Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Notes

Question 1

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Biology is:

Answer 1

Study of Life

Question 2

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

One of the Goals of Biology:

Answer 2

To discover the UNITY and PATTERNS that underlie the diversity of organisms

Question 3

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

All living things have certain common characteristis

Answer 3

• organization
• responsiveness
• growth and differentiation
• reproduction
• movement
• metabolism and excretion

Question 4

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is

Answer 4

The study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts.

Question 5

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology is

Answer 5

the study of how living organisms perform vital functions. All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

Question 6

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 6

-established by the equipment used

Question 7

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Cytology

Answer 7

-analyze the internal structure of individual cells

Question 8

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Histology

Answer 8

Examine tissues, groups of cells that have specific functional roles

Question 9

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Tissues combine to form

Answer 9

Organs: anatomical unites with multiple functions

Question 10

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Organs combine to form

Answer 10

Organ Systems, groups of organs that function together

Question 11

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Gross Anatomy

Answer 11

Macroscopic Anatomy
-features that are visible without a microscope
Includes:
Surface Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy

Question 12

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Developmental Anatomy

Answer 12

-Examine the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.

Question 13

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Embryology

Answer 13

Study processes that occur during the first two months of development

Question 14

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology can be approached:

Answer 14

cellular
organismal
systemic

Question 15

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Special Physiology

Answer 15

Study special organs

Question 16

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Pathological Physiology

Answer 16

study effects of diseases on organ or system functions

Question 17

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

anatomical strucutres and physiological mechanisms are arranged in a series of

Answer 17

interacting levels of organization

Question 18

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is responsible for the structure and functions of life

Answer 18

basic chemical charactersistics

Question 19

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are organelles

Answer 19

small structures within cells that perform specific functions

Question 20

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is the basic living unit of plants and animals and have many common characteristics

Answer 20

cells

Question 21

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what is a group of cells within a similar strucutre and function and their associated extracellular substances.

Answer 21

tissue

Question 22

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are the 4 primary types of tissue

Answer 22

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 23

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

what are structures composed of two or more tissues that perform specific functions

