FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Flashcards by Lauren Hughes

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts

anatomy

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions.

physiology

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

all specific functions are performed by

specific structures

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life

homeostasis

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits

negative feedback

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in ___________ a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus, creating a ___________ loop

positive feedback

positive feedback loop

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means to lie or be placed with the anterior surface down (on belly)

prone

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means to lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (on back)

supine

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: a structure above another

superior

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: a structure below another

inferior

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: closer to the head

cephalic

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: closer to the tail

caudal

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: the front of the body

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: the back of the body

posterior

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward the belly

ventral

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward the back, synonymous w/posterior

dorsal

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure

proximal

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure

distal

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: away from the midline of the body

lateral

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward the midline of the body

medial

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward or on the surface

superficial

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: away from the surface, internal

deep

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the 3 planes of the body

frontal
sagittal
transverse

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FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is another name for frontal plane

coronal

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# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2 main cavities

dorsal | ventral

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what cavities does the dorsal cavity contain

cranial | spinal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what divides the ventral cavity

diaphragm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the ventral cavity divided into

thoracic | abdominopelvic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does the thoracic cavity contain

pleural cavities | pericardial cavity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does the pleural cavity contain

lungs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does the pericardial cavity contain

heart

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain

abdominal cavity pelvic cavity peritoneal cavity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the science that looks at the structure of matter

chemistry

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is anything that takes up space and has mass

matter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________: are the smallest stable units of matter

atoms

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER atoms are composed of

subatomic particles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are the 3 subatomic particles in atom

protons neutron electron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER proton has ___________ charge

positive

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neutron has ___________ charge

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER electron has ___________ charge

negative

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________: is the number of protons in an atom

atomic number

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are the types of chemical bonds

ionic covalent hydrogen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ us a bond formed by attraction of opposite charges

ionic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ bond involves sharing of electrons

covalent

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ bond is a weak bond involving hydrogen bonding with another atom/molecule

hydrogen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the energy of motion or doing work

kinetic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is energy that has the potential to do work (stored energy)

potential

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are 3 types of reactions that occur

decomposition synthesis exchange

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments

decomposition

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller components

synthesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the shuffling around of parts of the molecules to form a new compound

exchange

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is building up molecules

anabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is breaking down molecules

catabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ lower the activation energy

enzymes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ means water loving

hydrophilic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ means water fearing

hydrophobic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER things that are ___________ are hydrophilic

polar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER things that are ___________ are hydrophobic

non-polar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what creates a solution

solutes | solvent

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ph scale measures

concentration H+

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER high ph are called

acids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER low ph are called

basic or alkaline

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER organic compounds all contain

carbon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER organic compounds /carbon bonds

covalently 4 times

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 examples of organic macromolecules

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are chains of monosaccharides

carbohydrates

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER monosaccharides provide the body with

energy

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER example of monosaccharid

glucose

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is formula of glucose

C6H12O6

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lipids are ___________, ___________, ands ___________ and a subcategory called

fats waxes oils steroids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lipids are ___________, ___________, ___________ chains

triglycerides glycerol 3 fatty acid (FA)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if the fatty acid chain has a double bond (lipids) it is

unsaturated

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if the fatty acid chain in a lipid doesn't have double bond it is

saturated

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of lipids include

energy storage | insulation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is most abundant organic compound in body

proteins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER proteins contain a ___________ group and are varied in size

nitrogenous

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER proteins are chains of ___________ primarily

amino acids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER protein amino acids may become

alpha helices beta sheets globular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER nucleic acids include

DNA | RNA

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER RNA

ribonucleic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER types of RNA

messenger mRNA transfer tRNA ribosomal rRNA

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER nucleic acids are chains of ___________

nucleotides

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER nucleotides have ___________ bases

nitrogenous

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are the nitrogenous bases

adenine (A) cytosine (C) guanine (G) thymine (T)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the replacement of T nitrogenous base on RNA

uracil (U)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of nucleic acids include

storage of genes | peptide/protein synthesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Genes mostly contain code for

synthesis of protien

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in ___________, a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases on the DNS is matched by the mRNA

transcription

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in ___________ the mRNA is matched by the tRNA

translation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER DNA in transcription is called

triplet

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mRNA in transcription is called

codon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tRNA in translation is called

anticodon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the high energy molecule for cells

adenosine triphoshate (ATP)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2 classes of cells in human body

somatic | gametic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are somatic cells

body cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are gametic cells

sex cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the cell membrane is a ___________ bilayer

phosopholipid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the hydrophilic heads of the cell membrane face the

membrane surface

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are embedded in the cell membrane

proteins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the carbohydrate end of the phosopholipid bilayer extends out beyond the cell membrane forming a

glycocalyx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cell membranes are ___________ permeable

selectively

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the movement of material from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

diffusion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the net diffusion of water

osmosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ requires ATP to move material against the gradient

active transportation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ occurs by diffusion

passive transportation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is passive transport of molecules across a membrane by carrier proteins

facilitated diffusion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ importing into the cell

endocytosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ taking in little bits of water

pinocytosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ taking in debris

phagocytosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ exporting outside the cell

exocytosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if a rbc is in an isotonic solution it does what

maintain its shape

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if a rbc is in hypotonic solution

blows up

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ destroy cell

lyse

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if rbc is in hypertonic solution it will

crenate (shrivel/prune)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the materail that is inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus

cytoplasm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the intracelluar fluid that contains dissolved ions and soluble and insoluble proteins

cytosol

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are isolated from cytosol by their ___________

membranous organelles | membranes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the control center of the cell

nucleus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does nucleus contain

genetic info

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER DNA forms a ___________

chromatid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the chromatid is joined by a ___________

centromere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the centromere is surrounded by a protein complex called

kineochore

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of cytoskeleton

strength and support

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of microvilli

increase surface are to facilitate absorption

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of centrioles

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of cilia

movement of material over cell surface

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of flagella

propel cell

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of endoplastmic reticulum

synthesis of secretory products | intracellular storage and transport

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of golgi apparatus

storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of lysosomes

intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of peroxisomes

catabolism of fats and other organic compounds

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of mitochondria

produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the production of RNA from DNA

transcription

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the formation of a linear chain of amino acids by using the info that is contained on mRNA strand

translation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where does translation occur

ribosome

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many stages to mitosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are the stages of mitosis

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what occurs in prophase

chromosomes form

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what occurs in metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what occurs in anaphase

chromosomes separate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what occurs in telophase

cell membrane forms cleavage furrow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is when the cells divide

cytokinesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the resting phase of mitosis called

interphase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what stage is DNA synthesized

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER order of cell division

``` G0 G1 S G2 M (mitosis) ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cells combining to have same functions form

tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ study of tissue

histology

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 types of tissue found in human organism

epithelial connective muscle neural

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER epithelial tissue is classified by

shape and number of layers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER shapes of epithelial tissues

squamous cuboidal columnar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER types of number of layers in epithelial tissues

simple (1 layer) | stratified (more than 1)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ means secretions (hormones) released into interstitial fluid and blood

endocrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ means the secretions are released inot the skin or other epithelial surfaces

exocrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glandular secretions include

holocrine apocrine merocrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER holocrine means

whole cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER apocrine means

top/apex of cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER merocrine means

exocytosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER connective tissue includes

bone fat blood

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 types of fibers

collagen elastic reticular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ secrete collagen

fibroblasts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the fat tissue

adipose

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ store fat

adipocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER reticular tissue is found where

spleen and liver

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER dense connective tissue is fibrous tissue that contains dense amounts of

collagen fibers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER dense connective tissues form ___________ and ___________ of the skeletal system

tendons | ligaments

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fluid connective tissue includes

blood | lymph

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the formed elements of the blood include

RBC WBC platelets

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER RBC are called

erythrocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER WBC are called

leukocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER platelets are sometimes called

thrombocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER RBC account for ___________ % of the volume of blood

50%

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is function of RBC

transport oxygen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the watery matrix of the blood

plasma

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER WBC function

immune (defense)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Platelets are responsible for

blood clotting

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a matrix of a firm gel that is made up of polysaccharides, chondroitin sulfate

cartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cartilage is ___________ (blood supply...)

avascular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is made up of a mixture of calcium phosophate, calcium carbonate, and collagen

bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cartilage cells are called

chondrocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER chondrocytes are found in

lacunae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone cells are called

osteocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER osteocytes are found in the

lacunae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are long passageways in the matrix of bone

canaliculi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone surface is surrounded by

periosteum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER membranes include

mucous serous cutaneous synovial

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal cardiac smooth

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skeletal muscle attaches

bone to bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skeletal muscle causes

movement

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skeletal muscles are ___________ movement

voluntary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle is only found in

heart

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscles can't

divide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER why can't cardiac muscle cells not divide

lack satellite cells needed for regeneration

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle is regulated by

pacemaker cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle is ___________ movement

involuntary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER smooth muscle is found in the walls of

blood vessels around hollow organs in layers of the respiratory tract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER smooth muscles are nucleated but are ___________ control

involuntary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neural tissue is specialized to conduct

electrical impulses

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are the longest cells in the body

neurons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is 1st phase when tissue has been damaged

inflammation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER signs of inflammation

swelling redness warmth pain

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the two cutaneous layers

epidermis | dermis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER subcutaneous layer also called

hypodermis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER layer is called (skin)

strata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER epidermis has up to ___________ strata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER order of strata from superficial to deep

``` corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum germinativum (basale) ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER strata lucidum is only found in

thick skin (palms/soles)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skin cells are called

keratinocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER keratinocytes produce

keratin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER keratin is also found in

hair and nails

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood flow to skin give it a ___________ color

reddish

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lack of blood flow to skin gives it a ___________ color

blueish

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER amount of ___________ skin orange color

carotene

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ would make skin yellow/jaundice

liver bilirubin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER brown/black skin comes from

melanin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER melanin is secreted by

melanocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of skin

prevents entry microorganisms acts as permeability barrier provides protection against abrasion and UV light

