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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the term “Regulation of life processes”

A

Every cell performs a function that contributes to our life and survival

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2
Q

What is the component of survival of species

A

Reproduction of individual cells

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3
Q

What is different about heart muscles?

A

They contain many mitochondria to supply the great amount of energy that the heart requires

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4
Q

What is special about sperm cells

A

They have flagellum for motility

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5
Q

What controls the movement or transportation of substances in and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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6
Q

Examples of molecules that would pass in and out of the cell

A

Water, oxygen, nutrients gasses and waste

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7
Q

What are the two methods of transportation

A

Passive and active transportation

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8
Q

What 2 characteristics define passive transport

A

It does not require any energy expenditure and run by movement down a concentration gradient

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9
Q

Name the 5 types of passive transport

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Dialysis
  4. Facilitated diffusion
  5. Filtration
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10
Q

Define how molecules spread out with diffusion

A

Spread out evenly throughout available space

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11
Q

DIffusion has movement of area of ______ concentration to _______ concentration

A

High, Low

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12
Q

What is a solute?

A

A dissolved substance

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13
Q

Where does simple diffusion occur?

A

Through a permeable phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

What does permeant molecule mean

A

Can diffusion through membrane

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15
Q

What does impermeant molecule mean?

A

Can’t diffuse through a membrane

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16
Q

Osmosis is a special type of ________

A

DIffusion

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17
Q

What defines osmosis

A

When water can diffuse through a membrane while other solutes can not

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18
Q

What allows water to be permeable?

A

Aquaporins

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19
Q

What happens when water is added in a closed space?

A

Increase in pressure

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20
Q

Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis is called________

A

Osmotic pressure

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21
Q

Where does osmotic pressure develop?

A

In the solution that originally had the highest concentration of impermeant solutes

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22
Q

What is hypotonic

A

Higher concentration of water outside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell

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23
Q

What occurs when too much water moves into a cell

A

cytolysis also known as hemolysis for blood cell

24
Q

What is isotonic

A

Same concentration of water inside the cell as outside

25
Q

What is hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of water inside the cell resulting in water moving out

26
Q

What happens when too much water diffuses out of a cell

A

Crenation (abnormal notching of cell due to contraction/shrinking)

27
Q

What is dialysis

A

Special kind of diffusion where smaller molecules are separated from larger ones across a permeable membrane

28
Q

Where is dialysis used?

A

Used in hemodialysis to clean blood of patients with kidney failure

29
Q

What’s the difference between osmosis and dialysis

A

Diffusion of water vs solutes

30
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

A special kind of diffusion in which movement of molecules is made more efficient by helps embedded within the cell membrane

31
Q

How does facilitated diffusion transport substances ?

A

Down concentration gradient

32
Q

What are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion

A

Channel mediated and carrier mediated

33
Q

3 characteristics of channel mediated passive transport channels

A
  1. They are specific (only let certain solutes through)
  2. Allow membrane to be selectively permeable
  3. Channels can be closest and are activated by a variety of stimuli
34
Q

Describe carrier mediated passive transport

A

Carriers attract the solute and bind to them. The carrier than changes its shape within the membrane and release the solute on the other side

35
Q

Membrane carriers are usually _________ depending on _________

A

Reversible

The direction of the concentration gradient

36
Q

What is the process of filtration

A

The forcing of water and permeable solutes through a membrane from high pressure to low pressure

37
Q

What is the force pushing on the membrane in filtration called?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

What is an example of filtration in the body

A

Formation of urine by the kidneys

39
Q

Active transport occurs only in ______ through ________

A

Living cells

Living membranes

40
Q

Movement of the substances in active transport is

A

Low to high, against concentration gradient

41
Q

Active transport requires what?

A

ATP

42
Q

Types of active transport include

A

Membranes pumps and transport by vesicles

43
Q

Two types of transport by vesicles are

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

44
Q

What is a membrane pump?

A

A protein complex in the cell membrane called a carrier

45
Q

How do membrane pumps work

A

They use ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradient

46
Q

Many membrane pumps are specific to _____

A

Ions

47
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Plasma membrane traps extra cellular material and brings it into the cell

48
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis

A

Pianocytosis and phagocytosis

49
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

“Cellular eating”

Large particles are engulfed by plasma membrane and enter the cell in vesicles

50
Q

Vesicles from phagocytosis fuse with _____ which _____

A

lysosomes

Digest the particles

51
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

“Cellular drinking”. Fluids enter the cell

52
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

membrane receptor molecules recognize substances to be brought into the cell

53
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Intracellular material (usually proteins) are enclose in membraneous vesicles and released outside the cell

54
Q

Which organelle is most associated with exocytosis

A

Golgi aparaus

55
Q

What happens in exocytosis as the vesicles reaches the membrane?

A

The membranes fuse and the contents is released outside cell

56
Q

What 2 other uses are there for endocytosis

A

Glandular secretions and building/repairing the plasma membrane

Anatomy And Physiology (45 decks)

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