Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the lymphatic system is comprised of
A
lymph white blood cells lymph vessels spleen lymph nodes tonsils thymus gland
2
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the network of the lymphatic system is found where
A
throughout the entire body
3
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
lymph nodes are what shape
A
round, oval or bean
4
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are lymph nodes found
A
along the course of the lymph vessels
5
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
what is function of lymph nodes
A
filter the lymph
6
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
will all lymph pass through a node
A
yes. at least one
7
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the lymph vessels converge where
A
toward right/left subclavian vein
8
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
vessels from the right limb, right side of the head/neck enter the
A
right subclavian vein
9
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
vessels from the left side of the body enter the
A
thoracic duct
10
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
thoracic duct ends by entering the
A
left subclavian vein
11
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
cisterna chyli is a
A
holding tank that contains fluid from the lymph vessels
12
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where does the liquid in the cisterna chyli come from
A
digestive tract
lower limbs
abdomen
13
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the right lymphatic duct is smaller and shorter than the
A
thoracic duct
14
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
right lymphatic duct opens into
A
right subclavian vein
15
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
functions of the lymphatic system
A
fluid balance
fat absorption
defense
16
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
fluid passes from the _______ of capillaries into the _______ and back to the _______
A
interstitial spaces
lymph system
blood
17
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when fluid balance isn’t working this results
A
edema
18
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
long-term edema results in
A
tissue damage
19
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
the lymphatic system absorbs fat from the
A
GI tract
20
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where is fat absorbed
A
lacteals
21
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
where are lacteals located
A
lining of the GI tract
22
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
fat passes through the _______ and enters the _______
A
lacteals
venous system
23
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Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
when fat and lymph mix it is called
A
chyle
24
Q
Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System
how does lymphatic system defend body
A
lymph filters microorganisms & foreign bodies
wbcs kill invading microbes
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lymph organs are comprised of
lymphatic tissue
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lymphatic tissue is made of
lymphocytes
macrophages
dendrites cells
reticular cells
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where do lymphocytes originate
red bone marrow
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where is diffuse lymphatic tissue found
deep mucous membranes
lymph nodes
spleen
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_______ are dense arrangements of lymph tissue organized into compact structures
lymph nodes
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where are lymph nodes found
loose connective tissue of the:
GI tract
urinary system
respiratory system
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_______ are large aggregations of lymph nodes found in the distal 1/2 of the small intestine and the appendix
Peyer's patches
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_______ are large groups of lymph nodules and diffuse lymph tissue deep in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and nasopharynx.
tonsils
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what is function of tonsils
protection against bacteria and other harmful materials
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how many groups of tonsils
3
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what are groups of tonsils
palatine
pharyngeal
lingual
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where are palatine tonsils (what we know as "tonsils") located
either side of throat
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where are the pharyngeal tonsils located
near junction of nasal cavity and pharynx
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another name for pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids
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where are lingual tonsils located
posterior surface of tongue
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what is found inside lymph nodes
lymphocytes
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how many superficial collections of lymph nodes
3
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what are the lymph node collections
Inguinal
Axillary
Cervical
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groups of nodes are also found where
around intestines
| along large blood vessels of thorax and abdomen
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lymph nodes are surrounded by a
capsule
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what is lymph node capsule made of
dense connective tissue
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what is skeleton of lymph node
trabecular
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what else in body filters lymph
nothing
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what are vessels of lymph nodes
afferent
| efferent
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what are lymph nodes lined with
phagocytic cells
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what do phagocytic cells do
remove bacteria from lymph
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primary cells of lymph nodes
lymphocytes
macrophages
reticular cells
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_______ in the lymph can stimulate cell division of the lymphocytes
microbes
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areas of rapid lymphocyte division are called
germinal centers
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_______ is located on the left superior posterior region of the abdominal cavity
spleen
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spleen is surrounded by a _______ capsule
fibrous
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spleen has an internal network of
reticular fibers
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spleen has _______ surfaces
2
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what are the surfaces of spleen
diaphragmatic
| visceral
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the _______ surface of spleen is smooth and convex, conforming to the shape of the diaphragm and the body wall
diaphragmatic
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the _______ surface of the spleen contains indentations of the shape of the stomach and kidney
visceral
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how many types of lymph in spleen
2
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what are types of lymph in spleen
red pulp
| white pulp
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red pulp is associated with
red blood cells
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white pulp is associated with
lymphocytes
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blood vessels and lymph vessels in spleen communicate with the spleen on the _______ surface
visceral
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where do the splenic vessels communicate
hilus
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_______ is the groove marking the border between the gastric and renal areas
