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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Cytology is

A

the study of the structure and function of cells

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2
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

in human body how many classes of cells

A

2
somatic
sex

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3
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

sex cells are also called

A

germ cells or reproductive cells

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4
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what are germ cells in men/women

A

sperm/oocytes

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5
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what forms the outer boundary of the cell

A

plasma membrane or plasmalemma

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6
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is function of the plasma membrane

A

functions to separate the inner part from the outside environment.

to regulate the exchange or interaction with the environment

regulates the release of ions in and out of the cell

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7
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

cell membrane contains

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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8
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the cell membrane is _______ layer

A

phospholipid

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9
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

Which head of the phospholipid layer faces the membrane surface

A

hydrophilic

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10
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

the ________ tail faces the inside of the membrane

A

hydrophobic

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11
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins are part of the membrane strucutre

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12
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

peripheral proteins

A

are bound to the inner/outer surface of the membrane

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13
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

function of membrane proteins:

A 
anchoring 
recognition
enzyme receptors
carriers
channels
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14
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

membrane carbohydrates are made up of

A

proteoglycans
glycoproteins
glycolipids

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15
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate portions that extend out beyond the cell membrane form this

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16
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what determines what substance can leave or enter the cytoplasm of the cell

A

membrane permeability

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17
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

passage of the membrane is

A

active or passive

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18
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

active passage requires

A

energy or ATP

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19
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what results from random motion and collisions of ions and molecules (passive passage)

A

diffusion

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20
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what occurs when hydrostatic pressure is exerted on teh fluids and solutes, also passive

A

filtration

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21
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what involves the movement of materials within small sacs or vesicles

A

vesicular transport

active

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22
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the net movement of material from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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23
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what factors influence diffusion

