STRESS and PHYSICAL & MENTAL HEALTH Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
health psychology is a subspeciality within
A) behavioural psychology
B) behavioural medicine
C) developmental systems approach
D) biological viewpoint
A
B) behavioural medicine
2
Q
an approach to physical illness concerned with the psychological factors that may predispose an individual to medical problems
A) biological viewpoint
B) developmental systems approach
C) behavioural medicine
D) developmental approach
A
C) behavioural medicine
3
Q
When we experience or perceive challenges to our physi-cal or emotional well-being that exceed our coping resources and abilities, the psychological condition that results is typically
A) anxiety
B) stress
C) withdrawing
D) depression
A
B) stress
4
Q
what are stressors?
A) external demands
B) effects created within an organism
C) efforts to deal with stress
D) none of the above
A
A) external demands
5
Q
effects created within an organism by stressors
A) stress
B) disress
C) thoughts
D) behaviour
A
A) stress
6
Q
why is stress a fundamentally interactive and dynamic construct?
A) not all situations that require adjustment can be regarded as potentially stressful
B) Stress is solely determined by genetic factors
C) it reflects the interaction between the organisms and the environment over time
D) Stress is a static and unchanging construct
A
C) it reflects the interaction between the organisms and the environment over time
7
Q
a positive stress resulting in a pleasurable or satisfying experience
A) eustress
B) distress
C) acute stress
D) episodic stress
A
A) eustress
8
Q
what type of stress has the potential to do more damage?
A) eustress
B) distress
C) acute stress
D) episodic stress
A
B) distress
9
Q
the DSM-5 classifies PTSD under
A) anxiety disorder
B) trauma and stressor related disorders
C) trauma and anxiety related disorders
D) anxiety and stressor related disorders
A
B) trauma and stressor related disorders
10
Q
A major development in stress research was the discovery that a particular form of a partic-ular gene (the 5HTTLPR gene) was linked to
A) whether people would become fearful in certain situations
B) how likely it was that people would become depressed in the face of life stress
C) how likely one would think in maladaptive ways in response to stress
D) whether someone becomes resiliant in the face of life stress
A
B) how likely it was that people would become depressed in the face of life stress
11
Q
which of the following is not a factor in what makes us more sensitive to stress
A) genetic makeup
B) amount of stress
C) coping skills and presence of others
D) who brings on the stress
A
D) who brings on the stress
12
Q
a persons ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired
A) coping
B) stress tolerance
C) adjustment
D) all of the above
A
B) stress tolerance
13
Q
what is not a key factor in what makes one stressor more serious than another?
A) severity
B) timing
C) chronicity
D) amount
A
D) amount
14
Q
what events cause the greatest/ most severe stress?
A) unpredictable
B) uncontrollable
C) how close it is to us
D) both A and B
A
D) both A and B
15
Q
for unpredictable stressors, one would expect who out of the following scenarios to have a reduced the impact of the stress?
A) Quill who is uncertain as to how long the pain following the procedure will be
B) Leonard who isolates himself and minimises his social support before undergoing a procedure
C) Joe who viewed a film describing the procedure before undergoing operation
D) Mary who is holding unrealistic expectations about what to expect following a procedure
A
C) Joe who viewed a film describing the procedure before undergoing operation
16
Q
The key difference between a crisis and stress is
A) the timing of the stressful situation
B) whether it overwhelms the ability to cope
C) whether you develop PTSD
D) the effectiveness of emotional regulation
A
B) whether it overwhelms the ability to cope
17
Q
what term is used to refer to times when a stressful situation threatens to exceed or exceeds the adaptive capacities of a person or a group
A) stressor
B) crisis
C) stress
D) negative situation
A
B) crisis
18
Q
Holmes and Rahe developed a self report checklist of common stressful life experiences, what is this scale called?
A) Social Readjustment Rating Scale
B) Stressful Readjustment Rating Scale
C) Stress and social life rating scale
D) Life Events and Difficulties Schedule scale
A
A) Social Readjustment Rating Scale
19
Q
limitations of the checklist method of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale led to the development of what?
