Chapter 17 - Sensory Function Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
How we perceive and respond to our environment is determined by
A
our ability to sense our environment
2
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
for the body to perceive a sensation
A
the NS must have specialized structures to receive/transmit the info to the NS
3
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Structures that receive/transmit info to NS
A
receptors
4
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
a sensory receptor will detect a stimulus and translate the info into a
A
action potential
5
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
after producing an action potential, the info is sent to the
A
CNS
6
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Process by which a sensory receptor will detect a stimulus and translate the info into an action potential, and then send that to the CNS
A
transduction
7
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
sensory receptors are the interface between
A
NS and the internal/external environment of the body
8
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
What are the general senses
A
pain temperature touch pressure vibration proprioception
9
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the special senses
A
olfaction vision gustation equilibrium hearing
10
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the receptors for special senses are _______ than those of the general senses
A
more complex
11
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are the receptors for special senses located
A
sense organs
12
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
special sense receptors are _______ to specific sensations
A
specific/unique
13
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
when a stimulus is repeated in the NS a ________ in the sensitivity of a constant stimulus will occur
A
reduction
14
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
reduction of a stimulus
A
adaption
15
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
adaption reduces the _______ that reaches the CNS
A
amount of info
16
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are general receptors found
A
all over the body
17
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
how many types of general receptors are there
A
4
18
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what are the general receptors
A
nociceptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
19
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Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
nociceptors
A
pain receptors
20
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
nociceptors respond to
A
tissue damange
21
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what neurotransmitter is involved with transmission of pain
A
substance P
22
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what tract is pain transmitted on
A
spinothalamic tract
23
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
what fibers is pain carried on
A
myelinated type A and type C
24
Q
Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
thermoreceptors
A
temperature receptors
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where are thermoreceptors located
free nerve endings in the skin, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus
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there are _____ more cold receptors than hot receptors
4x
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thermoreceptors travel on
spinothalamic pathway
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# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
mechanoreceptors
sensitive to stimuli that distort the cell memebrane of the receptor.
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how many classes of mechanoreceptors
3
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what are the classes of mechanoreceptors
tactile
baroreceptors
proprioceptros
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tactile receptors respond to
touch
pressure
vibration
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how many receptor types are tactile
6
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what are the tactile receptors
```
free nerve endings
root hair plexus
tactile disks (merkel's discs)
meissner's corpuscles
lamellate (pacinian) corpuscles
ruffini corpuscles
```
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baroreceptors respond to
changes in blood pressure
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where are baroreceptors found
wall of blood vessels
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proprioceptors monitor
positions of joints and muscles
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examples of proprioceptors
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
free nerve endings in the joint capsules
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chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes
in chemical concentrations of the body
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what is the most complex of the general senses
proprioceptors
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olfaction is
sense of smell
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where is smell perceived
nasal cavity
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what organ perceives smell in the nasal cavity
paired olfactory organs
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where are olfactory nerves located
small cilia on the surface of the nasal mucossa
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the axons of the olfactory pathway travels
through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and reaches the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum. Then to the olfactory cortex on the inferior region of the temporal lobe
45
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Does the olfactory info pass through the thalamus prior to going to the cortex for processing?
no. it is the only sense info that doesn't
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# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
gustation is
sense of taste
47
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are taste receptors found
surface of the tongue
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which cranial nerves control taste
CN VII, IX, and X
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CN VII monitors
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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CN VII perceives the tastes of
sweet
salty
sour
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CN IX monitors
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
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CN IX perceives the tastes of
bitter
| "Bitter Back Nine"
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CN X monitors
epiglottis
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what are the accessory structures of the eye
```
eyelids
palpebral fissure
medial canthus
lateral canthus
eye lashes
tarsal or meibomian glands
lacrimal glands
conjunctiva
```
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eyelids act as
windshields to clear the surface of the eye and lubricate
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tarsal//meibomian glands do what
secrete a lipid like substance that prevents eyelids from sticking together
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where are lacrimal glands located
medial canthi of the eye
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what do lacrimal glands produce
tears
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what is the conjunctiva
epithelium that covers the inner surface of the lids and outer surface of the eye
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the wall of the eye has
3 layers
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what are the layers of the eye called
tunics
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what are the 3 layers/tunics of the eye
fibrous
vascular
neural
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fibrous tunic is the
outermost layer of the eye
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what does the fibrous tunic contain
sclera and cornea
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vascular tunic is the
middle layer of the eye
66
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what does the vascular tunic contain
blood vessels and lymph vessels
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what does the vascular tunc include
iris
pupil
ciliary body
choroid
68
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what is a ciliary body
thick region of the eye where the iris attaches
69
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what is choroid
vascular layer responsible for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the retina
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neural tunic is the
retina
| innermost layer of the eye
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what does photoreceptors do
detect light
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where are photoreceptors located
outer layer
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how many types of photoreceptors
2
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what are the photoreceptors
cones and rods
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rods:
detect light
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cones:
detect color and light
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what are responsible for photoreception
cones and rods
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photoreception is:
the absorption of photons by the visual pigments in the eye.