A

distance
gradient size
molecule size
electrical forces

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24
Q

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization

what is the net diffusion of water across a cell membrane

A

osmosis

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25
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization osmotic pressure is
the force of water movement into a solution as a result of a concentration gradient
26
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what is the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution
osmolarity
27
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization tonicity is the effect of various solutions on
cells
28
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization A _________ solution is one that does not have an osmotic flow of water in /out
isotonic
29
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization ___________________ is the transportation of solute particles across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure forces
filtration
30
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _____________ involves the use of integral proteins and has the following characteristics: specificity saturation limits regulation
carrier mediated transport
31
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization ____________ is the passive transport of molecules across a membrane by carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
32
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization __________ uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane, it is not dependent on a concentration gradient
active transport
33
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _____ are proteins that transport molecules across the membrane; they may be specific to one type of ion.
ion pumps
34
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _______ is the bundling of extra cellular material in a vesicle at the cell surface that will be imported inot the cell
endocytosis
35
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization vesicles that are formed by receptor mediated or pinocytosis are called ______ and the ones produced by phagocytosis are called
endosomes | phagosomes
36
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization ___________ is the reverse of endocytosis a vesicle is created inside the cell and fuses with the cell membrane and the material is exported outside the cell into the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
37
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization cytoplasm
is the materail that is inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus
38
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization the _____ is the intracellular fluid that contains dissolved ions and soluble and insoluble protiens
cytosol
39
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization the cytosol differs from teh extracellular fluid in that
it contains a higher concentration of K and lower NA contains a higher concentration of suspended proteins comntains small amounts of carbs to be used as energy
40
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _______ are insoluble material stored as nutrients
inclusions
41
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization non-membraneous _______ are not fully enclosed by a membrane and all of its components are in direct contact with the cytosol
organelles
42
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization membranous organelles are isolated from the cytosol by their
membranes
43
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization non-membranous organelles are (6):
``` cytoskeleton microvilli centrioles cilia flagella ribosomes ```
44
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization the membranous organelles are the (6):
``` endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria cell nucleus ```
45
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton gives strength and flexibility to the cell
46
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization microvilli
small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane and thus allow for increased absorption of materials from the extracellular fluid
47
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization centrioles
produce microtubules that help move chromosomes during cell division.
48
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization cilia
move fluids or solids across the cell membrane.
49
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization flagella
serve to propel the organism or move a medium past a fixed cell
50
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization ribosomes
Proteins are produced on the surface of ribosomes
51
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization endoplasmic reticulum
Carries materials through cell | Aids in making proteins
52
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Golgi apparatus
Modify proteins made by the cells | Package & export proteins
53
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization lysosomes
digest foreign objects such as bacteria that a white blood cell has ingested. (This is a part of the process of phagocytosis, or "cell-eating." break down old worn-out cell parts within the cell.
54
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization peroxisomes
neutralizing toxins such as alcohol.
55
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization mitochondria
converting the energy found in food into a form of energy that cells can use. This form of energy is a chemical called ATP, or adenosine triphosphate.
56
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization nucleus
control center. contains DNA
57
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what surrounds the nucleus
nuclear envelope
58
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization ______ allow contact between the nucleus and the cytosol
nuclear pores
59
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _______ is the fluid contents of the nucleus and contains the DNS, RNA, enzymes, and nucleotides
nucleoplasm
60
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what synthesizes rRNA
nucleoli
61
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what does the nucleoli contain
RNA enzymes proteins called histones
62
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization where is DNA contained
chromosomes
63
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization how many pairs of chromosomes
23
64
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization the chromosome contains DNA strands attached to
histones
65
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization when do chromosomes become visible under microscope?
cell division is about to happen - when there are 2 copies of each chromosome
66
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization during cell division each copy of chromosome is called
chromatid
67
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what are the chromatid joined by
centromere
68
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what surrounds the chromatid pairs
kinetochore - a protein complex
69
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what is the genetic code
a triplet code due to the sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that can specify the identity of a single amino acid
70
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization DNA BASES (nitrogen)
ADENINE - A THYMINE - T CYTOSINE - C GUANINE - G
71
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization Regulation on each gene with an on/off switch
promoter
72
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization gene activation occurs as a result of the temporary disruption of the _____ and exposure of the _______
histones | promoter
73
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter gene and thus starts the process of
DNA transcription
74
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what is the production of RNA from a DNA template
DNA transcription
75
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization transcription can form which RNA
t, m, or r
76
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization which is the most important RNA as it will carry the genetic info out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
mRNA
77
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _____ is the formation of linear chain of amino acids by suing the info that is contained on teh mRNA strand.
Translation
78
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization where does translation happen
ribosomes
79
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what is the process that an organism develops from a single cell
cell division
80
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization when a cell divides into two they are called
daughter cells
81
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization ________ is the genetically controlled death of a cell
apoptosis
82
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization division of the nucleus of a cell is
mitosis
83
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization where does mitosis occur
somatic or body cells
84
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization what is the division of sex cells
meiosis
85
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _____ is a cell performing its normal functions while preparing to divide. it is not actively dividing
interphase
86
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization phase the cell is not preparing to divide
G0
87
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization phase where the cell produces the organelles, cytosol, and membranes for two functional cells
G1
88
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization the cell enters this phase once all the activites of G1 have occured. During this phase the cell duplicated its chromosomes, which involves DNA replications
S PHASE
89
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization this phase ocurs when DNA replication has occured and is devoted to last minute protein synthesis.
G2
90
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization This phase occurs when protein synthesis is complete
M Phase
91
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _______ is the process that separates teh duplicated chromosomes of a cell into two identcal nuclei; it refers to the division and duplication of the cell nucleus
mitosis
92
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization how many phases in mitosis
4
93
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization _________ is the cytoplasmic division of the two daughter cells. This is the end of cell division.
cytokinesis
94
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization list the cell cycle in order
``` Interphase G0 G1 S phase G2 M phase - mitosis ```
95
# Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization list the phases of mitosis in order
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Anatomy & Physiology (30 decks)

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