A) interview-based approaches
B) Observable based approaches
C) experimental approaches
D) self report approaches
A
A) interview-based approaches
20
Q
what of the following is NOT an advantage of of interview based approaches to measuring life stress, such as the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS)
A) it records specific positive and negative life events to determine an individual’s current level of stress
B) are considered more reliable than checklist methods
C) allows raters to consider the context in which a life event occurs and take into account a person’s unique circumstances when rating each life event
D) it includes an extensive manual that provides rules for rating both acute and chronic forms of stress
A
A) it records specific positive and negative life events to determine an individual’s current level of stress
21
Q
what is the most common reaction following loss or trauma?
A) depression
B) isolation
C) resilience
D) PTSD
A
C) resilience
22
Q
the healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event
A) optimism
B) resilience
C) adaptability
D) flexibility
A
B) resilience
23
Q
what are NOT factors that increase resilience?
A) being female
B) being male
C) being old
D) being well educated
A
A) being female
24
Q
when social class is controlled for, statistics show that race and ethnicity
A) Latino groups fare more poorly and have lower levels of resilience compared to whites
B) are not predictive of reduced resiliency
C) predicts reduced resiliency in minority groups
D) none of the above
A
C) are not predictive of reduced resiliency
25
someone who shows genuine positive emotions when talking about a recent loss tend to
A) show no signs of adjustment
B) adjust better after bereavement
C) be more inclined to ruminate
D) tend to try to find meaning in what happened
B) adjust better after bereavement
26
being generally high on positive affect and low on negative affect
A) predicts having a long period of distress
B) predicts having a more resilient trajectory
C) shows no difference in resilience trajectory
D) can have the opposite effect on their emotions
B) having a more resilient trajectory
27
of the following, what is NOT true regarding people who are very self-confident and who view themselves in an overly positive light
A) tend to cope remarkably well in the face of trauma
B) can be unpleasant to be around
C) tend to ruminate about events that have happened in their life
D) serves them well in times of crisis
C) tend to ruminate about events that have happened in their life
28
what is the term used to describe the cumulative effects of the biological cost of adapting to stress
A) chronic stress
B) allostatic load
C) adaptation
D) allostatic overload
B) allostatic load
29
stress is a key theme in
A) understanding specific stressors are related to specific medical problems
B) understanding the development and course of physical illness
C) can predict how we react to stressors
D) all of the above
B) understanding the development and course of physical illness
30
what is NOT true about mental stress?
A) those with existing coronary heart disease and who are more reactive to stressful events are more likely to die in the next 5-6 years following a stressful event
B) those with existing coronary heart disease and who are not reactive to stressful events are more likely to die in the next 5-6 years following a stressful event
C) it causes an elevation in blood pressure
D) reduces oxygen supply to the heart muscle
B) those with existing coronary heart disease and who are not reactive to stressful events are more likely to die in the next 5-6 years following a stressful event
31
there are two systems involved in the stress response, what is the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system designed to do?
A) regulates the stress response and the release of cortisol
B) mobilise resources and prepare for a fight-or-flight response
C) stimulates the SNS and releases a hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D) all of the above
B) mobilise resources and prepare for a fight-or-flight response
32
what system begins in the hypothalamus, which stimulates the SNS and causes the inner portion of the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline and norepinephrine?
A) Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
B) hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) system
C) sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system
33
there are two systems involved in the stress response, what is role of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) system?
A) stimulates the SNS and secretes adrenaline and norapinephrine
B) stimulates the SNS and releases a hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
C) mobilise resources and prepare for a fight-or-flight response
D) all of the above
B) stimulates the SNS and releases a hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
34
the stress glucocorticoid that is produced in humans is
A) epinephrine (adrenaline)
B) cortisol
C) norepinephrine
D) insulin
B) cortisol
35
why is cortisol a good hormone to have around in a time of emergencies?
