Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
all living cells of the body require _______
A
oxygen
2
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
functions of resp system
A
provide oxygen for cells
remove carbon dioxide from blood
regulate pH of body fluids
3
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
act of respiration involves
A
- ventilation
- gas exchange
- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- gas exchange between blood and tissues
4
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
structures of the resp system
A
nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
5
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
upper resp tract is
A
nasal cavity
pharynx
6
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
lower resp tract is
A
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
7
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the nasal cavity is located inside the _______ and joins the _______
A
external nose
pharynx
8
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ divides the nasal cavity into right/left halves
A
nasal septum
9
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the anterior part of the septum is
A
cartiliage
10
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
posterior aspect of septum is made up of _______ and the _______ of the _______ bone
A
vomer
perpendicular plate
ethmoid
11
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
nares
A
nostril openings
12
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the nares are lined with
A
stratified epithelium
13
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
floor of the nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
A
hard palate
14
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
functions of the nasal cavity
A
passageway for air when mouth is closed
cleans air
humidifies and warms the air
15
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what cleans air in nasal cavity
A
mucous traps the debris
16
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what secretes nasal mucous
A
goblet cells
17
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where are nasal goblet cells located
A
pseudostratififed ciliated columnar epithelium of the conchae
18
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what contains the olfactory epithelium
A
nasal cavity
19
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where are paranasal sinuses located
A
nasal cavity
20
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
function of paranasal sinuses
A
resonate sound
21
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is a common opening in upper resp track
A
pharynx
22
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what shares the opening of the pharynx
A
gi tract
respiratory system
23
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many regions of pharynx
A
3
24
Q
Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are regions of pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
25
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the superior part of the pharynx and extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula
nasopharynx
26
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what prevents food from entering the nasopharynx upon swallowing
soft palate
| uvula
27
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ extends from the uvula to the epiglottis
oropharynx
28
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is posterior to the layrnx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus
laryngopharynx
29
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
larynx has a casing of _______ that are connected
9 cartilage rings
30
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
larynx's cartilage rings are connected to each other by
muscles and ligaments
31
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many pairs in the larynx cartilage rings
6 are paired
| 3 unpaired
32
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
largest larynx ring is _______ and is unpaired
thyroid cartilage
33
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
other name for thyroid cartilage
adam's apple
34
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
most inferior of larynx cartilage rings is the
cricoid cartilage (unpaired)
35
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
3rd unpaired larynx ring is the
epiglottis
36
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what is epiglottis attached to
thyroid cartilage
37
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function of epiglottis
when you swallow it covers the opening of the larynx and prevents food from entering it
38
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
vocal chords are
pair of ligaments
39
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where do vocal chord extend off from
arytenoid cartilage to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
40
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
opening between vocal chords
glottis
41
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
function of larynx
open air way
prevent food from entering larynx
produce sound for speech
42
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the _______ and _______ cartilages maintain open air way in the larynx
thyroid
| cricoid
43
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the _______ prevents food from entering the larynx
epiglottis
44
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the _______ produce sound for speech
vocal cords
45
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the trachea is often referred to as the
wind pipe
46
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
trachea is reinforced with _______ of cartilage
15-20 C shaped rings
47
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
posterior part of the trachea contains
no cartilage
48
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is posterior part of the trachea made up of
trachealis muscle
49
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
blocked airway requires an emergency _______ performed
cricothyrotomy
50
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where is incision made in cricothyrotomy
incision made between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
51
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
diameter of trachea
12 mm
52
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length of trachea
10-12 cm
53
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
trachea descends to level of
T-5
54
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
trachea divides to form _______
two primary bronchi
55
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where does trachea divide to from primary bronchi
carina
56
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what shape is the bronchial
tree
57
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what does the bronchial tree encompass
trachea to small tubes deep in lung tissue
58
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many zones in bronchial tree
2
59
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are zones in bronchial tree
conducting
| respiratory
60
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the right and left primary bronchi travel to
lungs
61
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the right primary bronchus is _______ than the left
shorter
wider in diameter
directed more vertical
62
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
primary bronchi divides into _______ bronchi
secondary or lobar
63
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many secondary bronchi does left lung have
2
64
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
how many secondary bronchi does right lung have
3
65
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the lobar divides into the _______ bronchi
tertiary or segmental
66
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
segmental bronchi divide into
terminal broncioles
67
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
bronchial branch division
primary --} secondary/lobar --} tertiary/segmental --} terminal bronchioles
68
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what are in the conducting zone of bronchial tree
primary thru bronchioles
69
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_______ extends from the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli
respiratory zone
70
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ are the small air filled chambers in the lung
alveoli
71
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what occurs at the alveoli
gas exchange between air and blood
72
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what are principle organs of resp system
lungs
73
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
based off what criteria would lungs be the largest organ in body
volume
74
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what do the lungs rest on at their base
diaphragm
75
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
right lung is _______ left lung
larger
76
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
right lung has
3 lobes
77
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
left lung has
2 lobes
78
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the thoracic wall consists of