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where does Vit D enter body

UV rays on skin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit D travels from skin to

kidneys

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in the kidneys Vit D is covnerted to

calcitrol

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is calcitrol needed for

normal absorption of calcium in the intestine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is sign for calcium

Ca2+

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skin contains receptors for

pain touch temperature (hot/cold) pressure

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skin receptors allow for

proper response to environment

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER skin glands eliminate small amounts of

waste

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER are skin glands important in excretion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of sweating

cools you off

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lines on hands are formed how

pattern of collagen and elastic fiber bundles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ stabilizes the skin's position against underlyinjg organs and tissues

hypodermis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is fat stored in skin

hypodermis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glands include

sebaceous sweat mammary ceruminous

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where are sebaceous glands

hair follicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sweat glands include

apocrine and merocrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does cerumious glands produce

ear wax

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER "goose bumps" are caused by the ___________ muscle

arrector pili

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone categories include

``` long short flat irregular sesamoid sutural (Wormian) ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER structure of long bone includes

diaphysis epiphysis metaphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neck of bone

metaphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER shaft of bone

diaphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER head of bone

epiphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER elongation of bone occurs where

epiphyseal plate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where two bones articulate ___________ is found

articular cartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the medullary cavity is found where

bone shaft

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is located in medullary cavity

marrow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what surrounds the medullary cavity

endosteum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER yellow marrow =

lipid storage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER red marrow =

blood cell production

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER outside of the bone has a thin tissue layer called

peristeum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2 types of bone

compact (dense) | spongy

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER spongy bone containes

trabeculae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone matrix consists of

hydroxyapatite crystals

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hydroxyapatite crystals from from ___________ interacting with ___________

calcium phosophate | calcium hydroxide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mature bone cells

osteocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER osteocytes occupy a

lacuna

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are formed from lacuna sandiched between the lamellae

osteon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are little canals connecting the lacunae

canaliculi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ make the bone

osteoblasts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ secrete acid to break the bone down

osteoclasts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone formation

ossification

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2 types of ossification occurs

intramembranous | endochondral

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER intramembranous bone growth occurs from

fibrous tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER endochondral bone growth occurs from

cartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the hormone ___________ is released from the thyroid to cause osteoblasts to make bone

calcitonin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the hormone ___________ is released from the parathyroids causing the osetoclasts to break bone

PTH | parathyroid hormone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which hormone lowers blood calcium

calcitonin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which hormone increases blood calcium

PTH

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which hormone inhibits osetoclasts

calcitonin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which hormone inhibits osteoblasts

PTH

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when a bone is fractured part of the healing process is the formation of

callus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone projection or bump

process

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone extention of bone making an angle

ramus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone large, round projection

trochanter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone smaller, rough projection

tuberosity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone a small rounded projection

tubercle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone prominent ridge

crest

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone a low ridge

line

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bone pointed process

spine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER axial skeleton consists of

skull vertebral column thoracic cage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many bones in skull

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 6 auditory ossicles

2 each: malleus incus stapes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where are auditory occicles located

inside temporal bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what protects the brain

cranial vault aka braincase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bones that cranial vault includes

``` parietal(2) frontal temporal(2) occipital sphenoid ethmoid ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many facial bones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of facial bones

protect sensory organs | muscle attachment sites

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER facial bones

``` maxilla 2 mandible zygomatic 2 palatine 2 nasal 2 lacrimal 2 vomer inferior nasal concha 2 ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the mandible and maxilla possess ___________ with sockets for the attachment of the teeth

alveolar processes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is attachment site for throat and tongue muscles

hyoid bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is hyoid bone located

"floats" in the neck

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sutures of the skull

lambdoidal squamous sagittal coronal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER paranasal sinuses include

frontal ethmoidal sphenoidal maxillary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of crista galli

ethmoid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of sella turcica

sphenoid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of occipital condyle

occipital

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of cribriform

ethmoid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of foramen magnum

occipital

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is located where medulla oblongata meets spinal chord to vertebral column

foramen magnum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sections of vertebral column

``` cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many cervical vertebrae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many thoracic vertebrae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many lumbar vertebrae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many sacral vertebrae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER C1 is called

atlas

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER C2 is called

axis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER atlas pivots on the ___________ of axis

dens

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the thoracic cage consists of

ribs costal cartilages sternum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sternum is made up of

manubrium body xyphoid process

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rib cage has ___________ true pairs of ribs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rib cage has ___________ false ribs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many pairs of false ribs are floating

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER appendicular skeleton consists of

upper and lower limbs | pectoral and pelvic girdle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pectoral girdle consists of

scapula | clavicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER scapula consists of

coracoid process acromion spine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the arm bones include

humerus radius ulna

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many carpal bones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are carpal bones (2 rows)

triquetrm, pisiform, capitate, hamate | lunate, scaphoid, trapezoid, trapzium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER a ___________ stretches across the wrist from the tubercle of the trapezium to the hook of the hamate

ligament

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the distal row of carps bones articulate with the ___________

metacarpals

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ are the digital bones

phalanges

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thumb

pollex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bones of the pelvic girdle

coxa sacrum coccyx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the coca include

fusion of ilium ischim pubis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thigh contains

femur

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER leg contains

tibia | fibula

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER kneecap

patella

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER foot contains ___________ bones

7 tarsal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tarsal bones

``` talus calcaneus cuboid lateral cuneiform navicular intermediate cuneiform medial cuneiform ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER big toe

hallux

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when standing most weight is transferred to ___________ in the foot

calcaneus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when at rest the weight in foot is transferred to

metatarsals

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER joints are classified according to the

major connective tissue type that binds the bones together | and whether or not there is fluid-filled joint capsule

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER joint classifications

diathrotic amphiarthrotic synarthrotic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER diathrotic joint/example

freely moveable | synovial

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER amphiarthrotic joint/example

partly moveable | pubic symphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER joints can also be classified by

function

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fibrous joints include

sutures-synostosis syndesmosis gomphosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cartilaginous joints include

synchondrosis | symphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER synovial joints include

monaxial biaxial multaxial

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER synovial joints include these functions

``` plane(gliding) saddle hinge pivot ball and socket ellipsoidal ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER example saddle joint

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER example hinge joint

elbow, knee

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER example pivot joint

neck

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER example ball and socket joint

hip

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER joints may contain ___________, ___________ , ___________ , and ___________

joint capsule synovial membrane articular disks & cartilage bursae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER synovial membrane contains

synovial fluide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bursae are

sacs for additional cushioning

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER movement pairs (8)

``` flexion/extension abduction/adduction rotation pronation/supination circumduction elevation/depression protraction/retraction inversion/eversion ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ligaments are generally named for

location

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER articular cartilage is often at the end of the

bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are ligaments of knee

ACL anterior cruciate ligament MCL medial collateral ligament PCL posterior cruciate ligament

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle tissue has 3 layers connective tissue

epimysium perimysium endomysium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER epimysium surrounds

the muscle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER perimysium surrounds

fascicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER endomysium surrounds

fibers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER end of muscle fiber comes together to form

tendon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another name for tendon

aponeurosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle cells are

mulitnucleated

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle cells contain

sarcolemma sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum sacromere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle cell membrane is

sarcolemma

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are bundles of myofilaments

myofibrils

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER actin is

thin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER myosin is

thick

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are units of myofilaments

sarcomere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER actin includes

F-actin G-actin tropomyosin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER myosin includes

head | tail

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction starts with an impulse sent from the

motor cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction impulse leaves the motor cortex via the

corticospinal tract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction impulse continues to the peripheral nerve and then to the

neuromuscular junction

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction: ___________ is released into the synaptic cleft (gap)

Ach | Acetylocholine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the muscle contraction continues to travel down the T (transverse) tubules and causes the SR to release

calcium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction - myosin head ratchets the thin filaments, causing the sliding of the

thin filaments (actin)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction: calcium binds to ___________ on the actin filament causing it to change shape and expose active biding site

troponin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ binds to the binding site

myosin head

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ attaches to the myosin head, the head detaches, and goes to the next binding site

ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contraction concept

all or nothing

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muslce fiber contraction = on = means produces same amount of ___________ each time

tension

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a single contraction relaxation stimulus in a muscle fiber

twitch

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is sustained stimulation to a muscle with no relaxation period involved

tetanus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is when muscle contraction tension rises in steps

treppe

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contractions isotonically

change in muscle length

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle contractions isometrically

no change in length

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ can result from depletion of ATP reserves and the combined build up of lactic acid in the muscle tissues

muscle fatigue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the amount of oxygen consumed post exercise, and the amount needed to restore pre-exertion conditions in the muscle tissue

oxygen debt

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER large amounts of ___________ is produced by muscular activity

heat

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the heat from muscle activity is generated by the ___________ process of the breakdown of ___________

catabolic | gluose for ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fast twitch muscles are what color

white

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fast twitch muscles are found where

eyes | hands

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER slow twitch muscles are found where

calf | back

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle tissue is ___________ , which s nucleated

involuntary striated muscle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle cells contain cell-to-cell junctions called

intercalated discs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what do intercalated discs create

electrical connection between cardiac cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER smooth muscle is different from skeletal and cardiac fibers in that it is

non-striated

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER smooth muscle is involved with

peristalsis = moving food down intestinal tract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is basic muscle concept

muscle contracts - a force acts on bones/tissue to create motion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fixed end of the muscle is called

origin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER moveable end of muscle is called

insertion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER body of muscle between origin and insertion is called

belly

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what attaches muscle to bone

tendon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sheet-like flat tendon is called

aponeurosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER aponeurosis is located where

muscles attach to large flat regions of the body

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER main/prime mover muscle

agonist

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER agonist muscle is supported by

synergists

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER agonist muscle is opposed by

antagonists

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscles are named according to

