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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 11 - The Muscular System Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Muscular System Notes Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Lever

A

(Bone)

- Rigid structure

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2
Q

Fulcrum

A

(Joint)

- Fixed point

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3
Q

Muscles (produce what)

A
  • Apply the forces that produce MOVEMENT
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4
Q

Basic Muscle Concept

A

When a muscle contracts (shortens), a force is generated that acts on bones (or surrounding tissues) to create motion

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5
Q

Components of typical skeletal muscle

A
  1. Origin
    2, Insertion
  2. Muscle Belly
  3. Tendons
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6
Q

Origin

A
  • “Fixed” end; may be called the head of the muscle
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7
Q

Insertion

A
  • “Moveable end
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8
Q

Muscle Belly

A
  • The largest portion of the muscle. It lies between the origin and insertion
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9
Q

Tendons

A
  • Attach muscles to bones
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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A
  • (Sheet-like)

- Is a thin, flat tendon located where the muscles attach to large flat regions on the body

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11
Q

Synergists

A
  • Muscles working together to cause a movement
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12
Q

Agonist

A
  • Prime Mover

- If one muscle in a group does most of the work involved

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13
Q

Antagonists

A
  • Muscles that cause a movement opposite that of the synergists
  • flexors/extensosr
  • adductors/abductors
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14
Q

Stabilizers

A
  • Stabilize the joints
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15
Q

Number of Muscles Identified

A
  • Over 700

- Averaging just over 3 per every bone

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16
Q

Naming Schema for Muscles

A
  1. Origin and Insertion
  2. Size
  3. Shape
  4. Direction of muscle fibers
  5. Location
  6. Number of Heads
  7. Action/Function
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17
Q

Naming: Origin & Insertion

A
  • named landmarks found on the bones
  • origin is fixed end
  • insertion moveable end
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18
Q

Naming: Size

A
  1. Maximus
  2. Minimus
  3. Brevis
  4. Major
  5. Minor
  6. Longus/Longissimus
  7. Teres
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19
Q

Naming: Shape

A
  1. Triangular
  2. Trapezoid
  3. Saw-Toothed
  4. Rhomboid
  5. Round
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20
Q

Naming: Direction of Muscle Fibers

A
  1. Rectus: runs parrell to the midline of the body
  2. Perpendicular: runs at a right angle to the midline of the body
  3. Angle
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21
Q

Naming: Location

A

-May indicate a nearby bone or body region

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22
Q

Naming: Number of Heads

A
  • multiple heads or attachments
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23
Q

Naming: Action/Function

A
  • Terms such as FLEXOR, EXTENSOR, ABDUCTOR, and ADDUCTOR are all added to muscle names to indicate the kind of movement generated by the muscle.
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24
Q

