Chapter 18 - Endocrine System Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
the endocrine system is the ________ system of the body
A
hormonal
2
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
_____ are chemical messengers
A
hormones
3
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
hormones are released in one tissue and transported via the _______ to reach specific cells in other tissues
A
blood stream
4
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
each hormone has a ______ on which it acts
A
specific target cell
5
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
hormones are effective in coordinating:
A
cell, tissue, and organ activites on a long term sustained basis
6
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
hormones are messengers that will cause a cell to change or alter its
A
function to cause a specific response in the body
7
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
how do hormones alter cellular operations
A
changing the types, activites, or quantities of important enzymes and structural proteins
8
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
hormone release occurs where
A
capillaries are abundant and allow the hormone to enter the blood stream quickly
9
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
when in the blood stream hormones are either
A
free flowing or bound to carrier proteins
10
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
when _______ reach target cells they do not pass through the cell membrane
A
non-steroidal
11
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what hormones are not soluble in cell membrane
A
non-steroidal
12
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
hormones bind to what on the cell membrane
A
receptors
13
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
non-steroidal hormones after binding to the receptor on the cell membrane do what
A
activate messengers in the cytoplasm
14
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
the activated messengers in the cytoplasm of the cell do what
A
cause a change in the cell’s metabolism or function
15
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what is the first messenger
A
non-steroidal hormone
16
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what is the second messenger
A
cytoplasm of cell
17
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
steroidal hormone are able to pass through
A
lipid bilayer of the cell membrane into the cytoplasm
18
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
which type of hormone directly affects the function of the genes in the nucleus
A
steroidal
19
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
the endocrine system includes
A
all the endocrine cells and tissues of the body
20
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
endocrine cells are
A
glandular cells
21
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
endocrine cells secrete directly into
A
extracellular fluid of the body
22
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
exocrine secrete via
A
ducts
23
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
list of organs/systems involved with ES
A
hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland parathyroid gland thyroid gland heart thymus kidney adrenal glands GI tract pancreas gonads
24
Q
Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what is the neurological connection between the ES and NS
A
hypothalamus
25
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what is connected to the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
26
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hormones are divided into _____ groups
3
27
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what are the 3 groups of hormones
amino acid derivates
peptide hormones
lipid derivates
28
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
List of amino acid derivates
```
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
thyroid hormones
melatonin
```
29
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
list of peptide hormones
ADH
| oxytocin
30
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
list of Lipid derivates
steroids and eicosanoids
These hormones are the sex hormones:
androgen, estrogen, and corticosteroids
31
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what are eiosanoids
small molecules that affect enzymatic processes
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examples of eicosanoids
leukotriense
| prostaglandins
33
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when are leukotriense released
tissue injury
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where are leukotriense released
white blood cells
35
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when are prostaglandins released
tissue injury
36
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where are prostaglandins released
all tissues
37
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hormones functions may include:
stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme or structural protein
turn an existing enzyme on or off by changing its shape or structure
increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of a particular enzyme or protein
38
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the ES has ______ that are similar to neurological ______ found in the NS
reflexes
| reflexes
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what regulates the secretion of hormones
hypothalamus
40
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hypothalamus secretes _______ that control endocrine cells in the _______
regulatory hormones
| pituitary gland
41
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the _____ in the hypothalamus have direct nervous control over endocrine cells of the _______
autonomic centers
| adrenal medullae
42
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how does the hypothalamus act as an endocrine organ
directly secreting hormones into the blood stream
43
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
the pituitary gland is also know as the
hypophysis
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where is the pituitary gland located
in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
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what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
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the pituitary gland is divided into ____ and _____ gland
anterior
| posterior
47
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the anterior pituitary gland is also called
adenohyphysis
48
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how many regions are on the anterior pituitary gland
3
49
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what are the regions of the anterior pituitary gland
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
50
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what is the largest region of the anterior pituitary gland
pars distalis
51
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the ______ is the pituitary glands's connection to the circulatory system of the body
hypophyseal portal system
52
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what is in the hypophyseal portal system
network of blood vessels
53
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what do regulatory hormones do
control the release or inhibition of hormones from the hypothalamus
54
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how many hormones associated with anterior pituitary gland
7
55
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what are the hormones associated with the anterior pituitary gland
