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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 32 And 33 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 And 33 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system function

A

The Immune System and the Lymphatic System work hand-in-hand. Specifically, the Immune System:
protects the body from pathogens
is made up of the Lymphatic System, specialized cells, and ‘free-floating’ molecules

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2
Q

Immune system defence

A

The immune system continuously monitors the body for ‘invaders’ and is ready to spring into action when necessary

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3
Q

Antigens

A

Antigens are unique identifying molecules recognized by the immune system. There are two main types:

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4
Q

Self antigens

A

on the surface of cells that are unique to an individual (e.g. antigens on an individual’s red blood cells)

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5
Q

Nonself antigens

A

On the surface of foreign cells (eg. Pathogens, organ transplants)

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6
Q

Self antigens have

A

Self-tolerance: The immune system attacks abnormal or foreign cells but leaves the body’s own cells alone

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7
Q

Non self antigens have ______ which is -________

A

Immunocompetence: the ability of the immune system to activate an effective response to a nonself antigen

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8
Q

Innate (non-specific) immunity

A

always present and ‘in place’
general defense against ‘nonself’ antigens
quick, initial response

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9
Q

Adaptive (specific) immunity

A

develops through exposure to ‘nonself’ antigens
response is specific, that is, unique to particular antigens
slower, developed response (especially if it is the body’s first exposure to the antigen)

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10
Q

Innate immunity and adpative immunity are

A

complementary strategies that work together to defend the body against ‘invaders’ of all types.

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11
Q

Examples of innate cells

A 
Epithelial barrier cells (skin, mucosa)
Phagocytic cells
Neutrophils (most numerous  pus)
Monocytes
become large phagocytes = macrophages
Macrophages
Kupffer’s cells (liver)
Dust cells (lung)
Natural Killer (NK cells)  apoptosis (see Figure in Textbook)
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12
Q

Example of adaptive cells

A

Lymphocytes
B-cells
T-cells

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13
Q

Substances that contribute to immune response

A

Cytokines
Complement
Antibodies
Interferon

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14
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate immune responses
Examples include: interleukins (ILs), leukotrines, interferons (IFNs

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15
Q

Complement

A

A group of about 20 inactive enzymes (plasma proteins)
Produce a domino effect of reactions  formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)
End results is lysis of ‘foreign’ cell

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16
Q

Antibodies

A

a plasma protein made by B-lymphocytes (B cells) to destroy or inactive antigens

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17
Q

Interferon

A

a protein made by certain cells when they are invaded by a virus
interferes with virus replication

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18
Q

First line of defense

A

Innate

Skin/secretions
Mucosa
Tears, saliva, HCL

19
Q

Second line of defence

A

Innate

Inflammation (heat, redness, swelling)

Phagocytosis

20
Q

Third line of defence

A

Adaptive
Phagocytes
Specific immune response
Natural killer cells

21
Q

Inflamatory response

A

A generalized response to pathogens that are causing tissue damage (signs = heat, redness, pain, swelling; fever)
Triggers release of immune factors from immune system cells
attracts WBCs
causes increased blood flow (site becomes warm and reddened) and increased vascular permeability (site swells with associated discomfort)
These changes help phagocytic WBCs reach the site and enter the affected tissue (See Figure in Textbook

22
Q

Adaptive/specific immunity

A

Protection against invaders due to the ability of the body to recognize, respond to, and remember specific harmful substances or bacteria – aka nonself antigens.

Third line of defense
Antigen-specific ‘customized’ response
Response is systemic (not restricted to initial area of ‘invasion’)
Has memory - if the body is ever exposed to the same antigen, the immune response will be even stronger than it was to previous exposures
Involves B-lymphocytes (B cells) & T-lymphocytes (T cells

23
Q

B and T cells

A

Both originate from immature hematopoietic cells in the red bone marrow
Once formed, both circulate to lymph nodes and spleen
T cells make a ‘pit-stop’ in the thymus as part of their development
Both become activated by exposure to antigens/chemical signals; however, they have very different immune mechanisms once activated!