hilus
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what is attached to the hilus
splenic vein
splenic artery
lymphatic vessels
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function of spleen
detect and respond to foreign substances in blood
destroy old RBCs
serve as blood resevoir
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blood enters spleen and passes through
white pulp
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what happens in white pulp in spleen
lymphocytes can be stimulated in response to microbes
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as blood leaves spleen it passes through
red pulp
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what happens in red pulp in spleen
macrophages can be activated to clean up the blood
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_______ is a triangular double lobed gland
thymus
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where is thymus located
superior mediastinum behind the manubrium of the sternum
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when is the thymus the largest
1-2 yrs old
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what happens to thymus as we age
shrinks
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thymus is surrounded by
thin capsule
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what extends off the capsule surrounding the thymus
trabeculae
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what is concentrated near the capsule of the thymus
lymphocytes
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where in the thymus are there no lymphocytes
medulla
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what is contained in the medulla of the thymus
Hassall's corpuscles
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what is the function of Hassall's corpuscles
unknown
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what is immunity
ability to resist damage from a foreign substance
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_______ is the immunity you are born with
innate
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innate immunity is the _______ immunity
natural
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_______ is the natural resistance to foreign substances entering the orgnaism
mechanical immunity
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what is our first line of defense
skin and mucous membranes
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_______ are molecules that are involved in the development of immunity
chemical mediators
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_______, _______, and _______ are found on the surface of the skin and kill microorganisms and prevent them from entering the body.
lysozymes
sebum
mucus
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_______, _______, and _______ promote inflammation, by causing vasodilation, attracting lymphocytes to the involved region of the body
histamine
prostaglandins
leukotriens
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another word for tumor
neoplasm
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when a neoplasm or tumor invades a lymph node
lymphoma
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2 types of lymphoma
hodkins
| non-hodkins
95
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lymphomas start as _______ that is often adhered to the surrounding soft tissue
hard non-tender nodule
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_______ is a group of proteins that make up part of the globulin portion of the serum
compliment system
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group of proteins in compliment system are
C1-C9
| factors B, D and P
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compliment system proteins activate in the
compliment cascade
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_______ is a series of reactions that activates the enxt reaction down the line
compliment cascade
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how do proteins enter the compliment cascade
classical route
| alternative pathway
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_______ is part of the innate immunity and is activated when the protein C3 becomes active
alternative pathway
102
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when does protein C3 become active
encounters foreign substance
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_______ is part of the adaptive immune system
classical pathway
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_______ are proteins that protect the body from viral pathogens and some forms of cancer
interferons
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interferons are _______ immunity
innate
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interferons bind to
neighboring cells
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interferons stimulate the production of
antiviral proteins
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interferons activate _______ and _______ that attack the tumor
macrophages
| natural killer cells
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what are most important cells of immune system
leukocytes and cells derived from them
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where are leukocytes produced
bone marrow
| lymphatic tissue
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leukocytes must be activated by
chemotatic factors
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_______ are small parts of the microbes released by tissue cells
chemotatic factors
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some chemotactic factors are
leukotriens
kinins
histamine
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_______ is the movement of the leukocytes as they follow chemical trail
chemotaxis
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_______ is the ameboid movement of leukocytes across cell membrane
diapedesis
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_______ is the process of destruction of cell particles
phagocytosis
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what can be phagocytosized
microorganisms
foreign substances
dead cells
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what are the most important phagocytes
neutrophils
| macrophages
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_______ are small phagocytic cells
neutrophils
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where are neutrophils produced
red bone marrow
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how long do neutrophils circulate in blood
few hours
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what are first cells to enter infected tissue
neutrophils
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when do neutrophils die
after first phagocytic event occurs
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what do neutrophils release
lysosomal enzymes
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_______ kill the microbes as well as damage the tissue around it
lysosomal enzymes
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_______ is the accumulation of dead microbes in the wound or infected tissue
pus
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_______ are monocytes and are large phagocytic cells
macrophages
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macrophages produce chemicals such as
interferon
prostoglandins
compliments
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_______ are derived from the red marrow, are motile cells that leave the blood and enter infected tissues
basophils
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non-motile cells from red bone marrow
mast cells
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basophils and mast cells release
histamine
| leukotriens
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what do histamine and leukotriens cause
inflmmatory response
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_______ are produced in red bone marrow and enter the blood. Once in the blood they enter tissues rapidly.
