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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

The skin is also known as

A

Cutaneous membrane or integument.

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2
Q

Two primary layer of skin

And the supporting layer

A

Epidermis and dermis

Supporting layer is hypodermics

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3
Q

Where is thin skin And describe it

A

Covers most of body
1-3 mm thick
Smooth and has hair

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4
Q

Where is thick skin and describe it

A

Soles and palms

4-5 mm thick

Ridged no hair

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5
Q

The epidermis is

A

The outermost and thinnest primary layer

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6
Q

Epidermis is composed of these 4 cells

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic cellsm tactile epithelial cells

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7
Q

Role of keratinocytes and % of the epidermis

A

90% of cells

Waterproof the outer skin

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8
Q

Melanocytes percentage of epidermis and function

A

5%

Are pigment producing and filter the UV light

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9
Q

Epidermal dendritic cell function

A

Play a role in immune response

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10
Q

Tactile epithelial cell function

A

Sensory role in light touch

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11
Q

5 epidermis cell layers from superficial to deep

A 
Stratum corneum (horny layer)
Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) 
Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) 
Stratum basale/germinativum (base layer)
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12
Q

What is the stratum corneum layer made of

A

Dead cells filled with keratin

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13
Q

What is the stratum lucidum layer made of

A

Cells filled with keratin precursor

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14
Q

What does the stratum granulosum contain

A

Cells with high level of lysosomal enzymes

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15
Q

What does the stratum spinosum contain

A

Cells rich in RNA

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16
Q

What does the stratum basale/ germinativum contain

A

Cells undergoing mitosis that will travel to skin surface over 35 days

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17
Q

Cell with specialized protective function

A

Keratinocytes

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18
Q

What is the dermoepidermal junction

A

Specialized are between epidermis and dermis

Like a layer of glue holding layers together

Blisters are caused by breakdown of this junction

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19
Q

Describe 4 things about the dermis

A

Deeper and thicker than epidermis

Composed largely of connective tissue—> gives skin its strength

Cells are scattered further apart than epidermis and there are many fibres in between cells

Contains nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and subaceous glands, and rich vascular supply.

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20
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer (superficial) and reticular layer (deep)

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21
Q

4 features of papillary (superficial) layer

A
  • parallel rows of dermal papillae
  • help bind dermis to epidermis
  • basis of fingerprinting
  • improves our grip
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22
Q

2 features of reticular layer (deeper)

A
  • network of collagenous and stretchable fibres

- number of elastic fibers decreases with age which contributes to wrinkles

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23
Q

Describe dermis growth and repair

A

Does not continually shed and regenerate itself as the epidermis does

Fibroblasts begin forming dense mass during heal wounding. If normal tissue doesn’t replace it it turns to scar tissue

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24
Q

What are clevage lines in dermis repair

A

Patterns formed by the collagenous fibers of the reticular layer of the dermis playing a role in incision healing and stretch marks

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25
Q

The hypodermics layer is also known as the

A

Subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

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26
Q

Where is the hypodermics located

A

Under the dermis

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27
Q

What type of tissue is the hypodermics and what type of connection does it form?

A

Loose connective tissue

Forms connection between skin and other structures

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28
Q

Hypodermics is made primarily of____ and this provide what 3 functions

A

Primarily fat

  1. Insulation of heat
  2. Alternative energy
    3 protective cushion
29
Q

Where is skin pigment produced and by what?

A

Produced in stratum basale/germinativum and by cells called melanocytes

30
Q

What is pigment called and what is its primary function

A

Melanin

Absorb harmful UV radiation from sunlight to prevent sunburn

31
Q

What is no melanin called

A

Albinism

32
Q

7 functions of skin

A 
Protection 
Sensation 
Flexibility
Excretion 
Hormone (vitamin d) prod
Immunity 
Temp regulation
33
Q

4 descriptions of protection function of skin

A
  • physical barrier to microorganisms (keratin)
  • barrier to chemical hazards (keratin)
  • prevents dehydration (keratin)
  • protects against excess UV exposure (melanin function)
34
Q