24
Q

B cell development

A

Activated B cells undergo repeated and rapid mitosis to form two different ‘cloned’ populations of cells:

Plasma cells - secrete antibodies into blood to form an ‘army’ of protection against an antigen (up to 2,000 antibody molecules per second!)
Memory cells - are stored in lymph nodes as an ‘emergency supply’ and then if subsequent exposure to the same antigen occurs, memory cells quickly become plasma cells and secrete antibodies

25
Q

B cells

A

B cells

Do not directly attack antigens

Launch attack by making antibodies that either:
attack antigens; or
direct other cells to attack antigens

Referred to as:
Antibody-mediated immunity; or
Humoral immunity

26
Q

Antibodies

A

Are types of immunoglobulins (Igs)
G, A, M, E, D (see Figure in Textbook)
IgG – most abundant circulating Ig (makes up 75% of all antibodies in the blood)
IgM –immature B-cells make it and insert it into their plasma membrane; most predominant one made after initial antigen contact
Protein compounds with specific combining sites
Combining sites attach antibodies to specific antigens, forming an antigen–antibody complex
Inactivation of antigens in this way is called humoral or antibody-mediated

27
Q

Antibodies aka

A

Immunoglobins or lgs

28
Q

Antigen

A 
Antigen–antibody complexes have various modes of action. They may:
Neutralize toxins
Clump or agglutinate enemy cells
Promote phagocytosis
Complement fixation
29
Q

Complement fixation

A

A group of about 20 inactive enzymes (plasma proteins)
Complement fixation
Important mechanism of action for antibodies
Causes cell lysis by permitting entry of sodium and then water through ‘holes’ (MACs = membrane attack complexes) created in the plasma membrane by complement molecules  cell bursts due to an increase in internal osmotic pressure (cytolysis

30
Q

T cells

A

Like B cells, T cells must be activated by an antigen; however note that T cells:

Don’t make antibodies
React to cells that are already infected or have engulfed antigen
Can only react to protein fragments on the surface of APCs or infected cells (recall antibodies made by B plasma cells can react to soluble antigens in blood plasma)
Carry out cell-to-cell ‘direct contact’ combat by:
Killing APCs or infected cells by ‘poisoning’ them
Releasing chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to destroy APCs and infected cells by phagocytosis
Referred to as:
cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity

31
Q

T cell development

A

Similar to a B cell, once a T cell is activated by/sensitized to an antigen, it forms two types of cloned populations of the original T-cell:

Effector T cells
Memory T cells

32
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remain in red bone marrow until needed

Produce more active T cells if necessary

33
Q

Effector T cells

A

Use ‘contact’ to kill APCs/infected cells
Release cytokines to orchestrate killing of APCs/infected cells, e.g.
Interleukins (ILs) are a class of cytokines involved in a wide variety of immune functions in different cell types
Lymphotoxins are powerful poisons that act more directly, quickly killing any cell it attacks

34
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

aka ‘killer T cells’
Release lymphotoxins
Cause contact killing of a target cell (APC or infected cell)

35
Q

Helper T cells and suppressor T cells

A

Help to regulate adaptive immunity by regulating B and T cells

36
Q

Helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines that stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells as well as phagocytes and other leukocytes
Activated TH form cloned populations of TH cells & memory TH cells

37
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

aka or Regulator cells (T-regs)
Suppress B cell differentiation into plasma cells (allows fine tuning of antibody-mediated response)
Regulate other T cells, including reducing T-cell reactions to self-antigens ( self-tolerance  autoimmune diseases, organ transplants)

38
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity conferred by the action of antibodies

Activated B cells  plasma cells and memory cells

39
Q

Cell- mediated immunity

A

Immunity conferred by the action of cells
Activated/Sensitized T cells kill APCs and infected cells directly by:
releasing toxins that kill APCs/infected cells
Releasing cytokines to attract and activate macrophages to kill APCs/infected cells by phagocytosis

40
Q

Natural immuity

A

Exposure to pathogen is not deliberate

41
Q

Artificial/ acquired immunity

A

Exposure to pathogen is deliberate

42
Q

There are both _____ and _____ forms of natrual and artificial immunity

A

Active and passive

43
Q

Natural immunity

A

Inherited immunity to certain diseases from birth

Exposure to pathogen is not deliberate

Can be active or passive
Active – active disease promotes immunity (production of antibodies)
Passive – mother passes immunity (antibodies) to fetus through placenta or breast milk

44
Q

Artificial/ acquired immunity

A

Exposure to pathogen is deliberate (immunization)
Can be active or passive
Active – vaccination ‘stimulates’ antibody production leading to immunity (typically longer lasting)
Passive – immune ‘material’ (antibodies) developed in another individual is given to a non-immune person via an injection (typically shorter lasting)

Anatomy And Physiology (45 decks)

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