```
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinising hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Melanocyte stimulating Hormone (MSH)
```
56
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anterior hormones are considered _______ because they activate or turn on endocrine cells
tropic hormones
57
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called
thyrotropin
58
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what does TSH do
causes the release of thyroid hormones at the thyroid gland
59
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) does what
stimulated the release of steroids by the adrenal glands
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone is called a
gonadotropin
61
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what does FSH act on
ovaries
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what does FSH do
promotes follicle development in the female reproductive tract. Also stimulates the release of estrogen
63
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) does what
stimulates ovulation as well as secretion of estrogens and progestins and androgens (male sex hormones)
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prolactin (PRL) does what
stimulates mammary gland development, and in nursing mothers milk production
65
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Growth Hormone (GH) does what
stimulates cell growth, strongly in the musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and muscle
66
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
increase the production of melanin on the skin
67
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the posterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the
neurohypophysis or pars nervosa
68
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how many hormones produces by posterior pituitary gland
2
69
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what are hormones produced by posterior pituitary gland
```
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin (OT)
```
70
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
Antidiuretic Hormone is also called
arginine or vasopressin
71
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why is antidiuretic hormone released
change in blood pressure, changes in electrolyte balances in the blood, or a decrease in blood volume
72
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what is primary function of antidiuretic hormone
reduce the amount of water that is released in the kidney
73
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what does oxytocin do
stimulates smooth muscle contract in the walls of the uterus, promoting labor. Also stimulates milk letdown in nursing mothers
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the ______ is a dual -lobed structure
thyroid gland
75
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the thyroid gland is found behind the _______
thyroid cartilage or Adam's apple
76
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what is produced in the thyroid
thyroglobulin
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what protein is contained in thyroglobulin
tyrosine
78
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what is the building block of all thyroid hormones
tyrosine
79
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what is absorbed from the diet to assist in the formation of all thyroid hormones
iodine
80
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what are the thyroid hormones
thyroxin (t4)
| triiodothyronine (T3)
81
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Thyroxin (t4) is also called
tetraiodothyronine
82
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how many molecules of iodine are in Thyroxin
4
83
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Triiodothyronine contains how many molecules of iodine
3
84
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the production of thyroid hormones are regulated by
hypothalamus
85
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the hypothalamus releases thyroid________ hormone causing the ______ to release thyroid ______ hormone
releasing
anterior pituitary gland
stimulating
86
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what causes the transport of iodide into the follicle
TSH
87
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thyroid hormones can pass through the ________ of _____ cells in the body
cell membrane
| all
88
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thyroid hormones ______ the metabolism of the cell it is affecting
increase
89
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what cells do not stain when prepared for the microscope
C or Parafollicular
90
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what does "C Cells" mean
Clear Cells
91
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what hormone is involved with the regulation of the calcium ion concentration in the blood
calcitonin
92
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calcitonin inhibits
osteoclast activity
93
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what reduces the amount of Ca released from the kidney
Calcitonin
94
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what are the parathyroid glands
2 pairs of glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
95
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what hormone is secreted in response to low levels of calcium in the blood
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
96
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PTH has 4 major effects on the body
stimulates osteoclast activity - increasing calcium in blood
inhibits osteoblasts
increases absorption of Ca in the kidney
stimulates the production of calcitriol in the kidney (promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the GI)
97
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the adrenal glands sit where
on each kidney (2)
98
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what makes up the adrenal gland
cortex
| medulla
99
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how many hormones does adrenal cortex produce
over 24
100
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what are the hormones of cortex called
adrenocortical hormones or corticosteroids
101
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what hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex promotes the conservation of NA ions and the elimination of L
aldosterone
102
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Aldosterone is released in response to
drop in blood pressure
drop in NA ion concentration of the extracellular fluid
drop in blood volume
103
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what is converted to cortisone by the liver
cortisol
104
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what hormone has an anti-inflammatory effect on the body tissues
cortisone
105
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what does the adrenal medullae produce
epinephrine
| norepinephrine
106
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what hormones are associated with adrenal rush
epinephrine
| norepinephrine
107
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
the pineal gland is part of
epithalamus
108
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what does the pineal gland produce
melatonin
109
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what is melatonin produced from
seratonin
110
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2 functions of melatonin
