Chapter 24 Flashcards by Thomas Moore

Chemorecpetors are called

Olfactory receptors

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Olfactory receptors are located in

Small are of epithelial tissure in upper part of nasal cavity

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What are located on olfactory neurons that are able to sense differnt chemicals

Specialized Cilia

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Sense of smell is

Olfaction

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__________ generates a nerve impulse that travels through the olfactory nerves

The chemical message

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The nerve impulse enters the ______ fir relay to the olfactory centres in the cortex for interpretation

Thalamus

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Olfactory sensors are extremely _____ and easily ______

Sensitive and

Fatigued

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Taste receptors are ________ called ______

Chemoreceptors called gustatory cells

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Taste receptors are located in

Taste buds

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Gustatory cells are stimulated by

Chemicals dissolved in salivca

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All taste buds have similar _____

Structure

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Each taste bud responds to _________ taste sensations

One of five primary taste sensations

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______ and _______ differ for each of the primary taste sensations

Adaptation and sensitivity

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________ interferes w stimulation of olfactory recpetors

Nasal congestion

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_____ and ______ senses work together

Gustatory and olfactory

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facial and glossopharyngeal nerves carry impulses to ___ , ____ and ____

Medulla, thalamus and gustatory area of the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe of the brain

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The ear is responsible for

Hearing, equilibrium and balance

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Receptors of the ear are

Mechanoreceptors

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Three divisions of the ear

External, middle, inner

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Divisions of the external ear

Auricle or pinna (visible portion)

External acoustic meatus (external auditory canal)

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The external acoustic meatus ends at the _______ and contains +___________

Tympanic membrane

Contains ceruminous glands

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The middle ear is

Tiny, epithelium lined cavity hollowed out of the temporal bone

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Middle ear contains what three auditory ossicles

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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Malleus is attached to

Inner surface of the tympanic membrane

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Incus is attached to

The malleus and stapes

Stapes is attached to

Incus

Stapes fits into the ____

Oval window

The oval window is an _____

Opening into the inner ear

The auditory (eustachian) tube connects _______ to _______

Middle ear to the throat

Otitis media

Middle ear infection

What is the round window

Opening into the inner ear (covered by membrane)

THE INNER ear contains a ________ which surrounds a _______

Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrunth

The bony labyrinth consists of what three structures

The vestibule and semicircular canals (balance) Cochlea (involved with hearing)

The membranous labyrinth is ________ the bony labyrinth

Inside

The membranous labyrinth has what two membraneous sacs

Utricle and saccule

Two fluids of inner ear

Perilymph Endolymph

Perilymph

Similar to CSF Found within the bony labyrinth Fills the space between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth

Endolymph

Inside membranous labyrinth Clear potassium rich

Cochlear duct

Triangular shaped filled with endolymph Lies within the cochlea Divides the cochlea into the upper and lower section that are filled with perilymph Contains the organ of corti

The hairs on organs of corti respond when

Bent by movement of surrounding endolymph set in motion by sound waves

Sense of hearing created by

Vibrations

Ability to hear sound depends on

Volume, putch and other acoustic properties

Sound wave must be of sufficient amplitude to move _______ And must have frequency capable of stimulating hair cells in _____

Tympanic membrane Organ of corti

Pathway of sound waves is

External auditory canal  tympanic membrane  Tympanic vibrations move the malleus, which in turn moves the incus and then the stapes stapes moves against the oval window initiates the fluid conduction of sound waves in perilymphtransmitted through structures containing endolymph all the way to the organ of Corti cochlear nervebrainstem thalamus  auditory area of the temporal lobe

the ________ is the only part of the inner ear involved with hearing

Cochlea

The _______ and ________ make up the vestibule and play an important role in equilibrium and balance and are called _________

Utricle and saccule Otolith organs

The utricle and saccule are oriented ______ to each other and each contain a _______

Right angles Macula

Maculae contain

Receptor hair cells covered by a gelatinous membrane that contain particle of calcium carbonate called otoliths

Movement of head causes

Otoliths to move, stimulating the vestibular nerve

The __________ is also involved with balance

Crista ampullaris

Cirsta ampullaris is located in the

Semicircular canals

Eahc crista is covered with hair cells called ____

Cupula

Movement of cupula stimulates

The vestibular nerve

What organ deals with static eq

Vestibule

Static eq relates to

Head position Maintaining stability and possture when body isnt moving

Dynamic eq organ

Semicircular canals (crista ampullaris)

Dynamic eq interprets

Balance when moving

3 layers of eyeball

Sclera Choroid Retina

Sclera

Tough outer coat White of eye Cornea is transparent part of sclera over iris

Choroid

Pigmented vascular layer prevents scattering of light Front part made of ciliart muscle and iris

Iris

Coloured part of the eye

Pupil

Hole in the center of the iris contraction

Retina

Innermost layer of the eye | Contains rods and cones

Rods

Receptors for night vision

Cones

Receptors for day and colour

Conjunctiva

Mucous membrane covering the front surface of the sclera and lining the eyelid

Conjunctiva kept most by tear found in

Lacrimal gland

Lens is what, and focus light rays on what

Transparent body behind the pupil, focuses light rays on the retina

2 eye fluids

Aqueous humor Vitreous humor

Aqueous humor is where

In anterior chamber in front of the lens

Vitreous humor is where

Posterior chamber behind the lens

Visual pathway

Innermost later of retina, contains rods and cones Impulse travels from the rods and cones through the bipolar and ganglionic layers of retina Nerve impulses leaves the eye throught the optic nerve

Optic nerves is free of recpetors causing

Blind spot

Visual interpretation occurs in the

Visual cortex of the cerebrum

_____ and ________ are critical in vision

Size of pupil, shape of eye and lens