``` size shape direction location number of heads action/function ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle size words

``` maximus minimus brevis major minor ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle shape words

``` triangular trapezoid saw-toothed rhomboid circular-orbicularis ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 basic muscle shapes

pennate parallel convergent circular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ classes of levers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER first class lever

R-F-AF

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2nd class lever

F-R-AF

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3rd class lever

F-AF-R

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

neuron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ separate the neurons

glial cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another name for glial cells

neuroglia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of glial cells (4)

separate neurons protect neurons provide framework of support for neural tissue act as phagocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER nervous system has ___________ divisions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are the 2 divisions of nervous system

central nervous system | peripheral nervous system

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CNS includes

brain and spinal cord

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER PNS includes

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ANS includes

all the nervous tissue that is outside the CNS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the PNS is divided into the

afferent division | efferent division

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ division brings info from the body to the CNS

afferent

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ division carries info from the CNS to the periphery or the body

efferent

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the efferent division consists of

somatic division | autonomic division

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER somatic division controls

skeletal muscle tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER autonomic division controls

smooth muscle cardiac muscle glandular tissues

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cell body of neuron

perikaryon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the perikaryon of the neuron contains ___________ and ___________

nucleus | organelles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the organelles of the perikaryon of the neuron do what

provide energy | synthesize the neurotransmitters

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER perikaryon's neurotransmitters are required for

cell-to-cell communication in the NS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are regions of the neuron that contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

Nissl bodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER most neurons lack ___________ and therefore can't divide

centrioles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER other parts of neuron (3)

dendrites axons axon hillock

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does dendrites contain

dendritic spines

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ may be found on the axons that branch off

collaterals

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER collaterals allow one neuron to ___________ with surrounding neurons

communicate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER end of the axon is composed of

teledendria

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a site where neural communication occurs

synapse

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER synapse involves

neurotransmitters

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ will release neurotransmitter substance to direct the response of the post synaptic cell

presynaptic neuron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the post synaptic cell can be

neuron or any other type of cell like muscle or glandular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is found when the postsynaptic cell is a neuron

synaptic knob

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER each synaptic knob contains

organelles | vesicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the organelles and vesicles of synaptic knob contain

neurotransmitter substances

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of the synaptic knob

reabsorb the neurotransmitter left over form the interaction between neurons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neuron structural classifications (4)

anaxonic bipolar unipolar multipolar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neuron functional classifications (3)

sensory motor interneuron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glia in CNS include (4)

ependymal astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ monitor the CSF

ependymal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ form BBB, are the largest and most abundant glia, ion regulation

astrocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ make myelin

oligodendrocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are phagocytes

microglia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are contained in the PNS

satellite cells | Schwann cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER satellite cells (amphicytes) function

regulation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Schwann cells (neurolemma) function

make myelin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER resting membrane potential has a ___________ charge

-70mv

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ occurs of the cell membrane when increased sodium ion enters the cell making more positive and closer to 0mv

depolarization

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when cell membrane depolarization occurs, an ___________ will be generated

action potential

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER during depolarization sodium channels are ___________ and the activation of ___________ channels occurs

deactivated | K+

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ occurs when the cell becomes more negative by K+ ions flowing in

hyperpolarization

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the Na+/K+ pump uses ___________ to return ions to their respective gradients

active transport

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the time between the action potential and the return to membrane resting potential, an action potential cannot be reinitiated during this time

refractory period

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER membrane resting potential has K+ ion concentration higher

intracellularly

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER membrane resting potential has Na+ ion concentration higher

extracellularly

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if a stimulus brings the cell membrane to threshold an action potential will be generated where

along whole membrane

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER two types of action potential propagation

continuous propagation | salutatory propagation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ propagation is action potential moving along an unmyelinated axons

continuous

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ propagation is leaping of action potential from node to node on myelinated axon

salutatory

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER nodes on axon on unmyelinated axons

Ranvier

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neurotransmitters include (7)

``` acetylcholine norepinephrine dopamine seratonin Gamma aminobutyric acid nitric oxide carbon monoxide ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER acetylcholine associated with

neuromuscular junctions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER norepinephrine assoc with

brain, ANS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER dopamine assoc with

CNS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER serotonin assoc with

CNS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Gamma aminobutyric acid assoc with

GABA-inhibitory CNS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER nitric oxide assoc with

smooth muscle | blood vessels in the PNS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER carbon monoxied assoc with (neurotransmitter)

synaptic knobs in the brain

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER meuromodulators include opioids classfified as

endorphins | enkephalons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the combination of two or more EPSPs to generate an action potential

summation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in presynaptic inhibition, ___________ released at the axon-to-axon synapse will inhibit the opening of the ___________ channels

GABA | calcium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the spread of info from one neuron to several neurons, or from one pool to several pools

divergence

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is when several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron

convergence

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the the PNS cell bodies are called

ganglia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in the PNS axons are bundled together to form

nerves

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the nerves in the PNS are connected to

spinal cord | brain

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER name of nerves connected to brain

cranial nerves

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in the CNS a collection of neurons or cell bodies with a common function are called

centers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER a nucleus is a center with a

anatomicl boundary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CNS white matter contains bundles of

axons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CNS white matter axons have common origins or destinations called

tracts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tracts in the spinal cord form large groups called

columns

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the centers and tracts that link the brain with the rest of the body are called

pathways

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the spinal nerve is a mixture of

sensory and motor fibers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER there are ___________ pairs of spinal nerves coming off the spinal cord

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the gray matter of cord is greatest in sensory and motor in segments that deal with the

limbs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER expanded areas of spinal cord are found

cervical and lumbar regions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER end of spinal cord is shaped

tapered and conical

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER end of spinal cord is called

filum terminale

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER each spinal cord segment has a ___________ associated with it

dorsal root ganglia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the cell body of the sensory neurons

dorsal root

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER dorsal root carries info into the

spinal cord

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the motor neurons or output of the spinal cord

ventral root

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the spinal nerve is a mixture of

sensory and motor fibers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain

meninges

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 layers of meninges

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER dura mater is

outer layer meninges

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER arachnoid mater contains

spinal CSF | middle layer

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pia mater is

inner most layer

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pia mater means

tender mother

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER epidural space is located between

dura mater and | wall of the vertebral canal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER epidural space contains

loose connective tissue blood vessels adipose tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER posterior gray horns contain

sensory nuclei

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER anterior gray horns contain

motor nuclei

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the white matter on each side of the spinal cord contains

myelinated axons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the spinal cord white matter is organized into 3 regions

anterior posterior lateral

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER around each nerve is a series of connective tissue layers

epineurium perineurium endoneurium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ of the spinal nerve supplies sensory and motor function to the skin and muscles of the back

dorsal ramus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ supplies the ventrolateral surface of the body and the structures in the body wall and lids (nerves)

ventral ramus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ us specific region of the skin that is monitored by a single paid of spinal nerves

dermatome

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 major nerve plexi of the NS

cervical brachial lumbar sacral

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is the phrenic nerve contains

cervical plexi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is the femoral nerve contained

lumbar plexi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is the sciatic nerve contained

sacral plexi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER path of reflexes travel from stimulus to spine via

afferent nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER reflexes leaves spine on

efferent nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER reflexes include

monosynaptic | polysnyaptic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER monosynaptic reflex example

stretch | postural

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER polysynaptic reflex example

tendon withdrawal crossed extensor

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is babinski reflex

big toe doral felx - other toes fan out - only seen in infants

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER largest region of brain

cerebrum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cerebrum is separated in paired

left/right hemisphere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what separates cerebrum hemipsheres

longitudinal fissure

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what connects the cerebrum hemipsheres

corpus collusum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the cerebrum superhighway

corpus collusum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the corpus collusum made of

thick band of white matter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what covers the cerebrum hemispheres

cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cerebrum cortex has

ridges and depressions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER name of cerebrum cortex ridges

gyri

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER name of cerebrum cortex depressions

sulci

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 types of fibers (cranial- cerebrum)

association commisural projection arcuate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER association fibers function

connect within same hemisphere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER commissural fiber function

connect between cerebral atmospheres

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER projection fibers function

pass from cortex to spinal cord

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER arcuate fibers function

communicate with individual gyri

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cranial lobes

frontal parietal temporal occipital

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of frontal lobe

executive function/planning | motor functioning

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER parietal lobe contains

primary sensory cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER name of parietal lobe primary sensory cortex

somatosensory

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER temporal lobe contains

primary auditory cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER occipital lobe contains

primary visual cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what separates the motor cortex from the sensory cortex

central sulcus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is the motor cortex

pre-central gyrus - frontal lobe

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is the sensory cortex

post-central gyrus - parietal lobe

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2 area of speech are both in the ___________ hemisphere

left

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are 2 areas dealing with speech

Wernicke's area | Broca's area

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of Wernicke's area

temporal lobe

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of Wernicke's area

comprehension/speech

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of Broca's area

frontal lobe

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions

prefrontal cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is responsible for language-based skills like reading, writing, speaking, analytical skills and math problems

left hemisphere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment.

right hemisphere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of thalamus

relay center

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of hypothalamus

many incl temp control hunger, thirst, and endocrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER limbic system includes

amygdala | hippocampus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of limbic system

emotional states | short term memory

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 ___________ in different regions of the brain

chambers/ventricles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what circulates in the ventricles in brain

CSF

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of CSF

cushion neural tissue support the brain transport nutrients, waste products, and chemical messengers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CSF is formed by network of ___________ cells

ependymal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER name of the network of ependymal cells that form CSF

choroids plexus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER throughout the brain are ___________ which consist of generally gray areas taht do not contain myeline but contain cell bodies and/or unmyelinated axons

nuclei (basal nuclei)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 2nd largest structure in the brain

cerebellum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cerebellum has paired

hemisphere

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what connects the cerebellum hemispheres

vermis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when cerebellum is dissected you can see the

arbor vitae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of cerebellum

control and coordinate movement | balance

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER brain stem consists of

mesencephalon | pons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the mid-brain and functions include processing auditory and visual info

mesencephalon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mesencephalon contains

substantia nigra

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER substantia nigra releases

dopamine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pons connects the ___________ to the ___________

brain stem | cerebellum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pons contains

somatic motor control nuclei some respiratory functions medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER spinal cord connects to the brain is located at

medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pons relays info via

decussation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pons relays info from ___________ to the ___________

spinal cord | thalamus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pons regulates

