Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Notes Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
how many types of cells are in teh body
A
about 200
2
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
what is the study of tissues
A
histology
3
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
how many types of tissues in body
A
4
4
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
what are the types of tissues in body
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
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Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
epithelial tissue includes:
A
glands
6
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
epithelial tissues cover
A
internal and external surfaces
7
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
glands are
A
secretary structures that are made from epithelial tissue
8
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
the skin is
A
epithelium tissue
9
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
what lines the gi tract, respiratory tract, reproductive and urinary tracts
A
epithelium tissue
10
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
characteristics of epithelium
A
cellularity polarity attachment avascularity regeneration
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Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
function of epithelial tissue is
A
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secreations via glandular epithelium
12
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
epithelia that line pasageways have ___ present
A
microvilli
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Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
where is stereocilia found
A
male reproductive tract and the inner ear
14
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
epithelia attaches to other cells by _______
A
cell junctions
15
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
how many types of cell junctions
A
3
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Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
what are the cell junctions
A
tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes
17
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
epithelia can be classified by
A
shape
based on view under microscope
18
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
what are the shapes for epithelia
A
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
19
Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
also can classify epithelia by
A
number of layers
simple or stratified
20
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Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
squamous epithelium
A
thin flat and irregular in shape
21
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Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
simple squamaous is found
A
where absorption takes place or where a slick surface is required to reduce friction
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Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
mesothelium
A
a specialized epithelium that does not contact the outside world, they line the ventral body cavities, the pleura peritoneum and pericardium
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Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
endothelium
A
simple epithelia that line the heart and all blood vessels.
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Q
Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
stratified epithelial is found
A
where mechanical stress is severe
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# Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization
cuboidal epithelial
provide limited protection, and are located where secretions are promient
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stratified epithelial cells are rare but can be found in the
sweat and mammary glands
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columnar epithelium
apear rectangular and are tall and slender.
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simple columnar is found
in areas of scretion and absorption and function to protect lining from chemical stress (intestines)
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glandular epithelia - endocrine
secretions which are hormones, are released into the surrounding interstital fluid and blood
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glandular epithelia - exocrine
the secretions usually enzymes are released into the skin or other epithelial surfaces.
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this secretion is where the product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
merocrine secretion
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this secretion involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product
apocrine secretion
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which secretion involves when teh cell becomes packed with secretory material and then bursts liberating the material - destroying the cell
holocrine
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connective tissue includes
bone
fat
blood
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connective tissue share 3 componenets
specialized cells
cellular protein fibers
fluid called the ground substance
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what is the matrix
ground substance and the extracellular fibers
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connective tissue function
by providing a structural framework for the body, transporting fluids and dissolved materials, protecting organs, supporting other tissues, storing energy reserves, adn defending the body from invading pathogens
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there are 3 classifications of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
fluid connective tissues
supportive connective tissues
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cells found in connective tissues vary from ______ cells to cells that are ________ into the tissue to perform a needed function
permanent
| imported
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Cells found in connective tissue:
```
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
melanocytes
mast cells
lymphocytes
eosinophils
neutrophils
```
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_____ are the most prevalent permanent cells in the connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
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_______ secretes hyaluronan and protein which together forms proteoglycans
fibroblasts
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______ are the cleaners of the cell. cleaning up damaged tissue and kill pathogens taht have invaded the tissue
macrophages
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________ which are stem cells that respond to local tissue injury, divide and differetiate into fibroblasts or macrophages
mesenchymal cells
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______ store pigment and determine skin color
melanocytes
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_____ cells are the mobile cells near blood vessles. they contain the chemicals histamine and heparin which are released after tissue injury and stimulate local inflammation
mast cells
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_____ are immune cells that can produce antibodies in response to an invading pathogen
lymphocytes
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microphages include the _____ and ______ wich are called phagocytes
eosinophils
| neutrophils
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there are ____ types of connective tissue fibers
3
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what are the types of connective tissue fibers
collagen
reticular
elastic
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embryonic connective tissues include
mesenchyme
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mesenchyme is only found where
developing embryo and it contains the stem cells that differeiate into other connective tissues
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______ fills the spaces between organs and acts as cushion to other cells and organs
loose connective tissue
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areolar tissue is
loose tissue
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adipose is
fat tissue
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____ tissue is found in the spleen and liver
reticular
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dense connective tissue is fibrous tissue taht contains dense amounts of _____ fibers.
collagen
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___________ make the tendons and ligaments of the skeletal system
dense connective tissue
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fluid connective tissue are
blood and lymph
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the formed elements of blood are
red blood cells RBC
white blood cells WBC
platelets
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RBC or _______ accounts for ____ the volume of the blood
erythrocyte
| half
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the RBC transport ______ to the tissues of the body
oxygen
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______ is the watery matrix of the blood and contains the WBS or __________
plasma
| leukocytes
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the wbc are the ______
immune cells
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______ are little packs of cytoplasm that contain enzymes, and are responsible for ________
platelets
| blood clotting
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______ is a matrix of a firm gel that is made up of polysaccharides, chondroitin sulfate
cartilage
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______ are the cartilage cells
chondrocytes
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cartilage is ________ and gets its food by diffusion with normal joint motion
avascular
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________ is when the joints do not move as they should as body ages, breaking down the cartilage
degenerative joint disease
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cartilage grows in two ways
interstitial
| appositional growth
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_______ growth occurs with cell division and happens from within
interstitial
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in ______ growth, new layers of cartilage are added on the surface.
appositional
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types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
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____ is made up of a mixture of calcium salts in the form of calcium phosphate as well as smaller amounts of calcium carbonate
bone
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the rest of the osseous matrix is
collagen
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______ are found in the lacunae; they are bone cells
osteocytes
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osteocytes communicate with the blood system and themselves by travelling through ________ which are long passageways in the matrix
canaliculi
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the bone surface is surrounded by
the periosteum
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membranes include
mucous, serous, cutaneous, and the synovial
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the connective tissues make the _______ of the body
internal framework
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the internal framework of the body provides:
strength and support
maintain the positions of the internal organs
rovide a route for the blood vessels, lymph, and nerves
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_____ are layers of connective tissue taht support and surround organs
fascia
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the layers of fascia are
superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
deep fascia
subserous fascia
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3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
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___ muscle is only found in the heart
cardiac
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cardiac muscles lack ______ needed for regeneration
satellite cells
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cardiac muscles are regulated by
pacemaker cells
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how do pacemaker cells regulate heart
electrically control the contraction
this is involuntary muscle control
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____ is found in the walls of blood vessels around hollow organs, and in layers of the respiratory tract
smooth muscle
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________ is specialized to conduct electrical impulses from one region of the body to another
neural
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____ are the longest cells in the body
neurons
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a neuron has a large cell body and branching processes called ____ and one axon
dendrites
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____- carry info inot othe cell body and ____ carry info away from teh cell body
dendrites
| axons
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______ is the first phase when a tissue has been injured
inflammation
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signs of injured tissue
```
inflammation
swelling
redness
warmth
pain at site
```
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second phase of injury
regeneration or repair
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during repair ________ are active at the injured site
fibroblasts
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Fibroblasts will build a _______ around the injured site and begin to rebuild new tissue
fibrous wall
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the new tissue isn't as good as the original tissue because
the fibrosis of repair occurs in a disorganized manner.
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what do you feel under skin on clients
fibrous nodules. they will be tender and hard but you can break then up with deep tissue work
