Chapter 14 - The Brain Flashcards
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
The Human brain contains approx X% of the body’s neurla tissue
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98%
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
Typical brain weighs
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1.4 kg or 3 lbs (male brain is on average 10% larger than female brains)
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
List of the major regions of the brain
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FORMAT CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, DIENCEPHALON, BRAIN STEM
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the cerebrum
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FORMAT The largest region of the brain. It is divided into left/right paired hemispheres
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the cerebrum responsible for
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FORMAT Concious thought, sensations, intellect, memeory, complex movements
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the cerebellum
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FORMAT The second largest strucutre in the brain. Also divided into 2 paired hemispheres.
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the function of the cerebellum
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Control and coordinate movement and balance
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the diencephalon contain
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Thalamus and hypothalamus
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the thalamus
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relay center of the brain. All sensory info from the body will go through the thalamus. Once in the thalamus it will be center to the appropriate higher centers in the cerebrum
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the hypothalamus
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Involved with emothions and autonomic functions.
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What part of the hypothalmus connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus, giving nervous control to the pituitary gland
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Infundibulum
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the diencephalon link
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Cerebrum and brain stem
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What part of the brain processes auditory and visual information
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mesencephalon (mid brain)
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What connects the brain stem to the cerebellum
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Pons. It has nuclei for visceral and somatic motor control
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What connects the spinal cord to the brain
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Medulla oblongata
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the medulla oblongata do?
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relays info to the thalamus and regulates autonomic functoins such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
how does the CNS begin in development?
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hollow neural tube
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
which end of the hollow neural tube does the 3 enlargements form (which go on to create the 3 divisions of the brain)
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cephalic end
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
what are the primary brain vesicles
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Prosencephalon. Mesencephalon. Rhombencephalon.
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the prosencephalon form in brain development?
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forms the telencephalon (becomes the cerebrum) and the diencephalon (becomes the adult diencephalon)
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the mesencephalon form in brain development?
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the adult mesencephalon (mid brain)
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the rhombencephalon form in brain development?
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forms the metencephalon (becomes the cerebellum and pons) and myelecephalon (becomes the medulla)
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
How many ventricles are there during brain development?
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Four. Formed in different regions of the brain.
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Chapter 14 - The Brain
What do the ventricles do?
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Circulate CSF through the brain.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the function of the CSF
cusion neural tissue, support the brain, and transport nutrients, waste products and chemical messengers
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
How is CSF formed?
by a network of ependymal cells. The cells secrete CSF into the ventricles of the brain, remove wast products, and adjust the compositioin of the CSF over time.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the name of the ependymal cells that create CSF?
choroids plexus
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the reate of CSF production daily?
500 ml/day
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the body's volume of CSF?
150 ml. It is replaced every 8 hours.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the CSF circulated?
from the choroids through the ventricles, and the central canal of the spinal cord. Also circulated through the subarachnoid space
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is hydrocephalus
Condition of the brain that is caused by disrupted flow of CSF through the brain. May cause a large head in newborns.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
The meninges of the cranium are an extension of the meninges of the _____________.
Spinal cord. There are a few differences.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What are the differences between cranium and spinal meninges
1. Outer layer of dura mater is fused to the inner skull. 2. The arachnoid in the cranium consists of a thin membrane that covers the brain. 3. The pia mater is attached tot eh surface of the brain tissue, following the contours of the brain.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Is there a space in the dura mater in the brain?
No. the fusoin of the dura mater eliminates the epidural space that is present in the spinal cord.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What attcheds the pia mater to the brain surface?
Astrocytes
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What are dural folds
are folds of the inner layer of the dura mater that forms a sheet like projections into the cranium.
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What is the function of the dural folds
supporting and stabilization of the brain
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what are the 3 large dural folds in the brain
1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorum cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
where is the Falx Cerebri located
projects between the cerebral hemispheres, within the longitudinal fissure. It attaches to the crista galli on the ethmoid bone and the internal occipital crest
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the Tentorum Cerebelli located
Covers the cerebellum between the cerebral hemisphers
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the Falx Cerebelli located
Divides the cerebellar hemispheres
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where does blood enter the brain?
via the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
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Where does blood leave the brain
via the internal jugular veins
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is a stroke that occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the region of the brain.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Causes neuronal death in minutes. Neurons in the CNS do not regenerate; damage is permanent
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is an epidural hemorrhage
caused by head trauma that results in bleeding, with the blood entering the space between the dura mater and the cranium. Will cause death if not treated quickly
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is a subdural hemorrhage
bleeding into the meninges, under the dura mater. This can occur in the subarachnoid space
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the blood brain barrier
a layer of neural tissue that separates the brain from the outside circulation.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the endothelial lining (blood brain barrier)
consists of tight junctions, and oly allows certain materials into the brain's circulation. Only lipid soluble compounds such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, amnonia, steroids, glucose, and prostaglandins are able to pass the barrier
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what covers the hemisphers of the cerebrum
neural cortex
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
The surfaces of the cortex haave ridges or elevated folds called
gyri
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the space between each gyri is called
sulci
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What is the function of the gyri
increase the surface area of the cortex. This allows more neurons to be present, thus increasing the capacity of the neuronal circuits in the brain.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the two cerebral hemispheres are connected where
deep in the brain by the Corpus Callosum
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the corpus callosum
thick band of white matter.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
The brain is further divided by
named sulci (shallow depressions)
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
How many classifications of axons in the cerebrum?