Answer 23

organs

Question 24

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

how many organ systems are there

Answer 24

11

Question 25

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what are the organ systems

Answer 25

``` integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lympthatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive ```

Question 26

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology What is the condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life

Answer 26

homeostasis

Question 27

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology how do physiological systems preserve homeostasis

Answer 27

homeostatic regulation

Question 28

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology autoregulation occurs when

Answer 28

the activites of a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change automatically in response to an environmental changes

Question 29

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system

Answer 29

extrinsic regulation

Question 30

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology homeostatis regulation usually involves:

Answer 30

a receptor - sensitive to a particular stimulus a control center that receives and processes the info from the receptor and effector whose activities are regulated by the control center and whose actions have a direct or indirect effect on the same stimulus

Question 31

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what is negative feedback

Answer 31

corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits

Question 32

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what is the function of negative feedback mechanisms

Answer 32

maintain homeostasis

Question 33

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does negative feedback mechanisms consist of

Answer 33

receptor, control center, and effector

Question 34

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology What is it when a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus

Answer 34

positive feedback loop

Question 35

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology positive feedback mechanisms usually

Answer 35

increase deviations from normal

Question 36

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology are there a lot of positive feedback loops in the body

Answer 36

no. only a few

Question 37

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology most positive feedback mechanisms are harmful TRUE/FALSE

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what is the anatomical position

Answer 38

standing feet facing forward, arms hanging to the side, palms facing forward

Question 39

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what language(s) is the etymology of most directional terms

Answer 39

latin or greek

Question 40

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Prone:

Answer 40

to lie or be placed with the anterior surface down (on belly)

Question 41

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Supine:

Answer 41

lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (on back)

Question 42

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Right/Left:

Answer 42

toward the right side of the body toward the left side of the body

Question 43

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Superior/Inferior:

Answer 43

A structure above another A structure below another

Question 44

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Cephalic/ Caudal:

Answer 44

Closer to the head than another structure, usually synonymous with superior Closer to the tail than another structure, usually synonymous with inferior

Question 45

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anterior/Posterior:

Answer 45

The front of the body The back of the body

Question 46

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Ventral/Dorsal:

Answer 46

toward the belly, synonymous with anterior Toward the back, synonymous with posterior

Question 47

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Proximal/Distal:

Answer 47

closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure Farthest from the point of attachment to the body than another structure

Question 48

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lateral/Medial:

Answer 48

away from the midline of the body toward the midline of the body

Question 49

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Superficial/Deep:

Answer 49

Toward to on the surface Away from the surface, internal

Question 50

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology How many planes of the body

Answer 50

3

Question 51

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology What are the planes of the body

Answer 51

frontal or coronal sagittal plane transverse

Question 52

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A sagittal section separates:

Answer 52

right and left portions

Question 53

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A midsagittal section separates:

Answer 53

equal right and left portions

Question 54

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A parasagittal section:

Answer 54

misses the midline, producing left/right or multiple right/left section

Question 55

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A frontal (coronal) section:

Answer 55

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Question 56

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does coronal refer to

Answer 56

skull

Question 57

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology how many regions of body

Answer 57

3

Question 58

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what are the regions of the body

Answer 58

upper limbs lower limbs trunk

Question 59

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology the trunk can be divided into how many regions

Answer 59

3

Question 60

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what are the regions of the trunk

Answer 60

thorax (chest) abdomen pelvis

Question 61

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what do body cavities do

Answer 61

protect delicate organs and permit changes in the size and shape of internal organs

Question 62

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does the dorsal body cavity contain

Answer 62

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Question 63

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does the cranial cavity contain

Answer 63

brain

Question 64

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does the spinal cavity contain

Answer 64

surrounds the spinal cord

Question 65

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what is the coelom

Answer 65

ventral body cavity

Question 66

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does the ventral body cavity contain

Answer 66

respriratory cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

Question 67

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what divides the ventral cavity

Answer 67

diaphragm

Question 68

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what are the two cavities within the ventral cavity

Answer 68

thoracic (superior) | abdominopelvic (inferior)

Question 69

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology the thoracic cavity contains

Answer 69

two pleural cavities | pericardial cavity

Question 70

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what are in the pleural cavities

Answer 70

lungs

Question 71

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what is in the pericardial cavity

Answer 71

heart

Question 72

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology the abdominoplevic cavity contains

Answer 72

abdominal cavity pelvic cavity peritoneal cavity

Question 73

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology The thoracic caivty is subdivided by

Answer 73

mediastinum

Question 74

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what does the mediastinum contain

Answer 74

heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels.

Question 75

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 75

diaphragm

Question 76

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what is the abdominal cavity bound by _____ and contains

Answer 76

abdominal muscles and contains stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys

Question 77

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology What does the pelvic cavity contain

Answer 77

urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

Question 78

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Are the abdominal and pelvic cavities physically separated?

Answer 78

No. Sometimes referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 79

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology The trunk cavities are lined with

Answer 79

serous membranes

Question 80

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology What membrane lines the wall of the cavity

Answer 80

parietal serous membrane

Question 81

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology What membrane is in conts\act with the internal organs

Answer 81

visceral serous membrane

Question 82

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology The serous membrane secretes fluid that

Answer 82

fills the space between the visceral and parietal membranes.

Question 83

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology the serous membrane does what

Answer 83

protects organs from friction

Question 84

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what membrane surrounds the lungs

Answer 84

pleural

Question 85

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what membrane surrounds the heart

Answer 85

pericardial

Question 86

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what membrane line the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Answer 86

peritoneal

Question 87

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology what are mesenteries

Answer 87

parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provides a passageway for blood vessles and nerve to get to the organs

Question 88

# Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology where are retroperitoneal organs located

Answer 88

"behind" the parietal peritoneum