``` autonomic functions such as: breathing heart rate digestion blood pressure ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sites of autonomic function regulation are called:

centers | vasomotor center etc

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER brain development: | prosencephalon forms the

telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER telecephalon becomes the

cerebrum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER diencephalon becomes the

adult diencephalon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mesencephalon forms the

adult mesencephalon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rhombencephalno forms the

metencephalon | myelecephalon

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER metencephalon develops into the

cerebellum | pons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER myelecephalon becomes the

medulla

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ is fused to the inner skull

dura mater

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER there is no ___________ in the skull/brain

epidural space

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ is attached to the surface of the brain

pia mater

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what connects the pia mater to the brain

astrocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a layer of neural tissue that separates the brain from the outside circulation

blood brain barrier (BBB)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the BBB's ___________ lining consists of tight junctions and is selective permeability

endothelial

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER only ___________ like oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, steroids, glucose, and prostaglandins are allowed to pass the BBB

lipid soluble

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what controls the permeability of the BBB membrane

astrocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Cranial Nerve I

olfactory nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER olfactory never

cn I - smell

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CN II

optic nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER optic nerve

CN II - sight

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CN III

occulomotor nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER occulomotor nerve

cn III - eye movement

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CN IV

trochlear nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER trochlear nerve

cn IV - motor to the superior oblique (eye)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CN V

trigeminal nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER trigeminal nerve

cn V - sensory and motor to face and mastication

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ responses would include increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, mental alertness, metabolic rate, deactivation of digestive and urinary tract functions, activation of energy reserves, activation of sweat glands

sympathetic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sympathetic fibers also innervate the ___________

adrenal glands

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER adrenal glands are located

on top kidneys

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER adrenal glands secrete

epinephrine | norepinephrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER adrenal gland contains the

second order neuron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ responses would include decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, metabolic rate, salivary and gastrointestinal gland secretion, increase digestive activity, increased urination and defecation

parasympathetic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neurotransmitter involved with parasympathetic is

ACh | acetylocholine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the special senses include

olfaction ision gustation hearing

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is gustation

taste

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER general senses include

pain temperature chemical mechanical distortion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pain sense receptors

nociceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER temperature sense receptors

thermoreceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER chemical sense receptors

chemoreceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mechanical distortion sense receptors

mechanoreceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mechanoreceptors include

``` tactile tactile discs Meissner's corpuscles lamellate corpuscles ruffini corpuscles ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what senses fine touch/pressure

Merkel's discs | Meissn'er corpuscles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what senses deep pressure

Pacinian

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what responds to change in blood pressure

baroreceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ monitors positions of joints and muscles

proprioceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Olfactory receptors are on the surface of

Nasal mucosa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Olfactory receptors are on nasal cavity cilia. When particles pass over the cilia they are _______ and perceived as smell

Absorbed

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER The axons of the olfactory pathway travel thru the _______ of the _______ bone and reach the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum

Cribiform plate | Ethmoid bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER From the cerebrum, olfactory pathway travels to the olfactory cortex on the interior region of the ______

Temporal lobe

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Olfactory info is the only sensory info that may reach cortex w/o traveling thru

Thalamus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Gustation receptors are found on the surface

Tongue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Nerve VII

Anterior 2/3 tongue | Sweet, salty, and sour

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Nerve IX

Posterior 1/3 tongue | Bitter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Nerve X

Surface of the epiglottis | Taste receptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Structures of the eye

``` Eyelids Medial canthus Lateral canthus Eye lashes Conjunctiva ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Tear ducts

Lacrimal glands

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Lacrimal glands are located

Medial canthus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER What is conjunctiva

Outer surface of eye

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Eye layers are called

Tunics

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Eye tunics include

Fibrous Vascular Choroids Neural

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Fibrous layers of eye

Outer -sclera Cornea

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vascular layers of eye

Middle | Iris, pupil, ciliary body

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER What attaches to iris

Ciliary body

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Eye vascular layer

Choroids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Neural layer of eye

Inner | -retina

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Where are the photoreceptors located

Retina

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ______ is the absorption of photons by the visual pigments in the eye

Photoreception

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Photoreception includes

Rods | Cones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Rods detect

Light

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Cones detect

Color and light

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER More rods or cones in eye

Rods

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER What is responsible for color vision

Cones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 types of cones

Blue Green Red

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lens of the eye is found behind

cornea

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of the lens

focus light on the photoreceptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER shape of lens

convex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER clarity of vision

visual acuity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER normal visual acuity

20/20

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER acuity below ___________ is legally blind

20/200

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER visual info is received by the photoreceptors passing to the

optic disc

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER visual info travels from optic disc down the ___________ to the ___________

optic nerve | optic chiasm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER at the optic chiasm this occurs

half the fibers cross over (decussation) to the opposite side

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER decussation occurs 2 places

optic chiasm | medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER once visual info is past the optic chiasm, the neurons travel down the ___________ to the ___________

optic tract | lateral geniculate bodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER from the geniculate bodies the visual info travels to the ___________ or ___________ to be processed

occipital | visual cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ear has 2 functions

hearing | balance

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another word for balance

equilibrium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ear is divided into

external middle inner cochlea

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER external ear includes

pinna canal tympanic membrane

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ear lobe

pinna

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER middle ear includes

eustachian tube | auditory ossicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 middle ear auditory ossicles

malleus incus stapes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER inner ear includes

labyrinth | vestibule

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ear labyrinth includes/function

semicircular canals | head rotation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ear vestibule contains/function

otoliths | head tilting

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hearing is perceived when the vibrations of the inner ear bones stimulate the ___________ of the ___________

perilymph | cochlea

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ in the cochlea are stimulated and sound is recognized

tiny hair cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the tiny hair cells of the cochlea are located in a structure called

organ of corti

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hearing is perceived when sound waves arrive at the

tympanic membrane

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER movement of the tympanic membrane causes vibration of the

auditory ossicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER movement of the stapes on the oval window creates a pressure wave on the ___________

perilymph of the vestibular duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pressure waves distort the basilar membrane, vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of the hair cells against the

tectoral membrane

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER auditory info regarding sound is relayed to the CNS via the ___________ branch of the Nerve ___________

cochlear branch | N VIII

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER chemical messengers

hormones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER endocrine system releases hormones in ___________ and transports via ___________

tissue | blood stream

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hormones have a specific target ___________

cell

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER exocring glands secrete via

ducts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER endocrine glands do not secrete via

ducts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER non-steroidal hormones bind to ___________ on the cell membrane

receptors

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER non-steroidal hormones activate messengers in the ___________ of the cell

cytoplasm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER activation of messengers in the cytoplasm will cause a change in cell ___________ or ___________

metabolism | function

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hormone is ___________ messenger

first

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cytoplasm of cell is the ___________ messenger

second

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ hormones can pass directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

steroidal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ can directly affect the function of genes in the nucleus of the cell

steroidal hormones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 groups of hormones

amino acid derivatives peptide hormones lipid derivatives

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER peptide hormones include

ADH | oxytocin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what hormone is involved with inflammatory response

prostaglandins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ regulates the secretion of hormones

hypothalamus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in the ___________

pituitary gland

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ by directly secreting hormones into the

blood stream

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hypothalamus regulating hormones include

thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another name for pituitary gland

hypophysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pituitary gland rests in the ___________ of the ___________ bone

sella turcica | sphenoid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalams by the

infundibulum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the pituitary gland's connectin to the circulatory system

portal system

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the portal system contains a ___________

network of blood vessels

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER portal system's network of blood vessels allows the passage of ___________ directly into the blood stream

hormones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER anterior pituitary called

adenophphysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER anterior pituitary contains

pars distalis pars tuberalis pars intermedia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER largest part of anterior pituitary

ars distalis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER TSH impacts

thyrotropin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ACTH does what

stimulates the release of steroids by the adrenal gland

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER FSH does what

stimulates follices in M/F sex cells oocytes spermatazoa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER LH does what in females

stimulates ovulation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER LH does what in males

stimulates testosterone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER PRL does what

stimulates milk production

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER posterior pituitary gland is called (2 names)

``` neurohypophysis pars nervosa (nervous tissue) ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER posterior pituitary gland produces

``` antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ADH does what

increases blood pressure and blood volume by reducing the amount of water released from kidneys

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER oxytocin does what

stimulates uterine contraction and lactation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pineal gland is part of the

epithalamus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pineal gland produces

melatonin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER melatonin is produced from what

serotonin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thyroid gland produces

thyroxin (t4) | tiiodothyronine (t3)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER T4 and T3 are both involved with

metabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER T4 and T3 produce

calcitonin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER parathyroid gland is located where

posterior surface of thyroid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER parathyroid gland secretes

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does PTH do

stimulates osteoclasts to break bone increasing Ca in the blood stimulates calcitriol in the kidney