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
costal cartilages
79
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
muscles of inspiration
diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
80
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what stimulates disphragm
phrenic nerve
81
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
muscles of expiration
external intercostal muslces
pectoralis minor
scalene muscle
82
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
pleura is
lining of pleural cavity
83
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what does lung recoil do
causes the alveoli to collaspe
84
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what causes lung recoil
elastic recoil of the elastic tissue of the alveoli walls
85
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ occurs at the boundary between water and air
surface tension
86
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
surface tension occurs due to the formation of _______ on teh surface of the _______ which causes the alveoli to collapse
droplet of water
| alveoli
87
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is a lipoprotein secreted by the alveolar cells
surfactant
88
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what do surfactants do
form a layer over the alveoli to reuce the surface tension
89
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is given to pregnant mother's to help with resp functions in premature babies
cortisol injections
90
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs
ventilation
91
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
during inspiration the air movement is the result of
difference in barometric pressure outside the lungs and in the alveoli
92
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ occurs due to the change of pressure in the lungs relative to the outside
expiration
93
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
during expiration the pressure in the _______ is greater than atmospheric air
alveoli
94
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the pressure that is in the pleural cavity
pleural pressure
95
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
when the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the alveoli the lungs will
expand
96
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
when the pleural pressure equals the alveolar pressure due to an injury that penetrates teh pleural cavity, the lung will
collapse
97
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collapse lung is called
pneumonthorax
98
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the measure of the ease at which the lungs and thorax expand
compliance
99
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the greater the compliance, the easier to cause _______ of the lungs
expansion
100
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
causes of decreased compliance
```
deposits
collapse of alveoli
pulmonary edema
air way obstruction
kyphosis
scoliosis
```
101
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
deposits of _______ in lung tissue decrease compliance
inelastic fibers
102
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is kyphosis
roundback
103
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the measure of the volume of air that moves in and ot of the lungs
spirometry
104
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
spirometry measures:
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
105
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the total volume of air that is inspired and exspired
tidal volume
106
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
107
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the amount of air that can be expelled forcibly after normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
108
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the air volume left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
109
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the total amount of air moved in and out of the resp system each minute
minute ventilation
110
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is tidal volume x resp rate
minute ventilation
111
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_______ is teh number of breaths taken per minute
resp rate
112
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is average resp rate
16 per minute
113
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
does resp rate measure the amount of air that is exchanged in the alveolus
no
114
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the part of the resp system where gas exchange does not occur
anatomic dead space
115
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what forms the anatomic dead space
```
nasal cavity
phayrnx
larynx
trachea
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
```
116
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
factors that impact the rate of gas diffusion across the resp membrane are:
```
thickness of membrane
diffusion coefficient of gas
surface area of the membrane
differences of the partial pressure of the gas
transport of oxygen and co2 in blood
```
117
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is the diffusion coefficient of gas
measurement of how easily a gas diffuses through a tissue or liquid
118
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what is a normal membrane surface area
70m2
119
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
once oxygen is diffused into the blood, the oxygen is bound to
hemoglobin
120
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
hemoglobin carries oxygenated blood from the _______ to the _______ where the oxygen is released
pulmonary capillaries
| tissue capillaries
121
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the _______ and from there to the _______ to be used in _______
interstitial fluid
cells of the body
aerobic metabolism
122
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is continually being produced as a byprouct of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
123
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
as ph of blood reduces this reduces
oxygen bound to hemoglobin
124
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what causes ph of blood to reduce
increase in H+ ions
125
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is when H+ can combine with the hemoglobin changing its structure and reducing the ability of oxygen to bind to it
Bohr Effect
126
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
an increase in _______ will also reduce the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
CO2
127
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
increase in CO2 is increase in
H+ ions
128
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
and increase in _______ will affect amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
body temp
129
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
carbon dioxide is transported 3 ways
dissolved in plasma
combined with blood proteins
form of bicarbonate ions
130
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what % of CO2 transport is by plasma
7%
131
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what % of CO2 transport is by blood proteins
23%
132
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what % of CO2 transport is by bicarbonate ions
70%
133
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where on hemoglobin does CO2 bind
globin
134
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is the propensity of hemoglobin to bind with co2 after it has released its O2
Haldane effect
135
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
where is the rhythm of ventilation controlled
neurons of the medulla
136
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
what determines the rate of resp
frequency of resp muscle stimulation
137
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the medullary resp center has 4 groups
2 dorsal
| 2 ventral
138
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
the 2 dorsal resp groups active during
inspiration
139
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
2 dorsal resp groups stimulate
contraction of diaphragm
140
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
2 ventral resp groups active during
inspiration and expiration
141
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
2 ventral resp groups stimulate
intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
142
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is when information from the body relating to levels of blood gasses, muscel activity, and body temp all stimulate the medulla
starting inspiration
143
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is when input to the medullary centers reach threshhold
stopping inspiration
144
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
does medulla centers only control ventilation
no
145
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ can consciously or unconsciously +/- resp
cerebral cortex
146
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
emotions via the _______ can impact ventilation
limbic
147
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ is greater than normal levels of CO2
hypercapnia
148
# Chapter 23 - Respiratory System
_______ will stimulate increased resp
hypoxia