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what are the visual pigments
derivatives of the compound rhodopsin
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what is rhodopsin composed of
protein called ospin and the compound retinal or retinene
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what is retinal/retinene synthesized from
Vitamin A
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which are more abundant in the eye - rods or cones
rods
83
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what is the optic disc
origin of the optic nerve
84
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are there photoreceptors in the optic disk
no
| "blind spot"
85
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the eye can be divided into _____ cavities and _____ chambers
2
| 2
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# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
where are the 2 chambers located in the eye
anterior cavity
87
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what are the 2 chambers of eye called
anterior
| posterior
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where is the anterior chamber of the eye located
extends from cornea to the iris
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where is the posterior chamber of the eye located
extends from the iris to the ciliary body and lens
90
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the two chambers of the eye are filled with
a fluid called the aqueous humor
91
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aqueous humor is similar to
CSF
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function of the aqueous humor
circulate nutrients and waste products
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the posterior cavity of the eye contains
vitreous boy or fluid
94
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the vitreous fluid helps
give the eye support and stabilizes the shape of the eye
95
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where is the lends located
behind the cornea of the eye
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function of the lens
focus light on the photoreceptors of the eye
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the lens refracts light on a
focal point on the retina
98
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when the image is refracted onto the retina it is
upside down and backwards
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when the image arrives at the cortex it is processed into the ______ orientation
correct
100
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
_______ or _______ is determined from a standard referenced index
clarity of vision/ visual acuity
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normal acuity is
20/20
102
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acuity below _____ is legally blind
20/200
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_____ are responsible for color vision
cones
104
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how many types of cones
3
105
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what are the cones
red
blue
green
106
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Photoreceptors of the eye pass visual info onto the
optic disc
107
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visual info passes the optic disk and continue
down the optic nerve to the optic chiasm
108
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When at the optic chiasm half the fibers _________ and the other half _________
cross over to the opposite side
| continues on the same side
109
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Once past the chiasm, the nuerons travel down
optic tract
110
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the optic tract takes neurons where
latreal geniculate bodies
111
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From the geniculate bodies, the visual info travels to the
occipital or vidual cortex to be processed
112
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the inner ear is a specialized sensory organ with two functions
hearing
| balance aka equilibrium
113
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the ear is divided into ____ anatomical regions
3
114
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what are the regions of the ear
external
middle
inner
115
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the external ear consists of ________ visualized around the _______
cartilaginous structures
| ear canal
116
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the ______ which leads to the eardrum is part of the external ear
external auditory canal
117
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eardrum=
tympanic membrane
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middle ear is called
tympanic cavity
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the middle ear is filled with
air
120
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the middle ear is separated from the external canal by
tympanic membrane
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the middle ear communicated with the
nasopharynx
122
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how does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx
auditory tube (Eustaschian tube)
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the middle ear contains 3 small auditory ossicles or bones
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
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vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the inner ear bones to
move and conduct sound to the inner ear
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inner ear contains
receptors for hearing and balance
126
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
inner ear receptors are found
in membranous labyrinth
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membranous labyrinth contains fluid called
endolymph
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the bony labyrinth contains a fluid similar to CSF called
perilymph
129
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the bony labyrinth is divided into 3 structures
vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea
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vestibule contains a pair of membranous sacs called
saccule
| utricle
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The receptors in the vestibule respond to changes in
gravity and linear acceleration
132
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the semicircular canals respond to changes in
head rotation
133
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the receptors in the cochlea provide
sense of hearing
134
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
hair cells located in _____ and _______ are connected to the vestibular ganglia
vestibule
| semicircular ducts
135
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the vestibular ganglia are connected to the
cortex
136
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the vestibular ganglia provide
control of postural muscles (with regard to changes in position of the body)
137
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the vestibular nuclei have 4 functions
integrating sensory info about balance with head movement
relaying vestibular info to the cerebellum
relaying vestibular info to the cortex for the conscious awareness of head position
motor input to the cranial nerves involved with eye, head, neck movements.
138
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the _______ tracts send info to the cord to adjust peripheral muscle tone
vertibulospinal
139
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
hearing is perceived when the ________ of the inner ear bones stimulate the __________
vibrations
| perilymph of the cochlea
140
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_____ in the cochlea are stimulated and sound is recognized
tiny hair cells
141
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
the hair cells in the cochlea are located in a structure called the
organ of corti
142
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
| Step 1
Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
143
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
| Step 2
movement of the membrane causes vibration of the audotory ossicles
144
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
| Step 3
movement of the stapes on the oval window creates a pressure wave on the perilymph of the vestibular duct
145
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Describe hearing process (6 steps)
| Step 4
pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane
146
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Describe hearing process (6 steps)
| Step 5
vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of the hair cells against the tectoral membrane
147
# Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
Describe hearing process (6 steps)
| Step 6
info regarding the intensity of the sound is relayed to the CNS via the cochlear branch of the CN VIII