A) delays the body's inflammatory response to healing
B) prepares the body for fight-or-flight
C) inhibits the immune system
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
36
the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the immune system
A) immunology
B) psychoneuroimmunology
C) immunopathology
D) both A and C
B) psychoneuroimmunology
37
A downregulation or dampening of the immune system. This can be short or long term and can be trig-gered by injury, stress, illness, and other factors.
A) immune reaction
B) immunosuppression
C) psychological stress
D) distress
B) immunosuppression
38
leukocytes (lymphocytes or white blood cells) are produced in the ______ and then stored in _________
A) lymph tissues; blood
B) bone marrow; blood and lymph tissues
C) blood; bone marrow
D) lymph tissues; bone marrow
B) bone marrow; blood and lymph tissues
39
one important type of leukocyte which matures in the bone marrow, produces specific antibodies that are designed to respond to different types of antigens
A) T-cells
B) T-helper cell
C) B-cells
D) both A and B
C) B-cells
40
what are antigens?
A) inactivated invaders
B) foreign bodies such as viruses and bacteria
C) internal invaders such as cancer cells and tumors
D) both B and C
D) both B and C
41
a second important type of leukocyte matures in the thymus, an important endocrine gland
A) T-cells
B) T-helper cell
C) B-cells
D) both A and B
A) T-cells
42
what cells circulate through the blood and lymph systems in an inactive form?
A) T-cells
B) A-cells
C) B-cells
D) both A and B
A) T-cells
43
each ______ has receptors on its surface that recognizes one specific type of antigen, and cannot recognise antigens by themselves
A) T-cell
B) B-cell
C) A-cell
C) Q-cell
A) T-cell
44
T-cells become activated when _______ detect antigens and start to engulf and digest them
A) immune cells (macrophages)
B) B-cells
C) chemicals
D) norepinephrine
A) immune cells
45
what is the role of macrophages?
A) activate T-cells
B) activate B-cells
C) activates both T and B cells
D) fights disease
A) activate T-cells
46
When a _______ recognizes an antigen, it begins to divide and to produce antibodies that circulate in the blood
A) T-cell
B) B-cell
C) A-cell
C) Q-cell
B) B-cell
47
the process of B-cells recognize an antigen and then producing antibodies is facilitated by
A) interleukin-1
B) cytokines
C) amino acids
D) glucose
B) cytokines
48
how long does production of antibodies take?
A) 1 month
B) 5 days
C) 14 days
D) 24 hours
B) 5 days
49
Small protein molecules that enable the brain and the immune system to communicate with each other
A) interleukin-1
B) cytokines
C) amino acids
D) glucose
B) cytokines
50
proinflammatory cytokines
A) influence the brain
B) blocks the synthesis of other cytokines
C) help us deal with challenges to our immune system by augmenting the immune response
D) decrease or dampen the response that the immune system makes
C) help us deal with challenges to our immune system by augmenting the immune response
51
anti-inflammatory cytokines
A) influence the brain
B) blocks the synthesis of other cytokines
C) help us deal with challenges to our immune system by augmenting the immune response
D) decrease or dampen the response that the immune system makes
both B and D
52
inflammation is increase in people who are under prolonged stress because
A) long term stress leads to cytokine production
B) long term stress interferes with the body's ability to turn off cytokine production
C) cytokines stimulate the HPA axis leading to an increase in cortisol
D) none of the above
B) long term stress interferes with the bodys ability to turn off cytokine production
53
cortisol regulates cytokine production, which
A) impair the body’s ability to respond to the signals that will terminate immune system reactivity
B) sets off a negative feedback look designed to prevent an excessive or exaggerated immune or inflammatory response
C) interfere with the body’s ability to turn off cytokine production
D) Both A and C
B) sets off a negative feedback look designed to prevent an excessive or exaggerated immune or inflammatory response
54
exams, traffic jams and disagreements are examples of
A) acute stress
B) chronic stress
C) anxiety
D) complex stress
A) acute stress
55
the protective part of the cell DNA at the end of chromosomes
A) immune response
B) telomeres
C) dendrites
D) synaptic gaps
B) telomeres
56
what happens to telomeres as we age?