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heart secretes

atrial netiuretic peptide (ANP)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when is ANP released

in response to high pressure by inhibiting renin and increasing sodium excretion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thymus secrets

thymosin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thymosin does what

increases maturation of T cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER kidneys secretes

calcitriol erythropoietin renin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER calcitriol does what

increases absorption of Ca and P+ in the GI tract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER erythropoietin does what

stimulates the RBC production

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER renin is secreted by ___________ cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER angtiotensiongen creates

angiotensin I

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER angiotensin I creates

angiotensin II

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER renin causes

adrenal gland to release aldosterone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does aldosterone cause

kidney to resorb Na+ and water (leads to increased BP and BV)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cortex of the adrenal glands secretes

aldosterone cortisol sex hormones

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER medulla of the adrenal glands secretes

epinephrine | norepinephrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER aldosterone causes

increase in BP and BV

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cortisol is the ___________ hormone

stress

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cortisol causes

increase glucose formation at liver

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what sex hormones are thought to be released from adrenal glands

androgens estrogens progestins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ and ___________ when released cause an increase in sympathetic response

epinephrine | norepinephrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER islets of Langerhans are located

pancreas

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER alpha cells from the islets of langerhans release

glucagons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glucagons increase

blood sugar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER beta cells from islets of langerhans release

insulin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER insulin does what

decreases blood sugar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER testerone is an

androgen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what produces testerone in males

testes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER testerone in men stimulates production of

sperm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER secondary sex characteristics in men is determined by

testerone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER estrogen is produced where

oocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where are oocytes located

ovaries in follicles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER estrogen stimulates

follicle maturation growth of uterus secondary sex characteristics

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what releases progesterone in female

corpus luteum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER progesterone prepares the ___________ for the arrival of ___________

uterus | developing embryo

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER progesterone causes

enlargement of mammary glands | accelerates movement of oocyte/embryo

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is fluid connective tissue

blood

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER matrix of blood is called

plasma

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ accounts for 43-63% of the volume of whole blood

plasma

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is 92% of plasma

water

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood contains formed elements

rbc wbc platelets

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 99% of formed elements in blood is

rbs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER average adult contains ___________ of blood

5 liters

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER plasma contains the following dissolved proteins

albumens globulins fibrinogen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fibrinogen is involved with

blood clotting

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER albuments involved with

osmotic pressure

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER globulins involved with

antibodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the production of blood cells

hemopoiesis or | hematopoiesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in adult only site for hemopoiesis is

bone marrow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rbc are basically "bags" of

hemoglobin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER one hemoglobin molecule can carry ___________ molecules of oxygen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the percentage of whole blood in the occupied by cellular elements

hematocrit

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hematocrit value is due to the volume of

rbcs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rbc is a ___________ disc

biconcave

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER shape of rbc allow it to

larger surface are to volume form stacks that smooth the flow of blood bend/flex when entering capillaries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER circulation rbc can't divide because they lack

nuclei | ribosomes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lifespan of rbc is

120 days

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hemoglobin contains 4 ___________

heme groups

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER each heme group carries

one oxygen molecule

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does oxygen bind to in the heme group

iron molecule

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER at end of rbc lifespan the cell is ___________ and sent to the ___________

phagocytized | kidney

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER once phagocytized rbc reaches the kidneys it is released in the

urine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is too much broken down rbcs in urine

hematuria

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the globulin portion of broken down rbc is disassembled into ___________ and are used by the body

amino acids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER broken down heme groups are stripped of their ___________ and it is converted to ___________

iron molecules | biliverdin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER biliverdin is converted to

bilirubin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bilirubin binds with ___________ in the blood stream and is sent to the liver to be excreted in the ___________

albumin | bile

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER red bone marrow is called

myeloid tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER erythropoiesis is

rbc production

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER erythropoiesis occures in

myeloid tissue/red bone marrow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER stage 1 of rbc production: | hemocytoblasts divide into

myeloid stem cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER stage 2 of rbc production: | white blood cells divide into

lympoid cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER final stage of rbc production forms what

reticulocyte

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is immature rbc

reticulcyte

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rbc are fully mature after

24 hours

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood cell production is stimulated by the hormone

erythropoietin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is necessary to prevent anemia

b12

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER normal blood cell production is dependent on the presence of

certain amino acids and b vitamins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type refers to cell membrane ___________

antigens

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER surface antigens on rbcs are called

agglutinogens

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 types of surface antigens

A B Rh or D

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type A =

surface antigen A

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type B =

surface antigen B

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type AB =

antigens A and B

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type O =

no antigens

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type positive =

Rh positive

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood type negative =

Rh negative

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wbc are different than rbc b/c they

lack hemoglobin | have ribosomes and nuclei

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wbc are the ___________ cells

immune

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of wbc

fight invading pathogens | remove toxins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wbc divided into 2 groups

granular leukocytes | agranular leukocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER microliter of blood contains ___________ wbc

6000-9000

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is most wbc stored

connective tissues of body | lymph organs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 characteristics of wbcs

capable of amoeboid movement can migrate out of the blood stream attracted to specific chemical stimuli some wbcs are capable of phagocytizing other cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 5 types of wbcs

``` neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ account for 50-70% of the wbcs (most abundant)

neutrophils

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are the first wbc to arrive at site of injury

neutrophils

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neutrophils attack

bacteria

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 classes of lymphocytes

T cells B cells NK cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are the macrophages of the immune system

monocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER eosinophils attack

parasites

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER basophils are active in ___________

allergic reactions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER basophils release

histamine | heparin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER besides basophil what else releases histamine and heparin

mast cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wbc are produced from the ___________ in the bone marrow

stem cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ divide into lympoid stem cells and go on to become wbcs

hemocytoblasts

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wbc mature in

bone | thymus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER platelets are also called

thrombocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lifespan platelets

9-12 dyas

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 1/3 platelets are stored in

spleen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of platelets

transporting chemicals needed for clotting formation of temp patch on wall of damanged blood vessels active contraction after clot formation to shrink size of hole

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER platelet production

thrombocytopoiesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER platelet production occurs

bone marrow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER plateletes form from

megakaryocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER process of stopping bleeding in damaged tissues of the body

hemostasis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 phases of hemostasis

vascular platelet coagulation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER damage wall of blood vessel will spasm to decrease diameter of vessel

vascular phase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER platelets attach to endothelial surface and attract more platelets

platelet phase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER clotting occurs in this phase

coagulation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER most of the clotting factors are produced where

liver

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER plasma contains several anticoagulants (or anticlotting factors) used for feedback to control abnormal clotting

antithrombin heparin thrombomodulin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER antithrombin III inhibits

thromin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heparin activates ___________ and prevents clotting

antithrombin III

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thrombomodulin binds with thrombin to form ___________

protein C

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER protein C stimulates the production of

plasmin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER plasmin breaks down the ___________ of the ___________

fibrin strands | clot

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what 2 substances are involved with all clotting

calcium | Vit K

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit K must be present for the liver to produce

prothrombin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where can Vit K be found

green veggies grain organ meats

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER half the daily requirements for Vit K is produced in

large intestine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is an abnormal drifting blood clot

embolus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is an anticoagulant drug that blocks the clotting factors by blocking the action of vit k

coumadin aka Warfarin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ activated antithrombin

heparin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ inactivates platelet enzymes, and will reduce the sensitivity of the clotting process

aspirin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is hereditary disorder characterized by inadequeat production of clotting factors

hemophilia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER adult heart is the size of

closed fist

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER rounded point of the cone (heart) is called

apex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER large flat portion of cone (heart) is called

base

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heart is located in the

thoracic cavity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER in the thoracic cavity the heart is between the ___________ in a midline partition called ___________

lungs | mediastinum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER chambers of the heart include

2 atria | 2 ventricles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what separates the chambers of the heart

septums

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what are the septums in the heart

interatrial | interventricle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heart is surrounded by a double-layered closed sac called the

pericardium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heart wall is comprised of

epicardium myocardium endocardium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the role/place of epicardium

out | prevents friction

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the place/role of myocardium

middle | muscle layer

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the place/role of endocardium

inner | reduces friction from blood passing through the heart

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the myocardium is particularly large on the

left ventricle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood coming into the heart is ___________ in oxygen

low

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER low oxygen blood enters the ___________

vena cava | superior, inferior

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood moves from the vena cava to the ___________

right atrium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood moves from the right atrium to the

right ventricle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood goes from the right ventricle to the

pulmonary trunk

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood goes from the pulmonary trunk to the

pulmonary arteries (to lungs)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood going to the heart gets oxygen added where

pulmonary arteries/lungs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood leaves the lungs by (heart circulation)

pulmonary veins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood leaves the pulmonary veins to the

left atrium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood leaves the left atrium to the

left ventricle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood leaves the left ventricle to the

aorta

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood supply to heart | starts at base of ascending aorta and goes to

coronary arteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood supply leaves coronary arteries and goes to

heart muscle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood supply leaves heart muscle and goes to

cardiac veins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood supply leaves cardiac veins and goes to

coronary sinus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood supply leaves coronary sinus and goes to

right atrium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ are located between the atria and ventricles

atrialventricular valves (AV valves)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Av valves include

bicuspid valve | tricuspid valve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bicuspid valve is located which side of heart

left

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tricuspid valve is located which side of heart

right

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ attaches between the valves and the papillary muscles (heart)

chordae tendonae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ secures the valves in the heart

papillary muscles

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ separates the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk

semilunar valves

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER valve associated with aorta

aortic valve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER valve associated with pulmonary trunk

pulmonary valve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the location of the former foramen ovale

fossa ovalis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is location where mother's oxygenated blood bypasses baby's lungs and goes into the left ventricle

foramen ovale

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when does foramen ovale close

baby's first breath

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscles are joined by

intercalated discs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER intercalated discs's membranes have ___________ greatly increasing contact between adjacent cells

folds

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what holds cardiac cells together

desmosomes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER area of low electrical resistance between cardiac cells

gap junctions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gap junctions allow ___________ to move from one cell to the next

action potential

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle cells have a ___________ onset of contraction

slow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscle cells have a ___________ contraction time

prolonged

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac cell contraction is prolonged due to the length of time required for ___________ to move to and from the myofibrils

calcium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER reason cardiac muscle is well supplied with blood vessels

support aerobic respiration

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac muscles have a lot of

mitochondria

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER benefit of cardiac muscle having a lot of mitochondria

sustain high energy level (ATP production)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how is oxygen supplied to cardiac muscle?

capillary network

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of the conducting system of the heart

relay electric action potentials thru the heart

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER conducting system of the heart consists of

two nodes and a conducting bundle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER right atrium has 2 nodes

sinoatrial (SA) | atrioventricular (AV)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the AV node is connected to the bundle branches in the

interventricular septum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what connects the AV node to the bundle branches

AV bundle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another name for AV bundle

Bundle of His

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the bundle branches give rise to

Purkinje fibers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER SA node initiates

action potentials

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER action potentials cause the atria to

contract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER action potentials are slowed where

in the AV node

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER action potentials cause ventricles to contract where

purkinje fibers

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is when cardiac muscle cells touch together and they beat together

syncytium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER external cells that help regulate heart

pacemaker cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what records electrical activities of the heart

ECG

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is depolarization of the atria

P wave

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ : depolarization of the ventricles

QRS complex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when does atrial systole occur

P wave

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when does ventricular systole and atria repolarization occur

QRS complex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ repolarization of the ventricles

T wave

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a contraction/constriction of ventricles or atria

systole

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is relaxation of ventricles or atria

diastole

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the beginning of the cardiac cycle

atrial systole

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ sound is produced by closure of the atrioventricular valves

lubb

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ sound is produced from closure of semilunar valves

dupp

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heart sound sequence

lubb dupp

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER CO=SV x HR

cardiac output = stroke volume x heartbeats/minute

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is volume of blood entering aorta and pulmonary trunk

stroke volumne

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the total resistance against which blood must be pumped

peripheral resistance (PR)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ systolic pressure

120 mm Hg

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ diastolic pressure

80 mm Hg

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ describes the relationship between preload and the stoke volume of the heart

Starling's law of the heart

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched

preload

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER increased preload causes the cardiac muscle fibers to contract with a greater force and produce a ___________

greater stroke volume

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac center is in the

medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac center regulates nervous control of heart parasympathetically by stimulating the

vagus nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER vagus nerve is N ___________

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cardiac center regulates nervous control of heart sympathetically by the

cardiac accelerator nerve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER during a sympathetic response ___________ and ___________ increase the heart rate and force heart contraction

epinephrine | norepinephrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ and ___________ contain chemoreceptors that respond to O2 and CO2 amounts in heart

carotid bodies | aortic bodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ and ___________ have baroreceptors responding to pressure (heart)

carotid sinuses | aortic sinuses

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER largest artery

aorta

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER largest vein

vena cava

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER capillaries include

continuus | fenestrated

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ have no gaps between the endothelial cells; are less permeable to large molecules

continnus capillaries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ consists of a porous diaphragm allowing cells to be very permeable to molecules

fenestrated capillaries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are large diameter sinusoidal capillaries with a sparse basement membrane, large molecules and even cells pass through there

sinusoids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sinusoids are common in the ___________ and the ___________

liver | bone marrow

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sinusoids are closely associated with with ___________ of the immune system

macrophages

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are even larger than sinusoidal type

venous sinuses

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER venous sinuses are found where

spleen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ have large gaps between the endothelial cells

venous sinuses

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 layers of vessel tissue (from inside to out)

