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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

2/3 of heart lies to ____, 1/3 lies to ______

A

Left of body midline

Right

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2
Q

Apex of heart lies on ___

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

Base of heart lies just below

A

2nd rib

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4
Q

Heart lies between

A

Body of sternum and the thoracic vertebrae, positioning makes cpr possible

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5
Q

Heart is _____ shape and shape can very wiht shape of ____

___- sized

A

Triangular

Shape of chest

Fist sized

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6
Q

Sac covering heart

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

2 parts of pericardium

A

Fibrous portion, serous portion

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8
Q

Fibrous portion is

A

Tough, loose-fitting inextensible sac

Attaches to the large blood vessels that leave the top of the heart

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9
Q

Serous portion has what two parts

A

Parietal (inside) and visceral (aka epicardium) (outside)

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10
Q

Pericardial fluid does what

A

Lubricates and decreases friction

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11
Q

Epicaridum

A

Visceral layer of the serous portion of the pericardium

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12
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue that makes ip the bulk of the heart wall/wall of each heart chamber

Recall intercalated discs -> functional units called syncitum

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13
Q

Endocaridum

A

Thin layer of very smooth tissue (endothelial tissue) that lines the inside of each heart chamber as well as the blood vessels

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14
Q

Atrium chambers divided by

A

Interatrial septum

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15
Q

Atrium can be considered

A

Right and left receiving chambers

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16
Q

Atrium have _____ and _____ walls compared to ventricles

A

Smaller and thinner

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17
Q

Ventricles seperates by

A

Interventricular septum

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18
Q

Ventricles are the _____ or ____ chambers

A

Discharging or pumping

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19
Q

Blood leaves the heart through the ventricles via the

A

Arteries

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20
Q

Left ventricle myocardium is ______ than the left

A

Thicker

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21
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of heart

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22
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the herat

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23
Q

Direction of blood is controlled by

A

Valves

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24
Q

4 valves of the heart

A 
2 atrioventricular (AV)
2 semilunar valves (SL)
25
Q

The 2 type of AV valves

A

Tricuspid (right side)

Bicuspid or mital valve (left side)

26
Q

Cordae teninae

A

Attach AV valves to wall of the heart

27
Q

Two types of semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary SL valve

Aortic sl valve

28
Q

Pulmonary SL valve

A

At enterance of the pulmonary artery/trunk

Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

29
Q

Aortic SL vlave

A

At entrance of the aorta

Between left ventricle and aorta

30
Q

Two seperate pumps of the heart

A

With each heart beat, the LA and RA contract simultaneously to fill the LV and RV with blood = atrial systole

Next, the LV and RV contract simultaneously = ventricular systole

31
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A 
Venous blood  
RA (through sup. & inf. vena cavae)  
tricuspid AV valve into RV  
through pulmonary SL valve  
pulmonary artery (branches into right and left)  
lungs  
Pulmonary veins 
LA  
bicuspid/mitral AV valve  
LV  
aortic SL valve  
aorta  
arterial blood distributed throughout body
32
Q

Oxygen and nutrients flow to the heart throug hthe

A

Coronary arteries

33
Q

Most abundant blood supply goes to the

A

Myocardium of left ventricle

34
Q

Coronary veins return blood to

A

The right atrium

35
Q

Blockage of blood flow through the coronary arteries is called

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Or

Heart attack

36
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen to the heart

37
Q

Coronary bypass surgery

A

Veins from other parts of the body are used to bypass blockages in coronary arteries

38
Q

Myocardium is autoryhmic meaning

A

It can produce its own action potentials

39
Q

Specialized network of fibres that can rapidly conduct impulses

A

Conduction system of heart

40
Q

Changes in rhythm of myocardial contraction is controlled via

A

Motor neuron pathways of both efferent divisions of the ANS

41
Q

4 specialized structures of the heart other intercalated disks

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
AV bundle (bundle of His)
Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)

42
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

the pacemaker
Initiates impulse/heartbeat and sets its pace
located in the wall of the RA near the opening of the superior vena cava

43
Q

Atrioventricular AV node located in

A

Located in the RA along the lower part of the interatrial septum

44
Q

AV bundle (bundle of his) located where

A

Located in the septum of the ventricle

45
Q

Purkinje fibers located in

A

Located in the walls of the ventricles

46
Q

Electrical impulses of the heart’s conduction system can be recorded as

A

Electrocardiogram

47
Q

P wave represents

A

Depolarization of the atria (triggers contraction)

48
Q

QRS complex represents

A

Depolarization of the ventricles

49
Q

T wave represents

A

Repolarization of the ventricles (just before relaxation phase)

50
Q

No visible recoring of

A

Repolarization of the atria (overshadowed by large QRS complex)

51
Q

Damage to heart muscle/ cvd will change

A

Ecg

52
Q

Each complete heartbeat is called

A

Cardiac cycle

53
Q

Each cycle (beat is aprox _____ sec long

A

0.8

54
Q

Average heart beat _____ beats/ minute

A

72

55
Q

Lub=

Dub=

A

Systole

Diastole

56
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood that one ventricle ejects with each beat

57
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood that flows out of ventricle per unit of time

58
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial Systole
Atria contract  pressure gradient blood flows in to relaxed ventricles
Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
Intraventricular pressure begins to increase  AV-valves close first heart sound
Ejection
SL-valves open  blood leaves heart
Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
Ventricles begin to relax  SL-valves close, AV-valves open  second heard sound
Passive Ventricular Filling
Intraventricular pressure drops; intraatrial pressure rises AV-valves open  blood enters ventricles

59
Q

Two distinct heart sounds in every heartbeat or cycle: “lub-dup” that provide clinical significance re: the heart valves

A

First (lub) and longer sound (systolic): caused primarily by the contraction of the ventricles and the vibrations of the closing AV valves

Second (dup) and shorter sound (diastolic): caused by the vibrations of the closing semilunar valves during relaxation of the ventricles

Anatomy And Physiology (45 decks)

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