Chapter 35 Part 1

Question 1

respitory organs

Answer 1

Respiratory Organs
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli

Question 2

Respiratory system functions

Answer 2

Air distributor
Gas exchanger
Homeostatic mechanism (e.g. pH)
Filters, warms, and humidifies air for breathing
Speech and sound production
Olfaction

Question 3

Upper respitory tract

Answer 3

Nose
Pharynx (all parts)
Larynx
‘head cold’

Question 4

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 4

Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
Chest cold

Question 5

External structure of nose

Answer 5

Bone and ‘cartilage’ frame covered by skin with sebaceous glands
Nasal bones (2) meet and are surrounded by the frontal bone to form the ‘root’ of nose
Nose is surrounded by maxilla

Question 6

Internal structure of nose (nasal cavity)

Answer 6

Lies over roof of mouth (separated by palantine bones*)
Cribiform plate – separates roof of nose from cranial cavity
Septum – separates nasal cavity into right and left sides

• Cleft palate = palantine bones don’t ‘close’/join  nose and mouth are only partially separated  difficulty swallowing

Question 7

Nose structure

Answer 7

Each nasal cavity is divided into a superior, middle, and inferior meatus
Nostrils (external nares) = external openings into nasal cavities/entrance for air
Paranasal sinuses  (frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal) and lacrimal sacs drain into nose
Conchae (superior, middle, inferior) are ‘fold-like’ structures that increase surface area in nasal cavity

Question 8

Respiratory mucosa

Answer 8

Specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes of the respiratory system
Has a rich blood supply
Covered with mucus—“mucus blanket”
More than 125 ml of mucus produced each day
Air purification/filtration – traps inspired irritants

Question 9

Cilia

Answer 9

On mucosal cells
‘beat’ in one direction to ‘propel’ mucus and trapped irritants toward the pharynx for expulsion
Note: cigarette smoke ‘paralyses’ cilia

Question 10

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

4 pairs
Open or drain into nasal cavity
Lined with respiratory mucosa

Question 11

Function of nose

Answer 11

Passageway for air to and from lungs
Filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air as it flows over the conchae
Contains sense organs of smell (olfactory receptors) in the nasal mucosa
Aids speech

Question 12

Pharynx (throat) structure

Answer 12

12.5 cm long tube: base of skull esophagus
Made of muscle
Three segments
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx (called adenoids when they become enlarged)
Palantine tonsils (‘tonsils’) and lingual tonsils in oropharynx

Question 13

Eustachian/auditory tubes

Answer 13

Open into/connect middle ears with nasopharynx, allowing equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear
Lining of tubes is continuous with that of the nasopharynx and middle ear, so a sinus infection can develop from a cold where the nasal mucosa is inflamed and an ear infection can develop from inflammation of the nasal pharynx

Question 14

Pharynx (throat function)

Answer 14

The pharynx has both digestive & respiratory system functions:
Passageway for food & liquids to the esophagus
Passageway for air to the respiratory tree

Question 15

Larynx structure

Answer 15

Just below pharynx
Framework = several pieces of cartilage
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is largest
Epiglottis partially covers opening into larynx – closes off the larynx when we swallow to prevent food from entering trachea
Ciliated mucous lining

Vocal cords consist of 2 fibrous bands that stretch across the interior of the larynx.

Question 16

Larynx function

Answer 16

Air distribution; passageway for air to move to and from lungs

Voice production via muscles attached to the larynx cartilage that pull on the vocal cords
when cords are tense  high-pitched sound
when cords are relaxed  low-pitched sound)