``` tunica intima (tunica interna) tunica media tunica adventitia (tunica externa) ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tunica media is

smooth muscle layer

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ have more muscle (vessels)

arteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are the larger diameter vessel type

veins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which vessel type contains valves

veins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ contain internal elastic layer and less muscle than the muscular arteries

elastic arteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER capillaries only consist of

tunica intima

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER increase of blood vessel diameter

vasodilate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER decrease of blood vessel diameter

vasoconstrict

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER decrease in elastin production in aging leads to

ateriosclerosis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is Circle of Willis located

brain

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteries and hepatic veins are associated with

mesenterics

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what artery is watched for strokes

carotid artery

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what arteries are watched for heart attacks (mi)

coronary arteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ system is part of the defense system

lymphatic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tonsils are made of

lymphoid tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tonsils include

pharyngeal sublingual palatine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pharyngeal tonsils are called

adenoids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is thymus located

mediastinum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER thymus begins to shrink when

puberty

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what matures in thymus

T cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER spleen is located

abdominal cavity - left superior posterior region

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is associated with red blood cells in spleen

red pulp

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER red pulp is

rbc graveyard

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER white pulp (spleen) is assoc with

lymphocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER a ___________ exists between vessels and spleen

hilus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of spleen

detect and respond to foreign substances in the blood destroy old rbcs serve as blood reservoir

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood entering the spleen passes through the ___________

white pulp

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lymphocytes in white pulp activate in response to ___________ in the blood

microbes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER leaving the spleen blood goes through the ___________

red pulp

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER as blood passes through red pulp ___________ can be activated to clean up the blood

macrophages

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are large aggregations of lymph nodes

Peyer's patches

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where are peyer's patches found

distal 1/2 of the SI and appendix

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are dense arrangements of lymph tissue organized into compact structures

lymph nodes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where are lymph nodes found

all over the body

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 superficial collection of lymph nodes include

inguinal nodes axillary nodes cervical nodes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where does interstitial fluid come from for lymph nodes

lymph tissue

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where does lymph travel towards

subclavian vein (left or right)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ vessels go to lymph node

afferent

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER eventually lymph reaches a

duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lymph on right side of body(head, neck, limb) travels thru

right lymphatic duct | right subclavian vein

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER left head neck limb lymph enter the

thoracic duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a holding tank

cistern

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ is at the base of the thoracic duct

cisterna chili

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the cisterna chili has lymph vessels from

lower limbs and abdomen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the cisterna chili receives a large amount of lymph from where

digestive tract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pathogens cause

disease

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tears prevent disease b/c they contain

salt lysozyme IgA

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sweat prevents disease b/c it contains

ammonia | salt

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER saliva prevents disease b/c it contains

lysozyme | IgA

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Urine prevents disease b/c it contains

ammonia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ occurs in response to pathogen entering the body

inflammation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 signs of inflammation

pain swelling redness heat

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when cells are damaged they release

chemicals

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mast cells release ___________ and ___________ when tissue is damaged

histamine | heparin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER heparin's function

anticlot

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER histamine causes ___________, ___________, and ___________ to site of injury

vasodilation vessel permeability chemotaxis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is attraction of wbcs

chemotaxis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how to wbcs move

diapedesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what causes fever

pyrons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER other chemicals involved with inflammation

interferons kinins leukotrienes interleukins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a protein involved with defense

complement

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER complement proteins are named:

C1-C9 | factors B,D and P

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how do complement proteins attack pathogens

form a membrane attack complex (MAC) and open pores on pathogen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER complements with antibodies cause the wbcs to more attracked to pathogens. Called:

opsonization

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Natural Killer cells look for cells who's ___________ have ___________

membranes | changed shape

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if NK cells detect something wrong w/cell they release ___________ which created holes and kills the cell

perforin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER micro and macrophages do what

eat up

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b cells mature

bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER t cells mature

thymus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER important concept in immune is determining self from

non-self

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when an ___________ is recognized it causes a response

antigen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER immunity includes

innate | acquired

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER innate immunity is

genetically determined

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER acquired immunity is from

exposure

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER active acquired immunity is from

antigen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER passive acquired immunity is from

transfer of antibodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cell mediated immunity is

cell to cell

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER EBV targets the

B cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER HIV targets

CD4 (T helper) cell

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER t helper cell secretes

cytokines

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b cells secrete

antibodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER t suppresser cell does what

inhibit T and B cell activation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are chemicals released from cells which affect nearby cells and activate NK cells

interferons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER most lymphocyte activation involves

glycoproteins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the glycoproteins on the surface of the pathogens are called

major histocompatability moelecules "MHC"

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER antibodies also called

immunoglobins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER antibodies are produced by ___________ cells

plasma

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where are antibodies produced

blood plasma

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 5 types of anitbodies

IgM, A, D, G, E

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER IgM is

first to respond

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER IgA found in

in saliva, tears, mucous, breast milk

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER IgD associated with

on B Cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER IgG is

largets and diverse class - can cross placenta

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER IgE is

type I allergic reaction

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which antibody binds to mast cells and basophils

IgE

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER all living cells require oxygen for

metabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER metabolism produces

ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how is oxygen provided to cells

respiration

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does respiration remove

carbon dioxide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER upper resp tract refers to

nasal cavity | pharynx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lower resp tract refers to

larynx trachea bronchi lungs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER resp tract is lined with ___________ to assist in moving mucus

cilia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of mucus in resp tract

traps bacteria and debris

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the nasal cavity is divided by the

nasal septum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER anterior part of the nasal septum is

cartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER posterior aspect of the nasal septum is

vomer | perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of the nasal cavity

cleans air traps debris humidifies and warms the air

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ are located in the nasal septum

paranasal sinuses

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is function of paranasal sinuses

resonate sounds

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the pharynx is the

throat

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pharynx is divided into 3 regions

nasopharynx oropharynx larngopharynx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what enters the nasopharynx

eustachian tubes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER larynx contains the

thyroid cartilage | cricoid cartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the adam's apple

thyroid cartilage

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER vocal chords are found in the

larynx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are a pair of ligaments that extend off the arytenoid cartilage to the posteriod surface of the thyroid cartilage

vocal cords

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER opening between the 2 vocal cords

glottis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ covers the opening of the larynx and prevents food from entering it

epiglottis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wind pipe

trachea

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER trachea contains ___________ rings of cartilage

C shape

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER posterior aspect of the trachea is made up of the

trachealis muscle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER trachea divides to form