A) they become stronger
B) they disappear
C) nothing
D) they shorten
D) they shorten
57
if telomeres get too short,
A) the disappear
B) cells do not function correctly and the risk of disease is increased
C) they begin to grow again once they hit a threshold
D) the replicate
B) cells do not function correctly and the risk of disease is increased
58
telomere length is maintained by an enzyme called telomerase and that the stress hormone cortisol can ______ the activity of this enzyme
A) reduce
B) increase
C) double
D) replicate
A) reduce
59
personality characterised by excessive competitive drive, extreme commitment to work, impatience and time urgency and hostility
A) Type B personality
B) Type A personality
C) Type C personality
D) Type D personality
B) Type A personality
60
personality characterised by tendency towards negative affectivity (e.g. worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (e.g. reticence and a lack of self-assurance)
A) Type B personality
B) Type A personality
C) Type C personality
D) Type D personality
D) Type D personality
61
people with higher scores on the negativity component of __________ are at an increased risk of having more problems after cardiac surgery?
A) Type B personality
B) Type A personality
C) Type C personality
D) Type D personality
D) Type D personality
62
depression, anxiety, social isolation and lack of social support are linked to
A) cancer
B) coronary heart disease
C) seizure
D both A and B
B) coronary heart disease
63
school of psychology focuses on human traits and resources such as humor, gratitude, and compassion that might have direct implications for our physical and mental well-being
A) traditional psychology
B) humanistic psychology
C) health psychology
D) positive psychology
D) positive psychology
64
one study found that patients treated with SSRIs who suffered a myocardial infarction and who were depressed
A) were more likely to have another heart attack than patients not taking SSRIs
B) were no more likely to have any differences in their depression than those not taking SSRIs
C) were less likely to die or have another heart attack than patients who were not taking the SSRIs
D) had no difference in their risk of having another heart attack
C) were less likely to die or have another heart attack than patients who were not taking the SSRIs
65
expressive writing provides modest benefits for _________
A) fatigue in people diagnosed with autoimmune illnesses
B) emotional recovery in people who have experienced a marital separation
C) sleep problems, depression and overall QOL in people being treated for cancer
D) headaches
A) fatigue in people diagnosed with autoimmune illnesses
66
in studies that involve emotional disclosure, patients often experience ______ in emotional distress during the writing phase and then show ________ in their medical status
A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; improvements
C) baseline; improvements
D) increases; decreases
B) increases; improvements
67
procedures that aim to make patients more aware of such things as their heart rate, level of muscle tension, or blood pressure by utilising monitoring equipment and providing a cue when the patient is successful in making a desired response
A) CBT
B) meditation
C) biofeedback
D) expressive writing
C) biofeedback
68
biofeedback is helpful in treating conditions such as
A) fatigue in people diagnosed with autoimmune illnesses
B) emotional recovery in people who have experienced a marital separation
C) sleep problems, depression and overall QOL in people being treated for cancer
D) headaches
D) headaches
69
in this procedure, patients become more consciously aware of their internal responses and are able to modify them when necessary
A) CBT
B) meditation
C) biofeedback
D) expressive writing
C) biofeedback
70
in general, people with headaches who are treated with ______ appear to do better than those treated with ________
A) biofeedback; CBT
B) CBT; expressive writing
C) biofeedback; relaxation
D) relaxation; biofeedback
C) biofeedback; relaxation
71
the best clinical results for headaches is
A) CBT alone
B) biofeedback alone
C) biofeedback and CBT
D) combining biofeedback with relaxation
D) combining biofeedback with relaxation
72
what are three DSM disorders precipitated by exposure to stress?
