stress

B) acute stress

C) daily hassles

D) life changes

Answer 15

A) chronic stress

Question 16

what is chronic stress associated with

A) physical health improvements

B) increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression

C) increaded vulnerability to mental health disorders

D) enhanced cognitive functioning

Answer 16

B) increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression

Question 17

which of the following is NOT a psychological and social variable that may make some people more vulnerable to developing depression after experiencing one or more stressful life events.

A) early adversities

B) neuroticism

C) pessimistic attribution

D) level of self esteem

Answer 17

D) level of self esteem

Question 18

a stable and heritable personality trait that involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli

A) Emotionality

B) Neuroticism

C) Resilience

D) Extroversion

Answer 18

B) neuroticism

Question 19

In addition to serving as a vulnerability factor, neuroticism is associated with

A) a better prognosis for complete recovery from depression.

B) enhanced resilience in the face of stressors.

C) a neutral impact on the course of depression.

D) a worse prognosis for complete recovery from depression.

Answer 19

D) a worse prognosis for complete recovery from depression.

Question 20

A range of adversities in the early environment can create both a short-term and a long-term vulnerability to depression. Such factors operate, at least in part, by

A) directly causing depression in adulthood

B) promoting resilience and adaptive coping strategies

C) decreasing an individual’s sensitivity to stressors

D) increasing an individual’s sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood

Answer 20

D) increasing an individual’s sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood

Question 21

negative thinking patterns operate as ______, while poor early parenting would operate as _____

A) distally; proximally

B) proximally; distally

C) sequentially; concurrently

D) simultaneously; independently

Answer 21

B) proximally; distally

Question 22

Freud and Abraham both hypothesised that

A)

B) when a loved one dies the mourner regresses to the oral stage of development and introjects or incorporates the lost person

C)

D)

Question 23

according to Freud and Abraham, when a person loses a loved one and introjects or incorporates the lost person they then

A) project their feelings onto others.

B) experience a complete emotional detachment from the lost person.

C) develop a sense of indifference toward the self.

D) feel all the same feelings toward the self as toward the lost person.

Answer 23

D) feel all the same feelings toward the self as toward the lost person.

Question 24

what led to the psychodynamic idea that depression is anger turned inward

A) The belief that depression is primarily caused by genetic factors

B) We unconsciously hold negative feelings toward those we love, in part because of their power over us.

C) The understanding that depression is an entirely rational response to external stressors

D) The idea that depressive symptoms are unrelated to emotional states

Answer 24

B) We unconsciously hold negative feelings toward those we love, in part because of their power over us.

Question 25

what important contribution of the psychodynamic approach to depression been in noting the importance of to the onset of depression

A) lack of social support

B) distortion of experience

C) aggression

D) loss (both real and symbolic or imagined)

Answer 25

D) loss (both real and symbolic or imagined)

Question 26

what have behavioural approaches proposed in relation to people becoming depressed

A) lower activity levels

B) rate of negative experiences increases

C) responses no longer produce positive reinforcement

D) all the above

Answer 26

D) all the above

Question 27

What is Becks hypothesis about depression causes

A) Biological factors are the primary cause of depression.

B) Social factors precede and cause depression.

C) Cognitive symptoms precede and cause depression.

D) Depression precedes and causes cognitive symptoms.

Answer 27

C) Cognitive symptoms precede and cause depression.

Question 28

In Becks theory, dysfunctional beliefs are also known as

A) depressogenic schemas

B) automatic thoughts

C) cognitive distortions

D) irrational cognitions

Answer 28

A) depressogenic schemas

Question 29

According to Beck, “If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.” would be an example of

A) depressogenic schema

B) automatic thought

C) cognitive distortion

D) irrational cognition

Answer 29

A) depressogenic schemas

Question 30

According to cognitive theory, having the belief that “If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.” would predispose the person holding it to develop depression if the person

A) experienced a moment of happiness.

B) felt like a failure.

C) perceived social acceptance.

D) received positive feedback from others

Answer 30

C) perceived social rejection

Question 31

According to cognitive theory, a person with the dysfunctional belief “If I’m not perfectly successful, then I’m a nobody” would be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if they

A) experienced a moment of happiness.

B) felt like a failure.

C) perceived social acceptance.

D) received positive feedback from others.