2 primary bronchi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER trachea divides at the level of the

carina

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the site of gas exchange in resp system

aveoli

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the base of each lung rests on the

diaphragm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which lung is larger

right

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER how many lobes each lung have

left: 2 right: 3

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what nerve stimulates the diaphragm

phrenic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is primary muscle of breathing

diaphragm

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what other muscles contribute to breathing

intercostals abdomen muslces some neck/back

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a lipoprotein secreted by the alveolar cells

surfactant

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of surfactant

reduce surface friction of the alveoli

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER surfactants are also produced in what cavity

pleural

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs

ventilation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER inspiration is called

inhalation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER expirations is called

exhalation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the measure of the ease at which lungs and thorax expand

compliance

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the measure of the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs

spirometry

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER spirometry is measured by a

spirometer

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does spirometry measure

tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the total volume of air that is inspired and expired

tidal volume

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normal inspiration

inspiratory reserve volume

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the amount of air that can be expelled forcibily after normal expiration

expiratory reserve volume

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the air volume left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

residual volume

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER once oxygen diffuses from the alveolus of the lungs it is bound to

hemoglobin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hemoglobin (with oxygen) travels from pulmonary capillaries to the

tissue capillaries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER once hemoglobin arrives at the tissue, the oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the

interstitial fluid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is produced as a by-product of cellular resp

carbon dioxide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gas exchange to remove carbon dioxide happens where

alveolus of lungs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER as ph of blood reduces the amount of O2 boudn to hemoglobin

reduces

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER increase in the H+ ions change blood's

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is when H+ combines with hemoglobin, changing its structure and reducing the ability of oxygen to bind to it

Bohr Effect

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER as temp in blood increases, oxygen's ability to bind to hemoglobin

reduces

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by these methods

co2 gas in blood globin part of hemoglobin bicarbonate ions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER most common method of carbon dioxide transport

bicarbonate ions

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the propensity of hemoglobin to bind with carbon dioxide after it has released its O2

haldane effect

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER resp center is located in the

medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ contains the apneustic and pneumotxic areas

pons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is abnormal inspiration pattern involving deep gasping inspiration and ineffective delayed exspiration

apneustic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________is area involved with regulating how much air intake

pneumotaxic area

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where does GI tract start

mouth/oral cavity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pathway of GI tract

``` oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anaus ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER small intestine is broken down in order

suodenum jejunm ileum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER large intestine is broken down in order

``` colon cecum ascending transverse descending sigmoid ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what shape is the sigmoid of the large intestine

s shape

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER accessory organs of GI tract

``` glands teeth liver gallbladder pancreas appendix ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when food starts in the mouth it becomes

bolus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the bolus goes through ___________ and arrives in the stomach

segmentation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when the bolus leaves the stomach it becomes

chyme

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the contraction of the smooth muscles that moves the bolus/chyme through the gi tract

peristalsis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER peritoneum contains

visceral | parietal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the visceral aligns the

organs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the parietal aligns the

cavities

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ attach to the abdominal organs

mesenteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mesenteries are double sheets of

peritoneal membrane

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what stabilizes the stomach

lesser omentum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ covers the surface of the intestines anteriorly

greater omentum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER omentum is ___________

fatty skin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 layers in alimentary canal

mucosa layer submucosa muscularis serosa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mucous (alimentary canal) is produced by way of the ___________ cells

goblet

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the mucosa layer contains the

lamina propria

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the lamina propria contains

muscularis mucosa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER shapes of muscles in muscularis mucosa

circular | longitudinal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which layer of alimentary canal tends to be innervated

submucosa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is found in submucosa layer of alimentary canal

Meissner's plexus or submucosal plexus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscularis (externa) layer contains what shape muscles

circular | longitudinal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the muscularis layer is innervated with the plexus of

Auerbach aka myenteric plexus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER serosa layer of alimentary canal is called adbentitia in the ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________

oral cavity pahrynx esophagus rectum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ = oral cavity

buccal cavity

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER buccal cavity contains

labia (lips) gingival uvula fauces

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ = gums

gingival

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of uvula

prevents food prematurely entering pharynx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ = passageway between mouth and orophayrnx

fauces

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tongue

glossa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tongue is made of ___________ and ___________ muscle

intrinsic | extrinsic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tongue has

body | root

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the thin fold of mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

frenulum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cranial nerves associated with tongue

N XII - hypoglossal N VII - facial N IX - glossopharyngeal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which cranial nerve associated with tongue muscle movement

hypoglossal N XII

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which cranial nerve associated with taste

facial N VII and | glossopharyngeal N IX

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 salivary glands

sublingual submandibula parotid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of sublingual salivary glands

buffer and lubricate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of submandibula salivary glands

mucins and salivary amylase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of parotid salivary glands

salivary amylase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what salivary gland produces the most of saliva

submandibula (70%)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is an enzyme that breaks down some carbohydrates

salivary amylase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER saliva consists of ___________ of water

99.4%

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what besides water is in saliva

electrolyte mucins buffers IgA lysozyme

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is role of buffers in saliva

keep ph around 7

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is an enzyme with defensive quality

lysozyme

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ targets the salivary glands, especially parotid

mumps

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER adults have ___________ permanent teeth

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another name for permanent teeth

secondary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER children have ___________ primary teeth

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER another name for primary teeth

deciduous

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER types of teeth

incisors cuspids bicuspids molars

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER incisors are

bladed

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cuspids are

canines

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bicuspids are

premolars

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER molars do what

crush and grind

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tooth includes

crown neck root

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER crown of tooth includes

enamel dentin pulp

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER neck of tooth is surrounded by

gingival

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER root of tooth contains

root canal cementum periodontal ligament

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is chewing

mastication

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pharynx consists of

oropharynx larynxopharynx nasopharynx

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER which muscle is associated with pharynx

constrictor

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of constrictor muscle

move bolus to the esophagus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER esophagus runs from ___________ to ___________

pharynx | stomach

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER esophagus contains upper and lower ___________ muscle which controls the amount of bolus from passing

esophageal sphincter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER people with ___________ may have issues with the closure of the sphincter muscle

GERD or acid reflux

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is swallowing

deglutition

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER swallowing reflex is located where

medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER esophageal ___________ is an opening in diaphragm

hiatus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hernia in diaphragm (esophageal)

hiatal hernia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of the stomach

food storage mechanical breakdown of food chemical breakdown of food instrinsic factor involved iwth Vita B12 absopriton

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER chyme enters the duodendum via the

pyloric sphincter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER stomach anatomy

cardia fundus body pylorus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER most superior part of stomach

fundus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER main part of stomach

body

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of pylorus on stomach

between body and duodendum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER major artery vasculizing stomach

gastric artery

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER tissue of stomach consists of a muscle layer that contains what muscle shapes

circular longitudinal oblique

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER epithelium layer of stomach of folds called ___________ and shallow depressions called ___________

rugae | gastric pits

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER parietal cells (stomach) secrete ___________ and ___________

intrinsic factor | HCL

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are located deep in the gastric pit of stomach

chief cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER chief cells secrete ___________

pepinogen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pepinogen and HCL combine and form

pepsin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a protease (enzyme which breaks down proteins)

pepsin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER located in the pylorus are the ___________ which secrete gastrin

G cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ causes contractions of the gastric wall and stimulates the parietal and chief cells

gastrin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ nerve responds parasympathetically, signallying smooth muscle contractions of the peristalsis

vagus nerve N X

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER location of highest absoprtion of nutrients

small intestine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER small folds on the intestines are called

plicae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER on the plicae are intestinal ___________

villi

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER within the villus the lacteal absorbs mostly

lipids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER globlet cells produce

mucin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Brunner's glands produce copious amounts of ___________ when chyme arrives from the stomach (intestines)

mucus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cryptes of Lieberkuhn located in the ___________

intestines

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ cells are located deep in intestines and secrete lysozyme, defensins, etc which kill bacteria

paneth cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER brush border enzymes are involved with

digestion

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the gastroileal reflex relaxes the

ileocecal valve

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are towards the end of the ileum

Peyer's patches

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are defense against the symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the large intestine

peyer's patches

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is control of vomiting located

medulla oblongata

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pancreas anatomy contains

head body tail

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pancreas contains

lobules

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pancreas is primarily vascularized by the

pancreatic arteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pancreatic islets are called

Islets of Langerhan

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ has endocrine function and acinar cells

islets of langerhan

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice - this is an ___________ function

exocrine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 70% of pancreatic enzymes are

proteases

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pancreatic lipases breakdown

fats | triglycerides

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pancreatic amylases are also called

carbohydrase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ from the duodendum stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes

CCK

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ from the duodendum stimulates production of pancreatic buffers

secretin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ nerve also stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes

vagus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ducts of the pancreas includes ___________

Wirsung duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ meets the bile duct

Wirsung duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is the bile duct from

live and gallbladder

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where does the Wirsung and bile ducts meet

ampulla of Vater

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the duodenal and hepatopancreatic ampulla

ampulla of Vater

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is duct that leads to the duodendum

Santorini duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the largest visceral organ

liver

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver has ___________ lobes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 4 lobes of liver

right left caudate quadrate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER right and left lobes of liver are divided by the

Falcifom ligament

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what lobe of liver is dorsal

caudate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ marks the path of the umbilical cord

ligamentum teres

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver contains

hepatocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ adjust circulating levels of nutrients by selective absorption and secretion

hepatocytes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hepatocytes produce bile from

cholesterol

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver lobules are surrounded by 6

hepatic triads

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER branches of the hepatic portal area:

hepatic portal vein hepatic artery small branch of bile duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER throughout the liver lobules are ___________ cells

Kupffer

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Kupffer cells are

macrophages

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Kupffer cells prefer to eat

damaged rbcs

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bile is secreted via

bile canaliculi ductules ducts common hepatic duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bile is

amphipathic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

amphipathic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bile being amphipathic allows it to emulsify and transport

lipids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver is very important metabolically with regards to

carbohydrates

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the following occurs in liver wrt carbohydrates