- adjustment disorder
- acute stress disorder
- PTSD
73
in _________ the stressor is is something that is commonly experienced and the nature of the psychological reaction is less severe
A) adjustment disorder
B) PTSD
C) acute stress disorder
D) anxiety
A) adjustment disorder
74
stress is a _______ cause, meaning that it has to be present for specific disorders to develop, it is not a _______ cause
A) necessary; sufficient
B) sufficient; necessary
C)
D)
A) necessary; sufficient
75
for a diagnosis of adjustment disorder, symptoms must begin within ______ of the onset of the stressor
A) two months
B) nine months
C) three months
D) six months
C) three months
76
according to the DSM, an adjustment disorder does NOT include
A) bereavement
B) significant impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning
C) identifiable stress
D) marked distress
A) bereavement
77
in cases where adjustment disorder symptoms continue beyond _____ months, the diagnosis is usually changed to some other mental disorder
A) three
B) six
C) twelve
D) eight
B) six
78
what disorder is the least stigmatising and mildest diagnosis a therapist can assign to a client?
A) PTSD
B) social anxiety disorder
C) acute stress disorder
D) adjustment disorder
D) adjustment disorder
79
in the DSM-5, PTSD is in the diagnostic criteria section of
A) anxiety disorders
B) trauma and stressor related disorders
C) trauma disorders
D) trauma and PTSD
B) trauma and stressor related disorders
80
at its time of its entry into the DSM in 1980, PTSD was viewed as a/an ________ response to a/an ______ stressor
A) abnormal; normal
B) normal; abnormal
C) abnormal; severe
D) behavioural; abnormal
B) normal; abnormal
81
in PTSD, any ________ that was life threatening and outside of the ordinary bounds of everyday experience could lead to psychological symptoms similar by those experienced by Vietnam veterans
A) eutress that was unexpected
B) distress that would be expected given the circumstances
C) extreme, terrifying and stressful event
D) predictable and reoccuring
C) extreme, terrifying and stressful event
82
what is a common pattern in women who have been raped and met the symptom criteria for PTSD?
A) increases in symptoms one month after the rape
B) natural recovery with time
C) increased physical health deckines
D) non recovery from ptsd
B) natural recovery with time
83
for PTSD. the stress symptoms fail to abate even when the traumatic event has passed and the danger is over, making PTSD a disorder of
A) adaptability
B) eventual recovery
C) low severity
D) non recovery
D) non recovery
84
what is NOT a characteristic sign of PTSD
A) an established memory of the traumatic event
B) reexperiencing of the traumatic event with the same emotional force of the original experience
C) becoming adapted to the intrusive memories that cause extreme stress
D) non recovery of the experience
C) becoming adapted to the intrusive memories that cause extreme stres
85
when PTSD was first introduced in the DSM, the diagnostic criteria required exposure to a traumatic event that was
A) significant symptoms of distress in almost anyone
B) outside the range of usual human experience
C) focused on the emotional response of the victim
D) both A and B
D) both A and B
86
when PTSD was first introduced into the DSM, the emphasis was on
A) the nature of the stressor itself
B) the emotional response of the victim
C) how often the stressor was experienced
D) whether the persons response involved intense fear, hopelessness or horror
A) the nature of the stressor itself
87
a major change of diagnosing criteria of PTSD occurred with DSM-IV, where there was a change in emphasis from the _________ to _______
A) direct experience of the stressor; indirect experience of the stressor
B) general events; more qualifying events
C) experience of the victim; characteristics of the stressor
D) characteristics of the stressor; experience of the victim
D) characteristics of the stressor; experience of the victim
88
in the DSM-IV, PTSD was viewed as a
A) a normal response to an abnormal stressor
B) pathological response to an extreme form of stress
C) psychological response to a normal stressor
D) psychological response to an abnormal stressor
B) pathological response to an extreme form of stress
89
in the DSM-5, the traumatic event
A) can include experiencing a natural cause of a death of a relative
B) must now be experienced by the person directly
C) can be experienced indirectly through electronic media
D) can include learning about the death of someone you don’t know that well
B) must now be experienced by the person directly
90
one change that removes the likeliness that women would be more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD in the DSM-5 is
A) including men who experience traumatic events on electronic media
B) removal of the requirement that the person respond in a particular way
C) removal of the requirement that it is a normal response to an abnormal stressor
D) All of the above
B) removal of the requirement that the person respond in a particular way
91
the diagnosis of PTSD requires that symptoms must last for at least
A) 12 months
B) 6 months
C) 1 month
D) a week
C) 1 month
92
if a women who was raped and showed symptoms within 2 weeks of the assault would be diagnosed with
A) adjustment disorder
B) PTSD
C) acute stress disorder
D) anxiety
C) acute stress disorder
93
the diagnostic category of acute stress disorder can be used when symptoms develop
A) as severe as those seen in PTSD
B) shortly after experiencing a traumatic event and lasts anywhere between 1 month to 6 months
C) shortly after experiencing a traumatic event and lasts anywhere between 3 days to 1 month
D) between 3 months after the traumatic event
C) shortly after experiencing a traumatic event and lasts anywhere between 3 days to 1 month
94
when would a diagnosis of acute stress disorder be changed to a diagnosis of PTSD?