eosinophils
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_______ release enzymes that break down the chemicals that were released by the basophils and mast cells
eosinophils
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_______ are lymphocytes that are produced in red bone marrow.
Natural killer cells (NK)
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NK cells identify _______ or _______ infected cells
tumor
| virus
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what do NK cells release
lysomomal enzymes
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_______ is a result of multiple chemical reactions that occur as a result of an invading pathogen
inflammatory response
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chemicals released in the inflammatory response cause:
vasodilation
chemotactic
increased vascular permeability
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vasodilation in the inflammatory response
brings more immune cells to the involved site
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_______ is the attraction of phagocytes to the involved tissue
chemotactic
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increased vascular permeability to _______ which is converted to _______ to the wall of the infected site to prevent spread of infection
fibrinogen
| fibrin
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inflammatory response is either
local
| systemic
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symptoms of local inflammation
```
redness
heat
swelling
pain
sometimes loss of function
```
145
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in a systemic infectin _______ are released causing a fever
pyrogens
146
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_______ are molecules that are produced by the body in stimulate an immune response
self-antigens
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immune response to self-antigens may
help/harm
148
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adaptive immunity has 2 types
humoral
| cell mediated
149
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_______ is the process of injecting plasma from an immune subject into a non-immune subject to stimulate immunity
humoral
150
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_______ is the transfer of blood cells from an immune host to a non-immune subject and promoting immunity
cell mediated
151
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immunity results from the actions of _______and _______ (lymphocytes)
B cells
| T cells
152
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_______ are responsible for cell mediated immunity. they directly attack antigens
cytotoxic t cells
153
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_______ stimulate the response of B an T cells, they activate the B cells.
helper T cells
154
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_______ are the cells destroyed by the AIDS virus
helper T cells
155
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_______ moderate the immune response. They inhibit the T and B cell activation
suppressor T cells
156
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all blood cells are derived from
embryonic stem cells
157
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stem cells give rise to
pre T cells
| pre B cells
158
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pre t cells travel to _______ and mature into T cells
thymus
159
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pre b cells mature in
red bone marrow
160
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lymphocytes are activated when they encounter
antigen
161
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what happens to lymphocyte after it encounters antigen
divides
162
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_______ are specific regions on an antigen that will cause activation of lymphocytes
antigenic determinants
163
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region on antigen that reacts with lymphocyte is called
epitopes
164
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immune response is initiated once
eptiopes and lymphocyte react
165
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most lymphocyte activation involves _______ on the surface of the cells
glycoproteins
166
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glycoproteins in lymphocyte activation are called
major histocompatability molecules (MHC)
167
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how many classes of MHC
2
168
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what are classes of MHC
```
MHC class I
MHC class II
```
169
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_______ is found on the surface of nucleated cells and they will display antigens athat are produced inside the cell
MHC class I
170
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example of MHC class I
viral infection
171
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_______ is found on the antigen presenting cells, they include the B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
MHC class II
172
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in the skin the dendritic cells are called
Langerhans cells
173
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_______ is the additional signal to the immune system to activate lymphocytes
costimulation
174
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what activates costimulation
cytokines
175
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what is cytokines
protein or peptide
176
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_______ are cytokines that are produced by the lymphocytes
lymphokines
177
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lymphocyte proliferation beings with an increase in
helper T cells
178
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increased T cells cause an increase in
B cells
179
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_______ is a state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen
tolerance
180
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tolerance happens 3 ways
deletion of elf activated lymphocytes
preventing activation of lymphocytes
activation of suppressor T cells
181
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preventing activation of lymphocytes can be done by blocking the _______ and/or blocking _______.