sleep cycle
| protecting CNS from damage by free radicals in the blood
111
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3 hormones from the kidneys
calcitriol
erythropoietin
renin
112
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function of calcitriol
to improve the absorption of Ca and P+ in the GI
113
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function of erythropoietin
stimulate the production of red blood cells
114
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when is renin released
in response to reduced rnal blood flow or increased sympathetic stimulation
115
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what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is then converted to angiotensin II
renin
116
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what stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH
angiotensin II
117
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the heart releases
atrial natiuretic hormone
118
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the thymus secretes hormones involved with ____ system
immune
119
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the pancreas is both ______ and ______ gland
endrocrine
| exocrine gland
120
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the exocrine portion of the pancreas is involved with
digestion
121
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the endocrine portion of the pancreas is involved with
regulation of normal blood glucose levels
122
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the endocrine portion of the pancreas secrete these hormones
glucagon
insulin
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
123
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glucagon are from
the alpha cells
124
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function of glucagon
increase blood sugar levels by increasing the rate of glycongen break down in muscle and liver
125
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insulin is produced by
beta cells
126
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insulin is released by
the islets of Langerhans
127
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function of insulin
lower blood glucose levels
128
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function of pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
inhibit gall bladder contraction
129
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testes produce (male)
testosterone
130
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another name for testosterone
androgen
131
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function of androgen
production of sperm, stimulate growth, and determines the secondary sex characteristics of the male (facial hair and body fat content)
also promotes aggressive behavirs and stimulate muscle growth
132
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female repro cells
oocytes
133
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where are oocytes produces
follicle
134
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follicles are produced under the control of
FSH
135
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
what triggers ovulation
LH
136
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ovulation causes the follicle to reorganize into a
corpus luteum
137
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the corpus luteum releases _____ which prepares the uterus for the arrival of a developing embryo, accelerates the movement of the oocyte or embryo, and causes enlargement of the mammary glands
progesterone
138
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forms of stress
chemical
emotional
physical
139
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the body has a ________ to stress that will always prodce the same hormonal responses in the body
general adaptive syndrome repsonse
140
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the general adaptive syndrome (GAS) has 3 phases
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
141
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the ____ phase is the intial sympathetic response
alarm
142
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the ____ phase occurs several hours into stressor.
resistance
143
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the _____ are strongly involved in the resistance phase
glucocorticoids
144
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if sever enough ______ is the phase that death can occur easily due to imbalance of _____ and ________ in the body
exhaustion
hormones
electrolytes
145
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_____ is an excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty is reached and growth has stopped.
acromegaly
146
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____ occurs when the posterior pituitary stops producing enough ADH. Extreme water loss occurs in the kidneys, causing electrolyte imbalances and excessive thirst
diabetes insipidus
147
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____ is due to reduced production of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
148
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hypothyroidism in adults is called
myxedema
149
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____ is due to an over production of thyroid hormones. this causes increased metabolic rate, blood pressure and bulging eyes
hyperthyroidism
150
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what are other names for hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis
| Graves Disease
151
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_____ causes low calcium concentration in the body fluids
hypoparathyroidism
152
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______ causes too much calcium in the blood and the skeletal system will suffer
hyperparathyroidism
153
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______ causes low blood pressure due to loss of sodium and water from the kidneys
hypoaldosteronism
154
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____ causes large amounts of sodium to be retained by the kidneys but a large amount of potassium is lost. this will affect the function of the heart and kidneys
Hyperaldosteronism
155
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_____ is caused by a low glucocorticoid production in the adrenal gland. This can lead to an autoimmune attack of the person's own adrenal gland
Addison's Disease
156
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____ is due to over production of glucocorticoids. The symptoms are similiar to those of someone that is subjected to prolonged sever stress. The classic sign is a moon-faced appearance
Cushing's Disease
157
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_____ is due to high blood glucose levels in the body. The pancreas does not secrete enough insulin to break down the glucose out of the blood. Glucose is spilled into urine and/or continues to circulate in the blood stream
diabetes mellitus
158
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there are ____ types of diebetes mellitus
2
159
# Chapter 18 - Endocrine System
types of diebetes mellitus
type I
| type II
160
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___ is insulin dependent, which means the person is required to inject insulin into the blood after every meal to normalize the blood levels
Type I
161
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______ is non insulin-dependent, and is managed with diet and/or oral medication
Type II