A) the trauma is an event out of the realm of normal life experience
B) the symptoms last for more than 2 weeks
C) the symptoms last for more than 4 weeks
D) the symptoms begin within 6 months of the trauma.
C) the symptoms last for more than 4 weeks
95
the importance of early intervention that occurs in acute stress disorder is
A) people who develop an acute stress disorder shortly after a traumatic event are at increased risk of developing PTSD
B) people who develop an acute stress disorder shortly after a traumatic event are at an increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder
C) people who develop an acute stress disorder are less likely to develop PTSD
D) none of the above
A) people who develop an acute stress disorder shortly after a traumatic event are at increased risk of developing PTSD
96
In PTSD a traumatic event is thought to cause a __________ that is at the center of the characteristic clinical symptoms associated with the disorder
A) pathological memory
B) adaptive response
C) avoidance response
D) physical memory
A) pathological memory
97
in the DSM-5, PTSd are grouped into four main areas and concern, which of the following is not one of those categories
A) assault reactivity
B) avoidance
C) arousal and reactivity
D) negative alterations in cognitions and mood
A) assault reactivity
98
in PTSD, symptoms such as feelings of detachment as well as negative emotional states such as shame or an-ger, or distorted blame of oneself or others is categorised as
A) intrusion
B) avoidance
C) negative alterations in cognitions and mood
D) arousal and reactivity
C) negative alterations in cognitions and mood
99
estimates of the lifetime prevalence of PTSD
A) have not been made
B) indicate that most people who experience a traumatic event develop PTSD
C) demonstrate that it is more commonly seen in women
D) find that it rarely exists as a comorbid condition
C) demonstrate that it is more commonly seen in women
100
which of the following is NOT true relating to rates of PTSD throughout the world
A) rates of PTSD are no different between areas that have natural disasters than those who do not have natural disasters
B) rates of PTSD around the world differ according to the type of trauma experienced
C) tend to be lower where wars and organised crime are less common
D) tend to be lower in areas where people experience fewer natural disasters
A) rates of PTSD are no different between areas that have natural disasters than those who do not have natural disasters
101
traumatic events that result from human intent
A) are less likely to cause PTSD than are traumatic events that are not personal in nature
B) are more likely to cause PTSD than are traumatic events that are not personal in nature
C) cause PTSD at the same rate of traumatic events that are not personal in nature
D) are less difficult to come to terms with than traumatic events such as natural disasters
B) are more likely to cause PTSD than are traumatic events that are not personal in nature
102
which of the following is NOT important with respect to the development of PTSD?