Answer 31

B) felt like a failure

Question 32

according to cognitive theory, depression-producing beliefs or schemas are thought to develop

A) when one has negative interactions with others who are close to them and who are regarded highly

B) during childhood and adolescence as a function of negative experiences with parents and significant others

C) during adulthood as a function of interacting with significant others

D) none of the above

Answer 32

B) during childhood and adolescence as a function of negative experiences with parents and significant others

Question 33

in the cognitive view, when do dysfunctional beliefs become activated

A) During periods of low self-esteem

B) By thinking someone doesn’t like them

C) When experiencing rejection

D) By current stressors or depressed mood

Answer 33

D) by current stressors or depressed mood

Question 34

in the cognitive view, when dysfunctional beliefs become activated, they tend to fuel the current thinking pattern, creating a pattern of

A) negative self deprecating thoughts

B) negative automatic thoughts

C) depressed mood

D) none of the above

Answer 34

B) negative automatic thoughts

Question 35

negative automatic thoughts are

A) consciously chosen and rational responses to situations.

B) thoughts that often occur just below the surface of awareness.

C) reflective of negative perspectives.

D) unrelated to emotional states.

Answer 35

B) thoughts that often occur just below the surface of awareness.

Question 36

what do negative automatic thoughts involve

A) positive and optimistic predictions.

B) unpleasant, pessimistic predictions.

C) realistic and objective assessments.

D) neutral and indifferent perspectives.

Answer 36

B) unpleasant, pessimistic predictions.

Question 37

pessimistic predictions occurring from negative automatic thoughts centre on what Beck calls

A) positive cognitive triad

B) positive core beliefs

C) negative cognitive triad

D) balanced cognitive triad

Answer 37

C) negative cognitive triad

Question 38

the negative cognitive triad includes negative thoughts about

A) self worth, self esteem and the future

B) the self, others and the past

C) the self, the world and the future

D) the self, relationships and achievements

Answer 38

C) the self, the world and the future

Question 39

“No one loves me” is an example of what negative automatic thoughts from the negative cognitive triad

A) others

B) the world

C) the future

D) the self

Answer 39

B) the world

Question 40

what did Beck propose the negative cognitive triad is maintained by

A) a lack of cognitive processes

B) negative emotional responses.

C) negative cognitive biases or errors

D) none of the above

Answer 40

C) negative cognitive biases or errors

Question 41

negative cognitive biases or errors that maintain the negative cognitive triad involve biased processing of

A) neutral information.

B) negative other-relevant information.

C) negative self-relevant information.

D) irrelevant information.

Answer 41

B) negative self-relevant information

Question 42

a negative cognitive bias or error, such as dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning involve

A) tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation

B) tendency to think in extremes.

C) jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence

D) none of the above

Answer 42

B) tendency to think in extremes.

Question 43

a negative cognitive bias or error, such as Selective abstraction, involve

A) tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation

B) tendency to think in extremes.

C) jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence

D) none of the above

Answer 43

A) tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation

Question 44

a negative cognitive bias or error, such as arbitrary inference involve

A) tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation

B) tendency to think in extremes.

C) jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence

D) none of the above

Answer 44

C) jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence

Question 45

if someone discounts a less-than-perfect performance by saying, “If I can’t get it 100 percent right, there’s no point in doing it at all.” they would be engaging in what negative cognitive bias

A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning

B) Selective abstraction

C) Arbitrary inference

D) Catastrophizing

Answer 45

A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning

Question 46

if someone says, “I didn’t have a moment of pleasure or fun today” not because this is true but because he or she selectively remembers only the negative things that happened. they would be engaging in what negative cognitive bias

A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning

B) Selective abstraction

C) Arbitrary inference

D) Catastrophizing

Answer 46

B) Selective abstraction

Question 47

if a depressed person says, after an initial homework assignment from a cognitive therapist did not work, “This therapy will never work for me.” hey would be engaging in what negative cognitive bias

A) Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning

B) Selective abstraction

C) Arbitrary inference

D) Catastrophizing

Answer 47

C) Arbitrary inference

Question 48

in evaluating Becks cognitive theory recent research has shown that stressors

A) are necessary to activate depressogenic schemas or dysfunctional beliefs that lie dormant between episodes

B) are not necessary to activate the latent depressive schemas between episodes

C) have no impact on the activation of depressive schemas.

D) only influence depressive schemas during the initial episode of depression.