2 descriptions of sensation of skin

A

Skin acts as a sophisticated sense organ

Somatic sensory receptors detect stimuli that permit us to detect pressure, touch, temperature, pain and other general senses

35
Q

Meissners corpuscles detect

A

Light touch

36
Q

Pacinian corpuscles detect

A

Pressur

37
Q

3 descriptions of temp regulation of skin

A
  • heat production from muscles
  • 80% of heat loss through skin, 20% through mucousa
  • Evapouration at high temperature
38
Q

Two types of heat loss by skin

A

Sweat - evapouration

Blood flow to skin - radiation

39
Q

4 accessory organs of the skin

A

Hair nails, skin, receptor

40
Q

Hair growth requires ____

A

An epidermal tube like structure called a hair follicle

41
Q

Hair follicle is developed by

A

Epidermal cells growing down into dermal layer

42
Q

Describe hair papilla

A
  • where hair growth begins

- cup shaped cluster of cells at base of follicle

43
Q

________ lies hidden in the follicle

A

Hair root

44
Q

Visible part of the hair is called

A

The shaft

45
Q

Most hair is ____

A

Invisible

46
Q

What three body regions are hairless

A

Lips, palms and soles

47
Q

Contractions of what cause goosebumps

A

Arrest or pili

48
Q

Nails are produced by….

A

Epidermal cells over ends of fingers and toes

49
Q

Visible part of nail is called

A

Nail body

50
Q

Root of the nail is hidden by the…

A

Cuticle

51
Q

Crescent shaped area nearest the root is called

A

Lunula

52
Q

Krause end bulbs are

A

Skin receptors that fell low frequency vibration and fine touch

53
Q

Free nerve endings feel…

A

Pain

54
Q

Two categories if skin glands

A

Sudoriferous and sebaceous

55
Q

3 types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine and crumious

56
Q

3 fasts of eccrine

A

Most numerous, important and widespread sweat glands

Produce sweat, eliminated through pores

Assist in body heat regulation

57
Q

3 apocrine facts

A

Mostly in armpit and around genitalia

Secretion is thicker/ milky (odor caused by bacterial breakdown)

Include ceremonious glands (make ear wax)

58
Q

3 facts of crumious glands

A

Specialized sweat gland

Located in the ear

Make ear wax by mixing their secretions with sebum to protect skin of ear canal from dehydration

59
Q

5 facts of sebaceous glands (oil)

A

Grow where hair grows

Secrete oil, or sebum, for hair and skin (ducts open into hair follicles)

Level of secretion increase during adolescence

Amount of secretion is regulated by sex hormone

Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to form black head

60
Q

Skin cancer may be ____ or ___ and is _____

A

Genetic or environmental caused and is most common form of cancer

61
Q

3 common types of cancer and what percentage of cancer do they account for

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma\
  2. Basal cell carcinoma
  3. Malignant melanoma

95% of cancers

62
Q

4 characteristics f squamous cell carcinoma

A

Slow growing
Malignant tumour of epidermis
First appear as hard raised nodules
If left untreated, will grow and metastasize

63
Q

5 facts of basal cell carcinoma

A
  1. Most common type of skin cancer
  2. Usually on upper face
  3. Least likely to metastasize
  4. Small raised lesion
  5. Erodes in the centre forming a bleeding crater
64
Q

4 facts of malignant melanoma

A

Most serious form of skin cancer

Can develop from a benign pigment mole

Develops into a dark spreading cancerous lesion

Risk is significantly higher if two blistering sunburns before the age of 2o

65
Q

Waning signs of melanoma

A 
A- asymmetry 
B- border (irregular
C- colour (unevenness) 
D- diameter (more than 6 mm)
E- evolving (any changes)
66
Q

4 Causes of burn are

A

Sunburn, chemicals, electricity and friction

67
Q

Recovery from burn depending on

A

Total area involved and severity or depth of burn

68
Q

Body burn surface Is estimated by

A

Rule of 9

11 areas

1% at genetials

18 % for trunk`
9 % for legs each side x2
4.5% for arms each side x2
4.5 for head each side

Anatomy And Physiology (45 decks)

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