A) experiencing intense or long lasting trauma
B) the probability of experiencing a traumatic event
C) degree of direct exposure
D) Being exposed to previous traumatic experiences
B) the probability of experiencing a traumatic event
103
during World War I, traumatic reactions to combat conditions were called
A) war neurosis
B) shell shock
C) operational fatigue
D) combat fatigue
B) shell shock
104
British pathologist Col. Frederick Mott (1919), coined the term 'shell shock' and traumatic reactions to combat conditions as
A) organic conditions produced by minute brain hemorrhages
B) pathological response to an extreme form of stress
C) psychological response to a normal stressor
D) psychological response to an abnormal stressor
A) organic conditions produced by minute brain hemorrhages
105
During World War II, traumatic reactions to combat were known as
A) operational fatigue and war neuroses
B) combat fatigue or combat exhaustion
C) operational fatigue and combat exhaustion
D) war neuroses and combat exhaustion
A) operational fatigue and war neuroses
106
operational fatigue and war neuroses were termed _______ in the Korean and Vietnam Wars
A) shell shock
B) combat fatigue or combat exhaustion
C) PTSD
D) acute stress disorder
B) combat fatigue or combat exhaustion
107
why were the terms 'combat fatigue' or 'combat exhaustion' not appropriately chosen to represent the turmoil of war experience
A) the too closely resembled PTSD
B) they implied that physical exhaustion played a more important role than was usually the case
C) the terms were only limited to men
D) it reflected organic conditions produced by minute brain hemorrhages
B) they implied that physical exhaustion played a more important role than was usually the case
108
the incidence of combat fatigue following WWII is
A) one in 300
B) one in five
C) estimated to be 100 in 1000
D) not known
D) not known
109
what was the greatest single cause of loss of personal in WWII?
A) PTSD
B) combat exhaustion
C) shell shock
D) acute stress disorder
B) combat exhaustion
110
in terms of the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan, which of the following is NOT true
A) rates of PTSD in UK military personnel following deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan is higher than for rates of PTSD of US military personnel follow-ing deployment to Iraq
B) clinicians are seeing veterans with compulsive checking behaviors
C) rates of PTSD seen in the deployment of members to Iraq are comparable to the rates of PTSD reported for veterans of the Vietnam and Gulf war
D) PTSD tend to be higher in combat personal than for support personnel
A) rates of PTSD in UK military personnel following deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan is higher than for rates of PTSD of US military personnel follow-ing deployment to Iraq
111
which of the following is NOT an individual risk factor for experiencing trauma/ a traumatic event
A) being white compared to being black
B) scoring high on measures of extraversion and neuroticism
C) having less than a college education
D) being male
A) being white compared to being black
112
which of the following is NOT an individual risk factor for developing PTSD
A) being male
B) Low levels of social support
C) having a higher level of neuroticism
D) being female
A) being male
113
why might higher pretrauma cognitive abilities provide protection against PTSD?
A) these individuals can psychologically reduce their levels of cortisol
B) these individuals are able to create some meaning from their traumatic experiences and translate them into a personal narrative of some kind
C) these individuals are more naturally able to incorporate their traumatic experiences into their life narratives in ways that are ultimately adaptive and emotionally protective
D) both B and C
D) both B and C
114
baseline cortisol levels tend to be lower in people with PTSD for those who
A) have experienced physical or sexual abuse
B) are men
C) have higher cognitive abilities
D) have disturbing thoughts or images about traumatic events that could happen in the future
A) who have experienced physical or sexual abuse
115
which of the following is TRUE regarding people with a particular form of a particular gene (the 5HTTLPR, or serotonin transporter gene)
A) is a risk factor for the development of PTSD when exposed to a traumatic event and have low social support
B) at risk for developing depression in the face of four or more life events
C) the s/s form of the serotonin-transporter gene makes a bad situation worse
D) all are true
D) all are true
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research on people with the 5HTTLPR, or serotonin transporter gene has found that certain genes and certain environmental experiences can
A) increase the likelihood that one can incorporate their traumatic experiences into their life narratives in ways that are ultimately adaptive and emotionally protective
B) reduce the size of the hippocampus in those with PTSD
C) prime the attentional system to develop cognitive biases toward negative stimuli
D) predict whether one will have disturbing thoughts or images about traumatic events that could happen in the future
C) primes the attentional system to develop cognitive biases toward negative stimuli
117
what area of the brain is reduced volume in people with PTSD
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) thalamus
B) hippocampus
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