Answer 48

B) are not necessary to activate the latent depressive schemas between episodes

Question 49

people with depression show ______ of negative information and negative autobiographical memories

A) complete avoidance

B) impaired retrieval

C) selective attention

D) better or biased recall

Answer 49

D) better or biased recall

Question 50

learned helplessness theory of depression originated out of

A) clinical observations

B) research on the pervasive pat-terns of negative thinking

C) observations in an animal research laboratory

D) studies on genetic factors in depression

Answer 50

C) observations in an animal research laboratory

Question 51

which of the following describes learned helplessness

A) the automatic thoughts that arise in response to negative events.

B) the kind of attributions people make when exposed to uncontrollable events.

C) the emotional reactions individuals have to stressors.

D) whether one has control over aversive events.

Answer 51

C) whether one has control over aversive events

Question 52

research with humans on helplessness led to a major reformulation of the helplessness theory, which addresses

A) the role of genetics in learned helplessness.

B) some of the complexities of what humans do when faced with uncontrollable events.

C) the universality of learned helplessness across cultures.

D) the impact of social support on learned helplessness.

Answer 52

B) some of the complexities of what humans do when faced with uncontrollable events

Question 53

what can be used to describe learned helplessness

A) the automatic thoughts that arise in response to negative events.

B) the kind of attributions people make when exposed to uncontrollable events.

C) the emotional reactions individuals have to stressors.

D) whether one has control over aversive events.

Answer 53

D) whether one has control over aversive events.

Question 54

which of the following describes the reformulated helplessness theory

A) the automatic thoughts that arise in response to negative events.

B) the kind of attributions people make when exposed to uncontrollable events.

C) the emotional reactions individuals have to stressors.

D) whether one has control over aversive events.

Answer 54

B) the kind of attributions people make when exposed to uncontrollable events

Question 55

according to the reformulated helplessness theory, whether someone becomes depressed is precipitated by

A) genetic factors.

B) situational stressors.

C) what types of attributions an individual makes.

D) neurotransmitter imbalances.

Answer 55

C) what types of attributions an individual makes

Question 56

Abramson and colleagues (1978) proposed what kind of people have a vulnerability or diathesis for depression when faced with uncontrollable negative life events

A) those with a high level of neuroticism.

B) those with a strong external locus of control.

C) those with a negative outlook on life

D) those with a relatively stable and consistent pessimistic attributional style

Answer 56

D) those with a relatively stable and consistent pessimistic attributional style

Question 57

pessimistic attributional style is proposed to develop in part through

A) emotional learning

B) random chance

C) positive reinforcement

D) social learning

Answer 57

D) social learning

Question 58

The Hopelessness Theory of Depression proposes that having a pessimistic attributional style in conjunction with one or more negative life events was not sufficient to produce depression unless

A) there was a complete lack of negative life events.

B) one also experienced a state of hopelessness.

C) the individual had a high level of optimism.

D) the negative life events were unrelated to the person’s attributions.

Answer 58

B) one also experienced a state of hopelessness.

Question 59

A hopelessness expectancy was defined by the

A) perception that one has control over what is going to happen and knowing that an important positive event may not occur

B) perception that one had no control over what was going to happen and by the absolute certainty that an important bad outcome was going to occur

C) tendency to attribute negative events to external factors.

D) none of the above

Answer 59

B) perception that one had no control over what was going to happen and by the absolute certainty that an important bad outcome was going to occur

Question 60

Abramson and colleagues (1989) hopelessness theory proposed that the ________dimension of attributions was not important to depression.

A) positive/negative

B) stable/unstable

C) global/specific

D) internal/external

Answer 60

D) internal/external

Question 61

according to this theory, depression-prone individuals not only tend to make global and stable attributions for negative events but also tend to make negative inferences about other likely negative consequences of the event and negative inferences about the implications of the event for the self-concept

A) Attributional theory

B) Learned helplessness theory

C) Reformulated helplessness theory

D) Hopelessness theory

Answer 61

D) hopelessness theory

Question 62

The Ruminative Response Styles Theory of Depression focuses on

A) individuals not tend to make global and stable attributions for negative event

B) different kinds of responses that people have when they experience feelings and symptoms of sadness and distress

C) the perception of control about upcoming events

D) the emotional reactions individuals have to stressors.

Answer 62

B) different kinds of responses that people have when they experience feelings and symptoms of sadness and distress

Question 63

self-focused rumination leads to

A) decreased self-awareness.

B) increased recall of more negative autobiographical memories.

C) decreased recall of more negative autobiographical memories.

D) improved cognitive functioning.

Answer 63

B) increased recall of more negative autobiographical memories.