Chapter 27 Part 2 Flashcards by Thomas Moore

2 main types of systems by which human blood can be classified are

ABO system

Rh system

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ABO system

In this system, blood types are identified by ‘self’-antigens in the plasma membranes of RBCs. We are born with these self-antigens.

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Antigen

substance that can activate various responses from the immune system, including the production of antibodies. Almost all substances that stimulate an immune system response are foreign proteins called ‘non-self’ antigens

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Antibody

Substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. It will destroy or neutralize the antigen. Many react with their antigens by making them clump or stick together (agglutination).

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4 blood types

A, B, AB and O

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The letter of blood types stands for

The type of slef antigen in the plasma membrane of the individual RBCs

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There are no atibodies in the blood that are

The same as the self antigen on the RBC

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TYPE AB has which antibody and what antigen

Doesnt have A or B

Antigen a and B

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Type B has what antibody and what antigen

Antibody A

B antigen

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GRoup O ha swhat antibodies in plasma and what antigens in RBC

Anti A and B

No anitgens in RBC

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Additional antigen

Rh antigen

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Rh antigen make blood type

Positive or negative

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Rh positive

Rh antigen is present in plasma membrane of RBC

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RH negative

Rh antigen is not present in plasma membrane of RBC

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Rh system

Follows the same principle of ABO system

Important to consider in blood transfusion

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___% of us population is rh+

82%

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No anti-Rh antibodies are

Naturally present in plasma

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Anti Rh antibodies appear in the plasma of Rh negative people if

Rh-positive RBCs have been introduced into their bodies

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matching appropriate blood types for blood transfusions is crucial in order to avoid

Agglutination

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O- is

Universal donor

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AB is

Universal recipient

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Erythroblastosis fetalis commonly occurs when

Mother is Rh-
Father is Rh+
The baby inherits the fathers Rh+ trait
The mother carries a sceond Rh+ fetus

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During pregnancy while erythroblastosis fetalis

the mixing of mother and baby’s blood doesn’t normally occur, but there are circumstances where this may happen; then, RBCs from the Rh+ unborn baby can cross into the mother’s Rh- blood through the placenta (this sould normally happen during delivery)
The mother’s immune system considers the baby’s Rh+ RBCs as a pathogen of sorts and so will make anti-Rh antibodies against them
These Anti-Rh antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the baby’s blood and destroy the baby’s circulating RBCs

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erythroblastosis fetalis first born infants

First born infants (from first time pregnancies) are often not affected because it takes the mother some time to develop the Anti-Rh antibodies, but all babies she has afterwards who inherit the Rh+ trait from the father are at risk

Can be diagnosed and prevented by administration of a protein called RhoGAM which prevents the mother’s body from forming anti-Rh antibodies

When RBC are destroyed it can lead to

When RBCs are destroyed/broken down it can lead to severe anemia. In addition, a substance called bilirubin is released and causes a baby to ‘turn’ yellow – a condition known as jaundice

WBC generally function in

Defense/immunity

WBC categorized as

Granulocytes or agranulocytes

Granulocytes are

Granules in cytoplasm

Agranulocyts have

No granules in cytoplasm

Types of granular leukocytes

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Types of non-granular or agranular leukocytes

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Neutrophiles

Most numerous type of WBC (65%) Very active phagocytosis against pathogens Attracted to damaged cells at infection site by chemotaxis

Eosinophils

Weak phagocytes, abundant in mucus membranes Protection against certain parasitic infections

Basophils

Scretes heparin | Secretes histamine

What is heparin

A strong anticoagulant

Histamine is released during

Inflammatory

Lymphocytes are ______ and ________WBCs

Smallest and 2nd most numerous

Lymphocytes make _____% of WBC

25%

B Lymphocytes produce

Antibodies

T lymphocytes directly

Attack foreign cells

Differential WBC count test

Gives the proportions of each type of WBC as a percentage of the total WBC count Important information as not all disorders affect each type of WBC in the same way 1 mm3 (a drop) of normal blood usually contains 5000 to 9000 leukocytes, with different percentages for each type WBC disorders than can be detected include: Leukopenia Leukocytosis leuko = white Leukemia

Leukopenis

Low WBC count <5000/mm3

Leukocytosis

Abnormally high WBC count >10000/mm3 More common than leukopenia Usually do to bacterial infection

Leukemia

WBC >100000/mm3 WBCs dont function properly Blood cancer

Monocytes

Largest WBC Mobile and highly phagocytic: Aggressive phagocytes (due to size, can engulf larger pathogens and cancerous cells) Macrophages (‘large eaters’) are specialized monocytes that grow to several times their original size after they migrate out of the blood

RBC and WBC are produced by what two types of tissue

Myeloid (red bone marrow) | Lymphatic tissue

Myloid tissue

Found mainly in adult sternum ribs and hip bones Formas all types of blood cells, most lymphocytes and monocytes develop in lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic tissue

Found in lymph nodes,thymus and spleen Forms lymphocytes and monocytes

Platelets are the same thing as

Thrombocytes

Average adult count of placelets

250000/mm3

Platelets have 3 important properties

Agglutination Adhesiveness Aggregration

Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting, which occurs throug hthe following steps

Injury to a blood vessel rough/damaged lining Clotting factors released at the injury site produce prothrombin activator Platelets become ‘sticky’ and accumulate at injury site  soft, temporary ‘platelet plug’ Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin (a protein normally present in the blood) in to thrombin (a protein important to blood clotting) Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a soluble blood protein), changing it into fibrin (looks like a tangle of threads) Fibrin, traps RBC to form a clot

Vitakin K is responsible for

Coagulation

Process of. Vitamin k use

``` Stimulates liver cells to increase synthesis of prothrombin -> Faster production of thrombin -> Faster clot formation ```

Thrombus

Stationary blood clot - stays where formed

Thrombosis

Condition of having a thrombus

Embolus

Term used for a part of thrombus which dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream; may block a blood vessel

Embolism

Condition of having an embolus

Hemophilia

Characterized by an inability to form blood clots X-linked inherited disorder (X recessive) Affects 1/10,000 males Failure to produce one or more of the plasma proteins involved in blood clotting Can be life-threatening Must be treated