``` glycogenesis glycogen glycogen (stored) glycogenolysis glycogen glucose gluconeogensis lactic acid + AA's glucose ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when lipids decline, the lipid reserves empty into the

bloodstream

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER most lipids absorbed from digestion bypass

hepatic portal circulation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver is involved with

removal of toxins | waste removal

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver stores

fat soluble vitamines KADE Vita B12 minerals: iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER liver converts ___________ from the skin

Vitamin D3

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of gallbladder

store bile

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ duct leaves the gallbladder

cystic

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cystic duct joins the ___________

common hepatic duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cystic duct and common hepatic duct form the

common bile duct

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ releases bile to the duodendum

sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functions of large intestines

reabsorption of water compactor absorption of vit (b12, biotin, k) store fecal matter

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER pouches in large intestine

haustra

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is peristalsis of colon

haustral churning

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 bands of longitudinal muscles in Large intestine that causes churning called

taentia coli

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ attaches to the cecum

vermiform appendix

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________dominates the veriform appendix

lymphoid nodules

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is digested in mouth/by what

carbohydrates/amylase | fat/liqual lipase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mechanical digestion occuring in mouth

mastication

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is digested in stomach/by what

proteins/ pepsin and acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is digested in duodenum/by what

proteuin/trypsin carbs/pancreatic amylase lipid/pancreatic lipase

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lipid starts as a ___________ that is broken down into little bubbles

fat bubble

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lipid is broken down by

emulsification

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when lipid is emulsified it becomes

micelle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is bile and fat

micelle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER micelle is broken down into

chylomicron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is micelle and protein

chylomicron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fat soluble vitamins are

KADE

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER water soluble vitamins are

mostly B's and C

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what does B12 need to be digested

intrinsic factor

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER metabolism includes ___________ and ___________ of organic molecules

catabolism | anabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ breaking down of organic molecules

catabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ synthesis of organic molecules

anabolism

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is the energy molecule

ATP -3

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER main focus of metabolism is production of

ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cAMP has how many phosphate groups

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ADP has how many phosphate groups

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ATP has how many phosphate groups

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is produced in mitochondrion along with ATP

CO2 | water

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER process of ATP synthesis in mitochondrion is called

areobic resp | cellular respiration

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ATP synthesis outside of mitochondrion is called

anaerobic respiration

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER basic unit of carbohydrates is

monosaccharide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER primary source of energy for cellular resp

glucose

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glucose is

6 carbon monosaccharide

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER other sugars are

sucrose fructose lactose

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sucrose is

table sugar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER fructose is

fruit sugar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lactose is

milk sugar

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is process of breaking down glucose for energy

glycolysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER to start glycolysis ___________ is needed

2 ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glycolysis creates ___________ ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER net result of glycolysis

2 ATP

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER glycolysis does not require

oxygen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if oxygen is present glycolysis produces ___________ ATP

36 or 38

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER end product of glucose in glycolysis (with oxygen) is

pyruvic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER end product of glucose in glycolysis (without oxygen) is

lactic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the cycle used in aerobic resp

Krebs Cycle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER used after Krebs cycle in aerobic resp

ETC/ETS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what is pyruvate

salt form of pyruvic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ is a sequence of proteins called cytochromes

ETC

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ETC is a series of ___________ reactions

redux

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the reactions of ETC lead to a build up of ___________ outer and inner membrane of mitochondrion

H+

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER we expire Co2 from the ___________ and H2) from ___________ and ___________

krebs cycle | krebs and ETC

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ breakdown of lipids

lipolysis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ creation of lipids

lipogenesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bad cholesterol is

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER good cholesterol is

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER low density lipoprotein is made in

liver

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER high density lipoprotein goes to

liver

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ can also be used for energy in certain circumstances

amino acids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER vit K source

symbiotic bacteria

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of vit K

clotting/prothrombin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER vit A source

leafy green and yellow veggies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit A function

vision/retinol

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit D source

made in body

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sequence for how Vit D is made in body

skin liver kidney

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit D function

absorptinof Ca+/digestive tract

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit E source

meat, milk, veggies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vit E function

antioxident | prevent breakdown of Vit A and fatty acids

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER water soluble vitamins (bs)

1,2,5,6,12 niacin folic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b1

thiamin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b2

ribflavin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b5

pantothenic acid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b6

pyridoxine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER b12

cobalamin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER is Vit C water or fat soluble

water

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER vit C

ascorbic acid/antioxident

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what mineral is needed for thyroid hormone for metabolism

iodine

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER major minerals in metabolism

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, P(phosphorous), Mg2+

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER organs of urinary tract

kidney ureter bladder urethra

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER organs impacting urinary system

adrenal heart posterior pituitary

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is urination

micturation

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER outer layer of kidney

cortex

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER inner layer or core of kidney

medulla

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER calyx of kidney 2 parts

major and minor

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ opens to the ureter

renal pelvis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER functional units of kidney

nephrons

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER cortical nephrons are surrounded by

peritubular capillaries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded vascularly by

vasa recta

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bowman's capsule is a nephron

glomerular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ surrounds the glomerulus

glomerular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER PCT (nephron) is

proximal convoluted tubule

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER where is Henle loop located

descending/ascending arm of nephron

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER DCT (nephron)

distal convlouted tubule

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER blood enters the nephron in the

glomerulus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER macula densa means

dense spot

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are specialized cells which have receptors which detect concentration of sodium ions in kidney

macula densa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER if sodium ions are low in kidney, ___________ is released

renin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER renin causes

increased BP and BV

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ acts on the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells

erythropoietin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER __________ is the hormone that completes the Vit D chain

calcitriol

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER wastes involved with kidney

``` urea creatine ammonia uric acid urobilin/bilirubin ```

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER largest percent of waste involved with kidney

urea

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the waste creatine is from

creatine phosphate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uric acid waste is from

RNA (purines)

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what gives urine its color

urobilin/bilirubin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER GFR (kidney)

glomerular filtration rate

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER GFR is affected by

hormones and NS

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER hormones that impact GFR

renin ANP ANF/ANH

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ henle loop is impermeable to solutes

descending

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ henle loop is impermeable to water

ascending

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER function of reproduction

continue species

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER somatic cells contain ___________ chromosomes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gamete cells contain ___________ chromosomes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gametes are contained in the

gonads

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gametes in male/female

sperm/egg

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gonads in male/female

testes/ovaries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER maturation of gamete (male)

spermatogenesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ becomes a sperm in spermatogenesis

spermatozoa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER maturation of gamete (female)

oogenesis

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ becomes an egg in oogenesis

oocyte

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER gonads are located in the

scrotum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER male repro tract

testes epididymus ductus (vas) deferens urethra

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER accessory organs male repro tract

seminal vesicle prostate gland bulbourethral gland

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER bulbourethral gland (male repro) also called

Cowper's gland

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ muslce when contracted pulls testes toward the body in response to temp changes

cremaster

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER spermatogenesisioccurs in

semineferous tubules with lobules

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER androgens are produced in men in the _______

Leydig cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Leydig cells are located in the

testes

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER predominat androgen produced by Leydig cells

testosterone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER when does levels of testosterone start declining in men

50 - 60 yrs old

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what cells provide nutrienets to the spermatids during development

Sertoli cells

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sperm anatomy

head neck tail

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sperm head consists of

acrosomal cap | nucleus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sperm neck contains

centriole

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sperm tail has a

flagellum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sperm maturation and storage is the

epididymus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is a tube from the epididymus to the ejaulatory duct

vas (ductus) deferens

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 60% volume of seen is secreted by

seminal vesicle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ secretes fluid which is 20-30% of semen

prostate gland

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the ___________ secret thick alkaline mucous which leads to neutralization

Bulbourethal glands

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER penis anatomy

shaft glans prepuse

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER penis glans is

head

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER penis prepuse is

foreskin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscles within penis

corpus spongiosum | corpora cavernosum

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER sperm and egg are haploid/diploid (chose)

haploid

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ______ is composed of a protein called opsin and the compound retina (retinene), which is synthesized from Vitamin A

Rhodopsin

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Vitamin A is synthesized from

Beta-carotene

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ______ is the origin of the optic nerve

Optic disc

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER What is blind spot of eye

Optic disc

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Eye has 2 cavities

Aqueous humor | Vitreous humor

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Which cavity of eye is anterior

Aqueous humor

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ stimulates the ovarian cycle

FSH

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ supports the female repo organs

broad ligament

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ supports the ovaries

ovarian ligament

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is the degeneration of primordial follicles (female repo)

atresia

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ are cells that after oogenesis division do not become eggs

polar bodies

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________ is an immature egg

follicle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER after ovulation the corpus luteum becomes

corpus albicans

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER corpus luteum is what color

yellowish

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER corpus albicans is what color

white

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER 3 layers of uterus

endometrium myometrium permetrium

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterus endometrium layer is

glandular

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterus myometrium layer is

muscle

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterus perimetrium layer is

serosa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterus is vascularized by

arcuate arteries

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterine cycle repeats unless implantation of

blastocyte

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER ___________stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progestins

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER estrogen is secreted by ___________ and ___________

thecal cells | granulosa

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the fallopian tube has

infundibulum ampulla isthmus

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER the infundibulum of the fallopian tube has

fibriae

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterus function

provides nutrients warmth protection

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER uterine cycle

menses | degeneration of functional zone

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER menstruation is

sloughing of the endometrial lining

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER mammary gland includes

lactiferous sinus and duct lobes pectoral fat pad

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER lactiferous duct supplies

milk colostrum IgA

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER vagina is a muscular tube that contains

hymen

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER muscle of vagina

bulbospongious

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER other female repo features

glans clitoris | labias

# FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER what stimulates milk production

prolactin | oxytocin