MCH complex
| costimulation
182
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_______ occurs against extracellular antigens such as bacteria and viruses when they are outside the cells
antibody mediated immunity
183
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antibody mediated immunity can cause
hypersensitivity reactions
184
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_______ are proteins that are produced in response to an antigen
antibodies
185
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large amounts of antibodies are found in the
blood plasma
186
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antibodies are separated into groups in the plasma:
albumen
alpha gloulin
beta globulin
gamma globulin
187
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antibodies are sometimes called
gamma globulins or immunoglobulins
188
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5 types of immunoglobulins
```
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
```
189
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_______ is responsible for immune function in the developing embryo. Able to cross the placenta
IgG
190
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_______ is the first to respond to an antigen (antibody)
IgM
191
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_______ is secreated in teh saliva, tears, and mucous membranes. Also found in breast milk and passed to the newborn
IgA
192
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_______ is involved in the inflammatory response
IgE
193
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_______ functions as antigen binding receptors on B cells
IgD
194
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antibodies either directly affect the antigen by _______ or combine with an _______ on two different antigens
binding with the antigenic determinant
| antigenic determinant
195
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after antibodies have combined with antigen. the antigens are more susceptible to
phagocytosis
196
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_______ are substances that make an antigen more vulnerable to phagocytosis {more tasty}
opsonin
197
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an opsonin can be a
antibody
198
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primary response of antibody production occurs
after antigen has been exposed to antibody.
| B cell is exposed to antigen, cell division, then antibody production
199
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secondary or memory response occurs when
immune system is exposed again to antigen
200
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immunity happens when you have a
secondary/memory response
201
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_______ is a function of T cells and is effective against intracellular organisms
cell mediated immunity
202
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delayed hypersensitivity are part of
allergic reactions
203
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_______ treats disease by altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells.
immunotherapy
204
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example of immunotherapy
vaccinations
| MCH mechanism blockers (interferon)
205
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Types of Immunity
```
acquired
active natural
active artifical
passive natural
passive artifical
```
206
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_______ immunity occurs after exposure to antigen
acquired
207
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_______ immunity is the everday exposure to antigens. Not deliberate.
active natural
208
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_______ immunity is the introduction of an antigen into the body to create antibodies
active artificial
209
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_______ immunity is the passage of antibodies from mother to child. IgG and IgA
passive natural
210
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_______ immunity is taking blood from immune subject and injecting into non-immune subject. Short lived response.
passive artifical
211
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_______ is a systemic IgE reaction that can be life threatening
anaphylaxis
212
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histamine causes (anaphylaxis)
systemic vasodilation
drop in BP
cardiac failure
213
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less sever anaphylaxis causes
hay fever
asthma
hives
214
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_______ are due to failure of some part of the immune system to function normally
immunodeficiencies
215
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some causes of immunodeficiencies
```
low protein in diet
stress
mono
leukemia
myeloma
```
216
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AIDS is caused by
HIV
217
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2 strands of HIV
HIV1
| HIV2
218
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which strain causes AIDS
HIV1
219
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when AIDS discovered
1981 in USA
220
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how HIV spread
body fluids
221
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infection of HIV occurs when the viral protein _______ binds to the surface of a _______
gp 120
| T helper cell (CD4)
222
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AIDS drug
azidothymidine (AZT)
223
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what does AZT do
inhibit the conversion of RNA to DNA inside infected cell