Muscle Shapes

A
  1. Pennate: feather-shaped
  2. Parallel: fasciculi run in line w/tendon
    3, Convergent: triangle shaped
  3. Circular: circle shaped
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25
Fascicles
- Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called Fascicles
26
Levers
- Three classes of levers with respect to skeletal muscle function: 1. Class I - see saw R-F-AF 2. Class II - loaded wheel barrel F - R - AF 3. Class III (most common in the body) ladder against building - F - AF - R
27
Frontalis
- Forehead | - Raises eye brows, wrinkles forehead
28
Orbicularis oculi
- Around the eyelids | - Closes the eyes
29
Buccinator
- Lines the cheeks | - Compresses cheek
30
Orbicularis oris
- Around the lips | - Purses the lips
31
Zygomaticus
- Upper cheek | - Elevates corner of mouth
32
Depressor Anguli Oris
- Side of the chin | - Depresses corner of the mouth
33
Temporalis
- Side of head above ear | - Elevates mandible
34
Masseter
- Rear of the cheek - strongest muscle in the jaw - Elevated mandible
35
SCM
- Side of the neck | - Rotates the neck opposite side, laterally flex same side
36
Platysma
- Side of neck superficial | - Tenses neck, depresses mandible
37
Scalenes
- Deep, side of neck | - Elevated ribs, flexes neck
38
Torticollis
- "pinched nerve" in neck - Acute spasm of the SCM - Usually caused by a cervical acceleration - deceleration injury
39
Erector Spinae - Iliocostalis
- Deep posterior trunk muscles | - Extension of the spine
40
Erector Spinae - Longissimus
- Along the back, from head to sacrum | - Extension of the spine
41
Erector Spinae - Spinalis
- ?? | - Extension of the Spine
42
Quadratus Lumborum
- Deepest layer of post trunk muscles | - Depress ribs, lateral flex vertebral column
43
Multifidus
- Deep anterior, trunk muscle | - Extends spine, rotates to opposite side
44
Intercostalis
- Between the ribs | - Raises, depresses ribs
45
Diaphragm
- Between thoracic and abdominal cavity | = Expands thoracic cavity
46
Abdominal Obliques (External, Internal, Transverse abdominus)
- The three layers of abs | - Depresses ribs, flexes the spine
47
Rectus Abdominus
- Anterior abdominal wall, ribs to pelvis | - Flexes spine
48
Urethral Sphincter
- Encircles the urethra | - Prevents urine from escaping the urinary system
49
Anal sphincter
- Encircles the anus | - Closes the anus
50
Levator ani
- Forms part of the pelvic floor | - Elevates and retracts the anus
51
Trapezius
- Upper back, back of head and neck, to clavicle and scapula | - Multiple motions of the upper trunk
52
Serratus anterior
- Between ribs and scapula | - Protracts scapula
53
Levator scapulae
- Cervical spine to scapula | - Elevates scapula
54
Rhomboids (major & minor)
- Cervical and thoracic vertebrae to scapula | - Adduct scapula
55
Pectoralis minor
- Ribs to scapula | - Depresses and protracts shoulders
56
Deltoid
- Tip of the should to humerus | - Flex, abduction, extension of humerus
57
Lattisimus dorsi
- Middle of back to humerus | - Extension adduction, med rotation of shoulder
58
Pectoralis major
- Upper chest to humerus | - Flexion, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder
59
Supraspinatus
- Posterior, superior edge of scapula to humerus | - Abduction of shoulder
60
Infraspinatus
- Shoulder blade of scapula to humerus | - Lateral rotation of shoulder
61
Teres minor
- Posterior, inferior edge of scapula to humerus | - Lateral rotation of shoulder
62
Subscapularis
- Anterior scapula to humerus | - Depress, protract the shoulder
63
Teres major
- Posterior, inferior edge to scapula to humerus | - Extensions, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder
64
Coracobrachialis
- Anterior scapula to humerus | - Adduction, flexion of shoulder
65
Biceps brachii
- Anterior surface of arm | - Flexion of elbow, and supination
66
Brachioradialis
- Extends from lower humerus and adjacent forearm to lateral tip of radius - Flexion of elbow
67
Brachialis
- Deep to the biceps | - Flexion of elbow
68
Triceps brachii
- Posterior surface of arm | - Extension of elbow
69
Supinator
- Anterior proximal ulna superficial | - Pronation of forearm
70
Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
1. Flexor carpi muscles 2. Extensor carpi muscles 3. Flexor and extensor digitorum muscles
71
Flexor carpi muscles
- Anterior side of forearm | - Flexion of wrist
72
Extensor carpi muscles
- Posterior side of forearm | - Extension of wrist
73
Flexor and Extensor digitorum muscles
- Anterior and posterior sides of the forearm tendons extending to the bones of the fingers - Flexion and extension of the digists
74
Retinaculum (wrist)
- a "bracelet" covers the flexor and extensor tendons around the wrist; holding them in place to prevent "bowstringing" during contraction
75
Lateral Epicondylitis
- tennis elbow | - pain originating where the extensor forearm muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
76
Palm
- two "pads" are formed by hand muscles on the anterior palm
77
Thenar Eminence
- located on the radial aspect and is involved with thumb movement
78
Hypothenar Eminence
- located on the ulnar aspect and is involved with pinky movement
79
Gluteus maximus
- Large buttock muscle | - Extension and lateral rotation of the hip
80
Gluteus Minimus
- Under gluteus maximus between hip | - Abduction, medial rotation of the hip
81
Adductors
- Medial (inner) region of the thigh | - Adduction of leg
82
Gracilis
- Medial (inner) region of the thigh | - Flex knee, adduction and medial rotation of the hip
83
Iliopsoas
- Anterior, superior thigh | - Flexion of the hip
84
Tensor fascia latae
- Lateral hip | - Flexion and medial rotation of the hip
85
Piriformis
- Deep gluteal muscle | - Lateral rotation and abduction of hip
86
Groin Pull
- muscular spasm in one or more of the adductor muscles
87
Piriformis syndrome
- A condition where the sciatic nerve is impinged by the piriformis muscle. - Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in the groin, thigh, or buttock region, and possibly sexual dysfunction
88
Biceps femoris (hamstring)
- Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula - Flexion of the knee
89
Semimebranosus
- Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula - Flexion of the knee
90
Semitendinosus
- Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula - Flexion of the knee
91
Sartorius
- Crosses anterior thigh; extends from pelvis to toe | - Flexion of knee, flexion and lateral rotation of the hip
92
Rectus femoris (quadriceps muscle)
- Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
93
Vastus lateralis
- Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
94
Vastus medialis
- Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
95
Vastus intermedius
- Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
96
Quadriceps tendon
- the quadriceps femoris muscles converge onto one tendon which secures the Patella - After crossing the patella, the tendon is then named the patellar tendon
97
Tibialis anterior
- Anterior and lateral side of tibia; extends to foot | - Dorisflexion of ankle, inversion of foot
98
Gastrocnemius
- Poterior leg ("calf") between femur and heel | - Plantar flexion of ankle, inversion and adduction of the foot, flexion of the knee
99
Pereneus (aka Fibularis)
- Posterior leg; extends from fibula and tibia to heel | - Eversion, and plantar flexion of the foot
100
Soleus
- Posterior leg; extends from fibula and tibia to heel | - Plantar flexion of ankle, adduction of foot
101
Flexor and Extensor digitorum muscles (several)
- Anterior and posterior leg; extends to bone of toe | - Flexion and extension of the toes
102
Calcaneal Tendon (aka Achilles Tendon)
- gastrocnemius and soleus tendons converge to form
103
Rotator Cuff
1. Suprasinatus 2. Infraspinatus 3. Subscapularis 4. Teres minor
104
Aging and Muscular System
1. Skeletal Muscle fibers become smaller in diameter. 2. Skeletal Muscles become less elastic 3. Tolerance for exercise decreases 4. Ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases

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