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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 27 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 main types of systems by which human blood can be classified are

A

ABO system

Rh system

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2
Q

ABO system

A

In this system, blood types are identified by ‘self’-antigens in the plasma membranes of RBCs. We are born with these self-antigens.

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3
Q

Antigen

A

substance that can activate various responses from the immune system, including the production of antibodies. Almost all substances that stimulate an immune system response are foreign proteins called ‘non-self’ antigens

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4
Q

Antibody

A

Substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. It will destroy or neutralize the antigen. Many react with their antigens by making them clump or stick together (agglutination).

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5
Q

4 blood types

A

A, B, AB and O

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6
Q

The letter of blood types stands for

A

The type of slef antigen in the plasma membrane of the individual RBCs

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7
Q

There are no atibodies in the blood that are

A

The same as the self antigen on the RBC

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8
Q

TYPE AB has which antibody and what antigen

A

Doesnt have A or B

Antigen a and B

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9
Q

Type B has what antibody and what antigen

A

Antibody A

B antigen

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10
Q

GRoup O ha swhat antibodies in plasma and what antigens in RBC

A

Anti A and B

No anitgens in RBC

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11
Q

Additional antigen

A

Rh antigen

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12
Q

Rh antigen make blood type

A

Positive or negative

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13
Q

Rh positive

A

Rh antigen is present in plasma membrane of RBC

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14
Q

RH negative

A

Rh antigen is not present in plasma membrane of RBC

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15
Q

Rh system

A

Follows the same principle of ABO system

Important to consider in blood transfusion

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16
Q

___% of us population is rh+

A

82%

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17
Q

No anti-Rh antibodies are

A

Naturally present in plasma

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18
Q

Anti Rh antibodies appear in the plasma of Rh negative people if

A

Rh-positive RBCs have been introduced into their bodies

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19
Q

matching appropriate blood types for blood transfusions is crucial in order to avoid

A

Agglutination

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20
Q

O- is

A

Universal donor

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21
Q

AB is

A

Universal recipient

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22
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis commonly occurs when

A

Mother is Rh-
Father is Rh+
The baby inherits the fathers Rh+ trait
The mother carries a sceond Rh+ fetus

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23
Q

During pregnancy while erythroblastosis fetalis

A

the mixing of mother and baby’s blood doesn’t normally occur, but there are circumstances where this may happen; then, RBCs from the Rh+ unborn baby can cross into the mother’s Rh- blood through the placenta (this sould normally happen during delivery)
The mother’s immune system considers the baby’s Rh+ RBCs as a pathogen of sorts and so will make anti-Rh antibodies against them
These Anti-Rh antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the baby’s blood and destroy the baby’s circulating RBCs

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24
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis first born infants

A

First born infants (from first time pregnancies) are often not affected because it takes the mother some time to develop the Anti-Rh antibodies, but all babies she has afterwards who inherit the Rh+ trait from the father are at risk

Can be diagnosed and prevented by administration of a protein called RhoGAM which prevents the mother’s body from forming anti-Rh antibodies

25
Q

When RBC are destroyed it can lead to

A

When RBCs are destroyed/broken down it can lead to severe anemia. In addition, a substance called bilirubin is released and causes a baby to ‘turn’ yellow – a condition known as jaundice

26
Q

WBC generally function in

A

Defense/immunity

27
Q

WBC categorized as

A

Granulocytes or agranulocytes

28
Q

Granulocytes are

A

Granules in cytoplasm

29
Q

Agranulocyts have

A

No granules in cytoplasm

30
Q

Types of granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

31
Q

Types of non-granular or agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

32
Q

Neutrophiles

A

Most numerous type of WBC (65%)
Very active phagocytosis against pathogens
Attracted to damaged cells at infection site by chemotaxis

33
Q

Eosinophils

A

Weak phagocytes, abundant in mucus membranes

Protection against certain parasitic infections

34
Q

Basophils

A

Scretes heparin

Secretes histamine

35
Q

What is heparin

A

A strong anticoagulant

36
Q

Histamine is released during

A

Inflammatory

37
Q

Lymphocytes are ______ and ________WBCs

A

Smallest and 2nd most numerous

38
Q

Lymphocytes make _____% of WBC

A

25%

39
Q

B Lymphocytes produce

A

Antibodies

40
Q

T lymphocytes directly

A

Attack foreign cells

41
Q

Differential WBC count test

A

Gives the proportions of each type of WBC as a percentage of the total WBC count
Important information as not all disorders affect each type of WBC in the same way
1 mm3 (a drop) of normal blood usually contains 5000 to 9000 leukocytes, with different percentages for each type
WBC disorders than can be detected include:
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis leuko = white
Leukemia

42
Q

Leukopenis

A

Low WBC count <5000/mm3

43
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Abnormally high WBC count >10000/mm3

More common than leukopenia
Usually do to bacterial infection

44
Q

Leukemia

A

WBC >100000/mm3

WBCs dont function properly

Blood cancer

45
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest WBC
Mobile and highly phagocytic:
Aggressive phagocytes (due to size, can engulf larger pathogens and cancerous cells)
Macrophages (‘large eaters’) are specialized monocytes that grow to several times their original size after they migrate out of the blood

46
Q

RBC and WBC are produced by what two types of tissue

A

Myeloid (red bone marrow)

Lymphatic tissue

47
Q

Myloid tissue

A

Found mainly in adult sternum ribs and hip bones

Formas all types of blood cells, most lymphocytes and monocytes develop in lymphatic tissue

48
Q

Lymphatic tissue

A

Found in lymph nodes,thymus and spleen

Forms lymphocytes and monocytes

49
Q

Platelets are the same thing as

A

Thrombocytes

50
Q

Average adult count of placelets

A

250000/mm3

51
Q

Platelets have 3 important properties

A

Agglutination
Adhesiveness
Aggregration

52
Q

Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting, which occurs throug hthe following steps

A

Injury to a blood vessel rough/damaged lining
Clotting factors released at the injury site produce prothrombin activator
Platelets become ‘sticky’ and accumulate at injury site  soft, temporary ‘platelet plug’
Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin (a protein normally present in the blood) in to thrombin (a protein important to blood clotting)
Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a soluble blood protein), changing it into fibrin (looks like a tangle of threads)
Fibrin, traps RBC to form a clot

53
Q

Vitakin K is responsible for

A

Coagulation

54
Q

Process of. Vitamin k use

A 
Stimulates liver cells to increase synthesis of prothrombin 
->
Faster production of thrombin 
->
Faster clot formation
55
Q

Thrombus

A

Stationary blood clot - stays where formed

56
Q

Thrombosis

A

Condition of having a thrombus

57
Q

Embolus

A

Term used for a part of thrombus which dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream; may block a blood vessel

58
Q

Embolism

A

Condition of having an embolus

59
Q

Hemophilia

A

Characterized by an inability to form blood clots
X-linked inherited disorder (X recessive)
Affects 1/10,000 males
Failure to produce one or more of the plasma proteins involved in blood clotting
Can be life-threatening
Must be treated

Anatomy And Physiology (45 decks)

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