4 Associaiton Fibers, Commissural Fibers, Projection Fibers, and Arcuate Fibers
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the function of the association fibers (axons)
connect motor and sensory areas of the brain
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the function of the commissural fibers (axons)
interconnect and provide communication between the two cerebral hemispheres (including the corpus callosum and the anterior comissure)
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the function of the projection fibers (axons)
link the cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and the spinal cord.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the internal capsule
the area where all fibers pass through the diencephalon; here there will be sensory fibers as well as motor fibers
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the function of the arcuate fibers (axons)
communicate with the individual gyri
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what separates the motor and sensory cortex
central sulcus
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What is the border of the primary motor cortex
The precentral gyrus.
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Where is the precentral gyrus found
Frontal lobe
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the motor cortex do
Controls and directs voluntary somatic motor neurons in the brainstorm and spinal cord.
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What are the cortical cells called
Pyramidal cells
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the border for the primary sensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the postcentral gyrus found
Parietal lobe
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the primary sensory cortex receive
Somatic info from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where do somatic info from receptors first must pass through before being relayed to specific regions of the sensory cortex
Thalamus
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the visual cortex located
Occipital lobe
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Where are the auditory and olfactory cortices located?
Temporal lobes
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What are associated areas
Connect the sensory and motor areas of the brain. They monitor and interpret data that arrives at the sensory cortex
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What area monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex?
Somatic sensory association area
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
The visual association area monitors what
Patterns of activity in the visual cortex and interprets the results
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What area is responsible for word recognition
Auditory association
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Learned movements are coordinated in what area?
Somatic motor association area
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
This area receives info from all sensory association areas. The analytical center is located on 1 hemisphere only, usually the left. Damage here will result in the inability to interpret what is seen and head
General interpretive area (Wernike's area or Gnostic area)
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is aphasia
Inability to speak or read
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
The inability to speak, read, or understand speech of other is
Global aphasia
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What affects the comprehension and use of words
Dyslexia
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the Broca's area (or motor speech center) located
Usually on the left hemisphere along the edge of the promotor cortex
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What region regulates and coordinates patterns of breathing and activities of respiratory muscles needed for speech formation?
Broca's area or motor speech center
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the prefrontal cortex found
Frontal lobe
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
Coordinates info relayed from the association areas of the entire cortex. Performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions.
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Mapped out areas of the brain according to their function are called
Brodmann's areas
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
How many Brodmann's areas are named
47 name patterns
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Each hemisphere is responsible for functions ________________ of the opposite hemisphere
Independent
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Which hemisphere is responsible for language- based skills like reading, writing, and speaking. Also important functions such as analytical skills and math problems.
Left
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Which hemisphere analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment. Centers in this hemisphere permit you to identiy objects, familiar faces, and understand 3-D relationships
Right
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What are nuclei
Masses of gray matter in each hemisphere.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What are nuclei responsible for?
Processing sensory info and issuing motor commands that are at the subconscious level. They are involved in subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned motor patterns.
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What is responsible for functions related to emotional states, linking unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem and cortex.
Limbic system
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is functions in memory storage and retrieval
Limbic system
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the waking center of the brain
Reticular formation. Part of the limbic system.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does he diencephalon contain?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is the function of the diencephalon
Integrate conscious and unconscious sensory info as well as motor commands.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
How many cranial nerves originate in the diencephalon
11 of 12
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the pineal gland located
Posterior part of the epithalamus
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What does the pineal gland secrete
Melatonin.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
The pineal gland is part of what system?
Endocrine
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What is melatonin for
Regulation of the sleep/wake cycle of the body
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
Where is the final stop for all sensory info from the body before reaching the cortex
Thalamus.
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What connects to the pituary gland giving the endocrine system a direct connection to the NS
Infundibulum of the hypothalamus
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
Subconscious control of skeletal muscles contraction. Control of autonomic function. Coordination of activities of the NS and endocrine system. Secretion of hormones. Production of hormonesProduction of behaviors and emotions Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions Regulation of body tempsControl of circadian rhythms
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what is the mid brain
mesencephalon
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does teh mesencephalon contain
superior colliculusinferioro colliculusred cucleussubstantia nigra
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what does the superior colliculus receive?
visual info
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does teh inferior colliculus receive?
auditory info
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does the substantia nigra do
releases dopamine
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the function of dopamine
inhibit activity in the cerebral nuclei
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what happens with less dopamine
increase in the overall tone in the skeletal muscles
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what region of the brain is involved with Parkinsons disease
mesencephalon
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is the result of damage to the cerebellum
ataxia - a disturbance in balance and gait
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does the pons do
links the cerebellar hemispheres with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does the pons contain
nuclei of four cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIIIalso contains nuclei involved with respiration
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the medulla is continuous with ________
spinal cord
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does the medulla connect
spinal cord and brain
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what does the medulla contain
nuclei that function in controlling visceral activities. It also contains the nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
how many cranial nerves are there
12 referred to in roman numerals
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the olfactory nerve does what
carries sensation for the sense of smellCN I
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the optic nerve does what
functions in visionCN II
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the occulomotor nerve does what
is the motor to the muscles of the eyeCN III
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the trochlear nerve does what
motor to the superior oblique muscleCN IV
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the trigeminal nerve does what
sensory and motor to the face. motor to mastificationCN V
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
facial nerve does what
motor to muscle of facial expression and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, salty, sour).CN VI
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
what is bell's pasley
condition of the facial nerve, caused by a virus that causes inflammation of the nerve resulting in one-sided facial paralysisCN VII
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the vestibulocochlear nerve does what
balance from the inner ear and hearingCN VIII
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the glossopharyngeal nerve does what
taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (bitter), pharynx, palate. swallowingCN IX
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the vagus nerve does what
longest cranial nervemany functions including: visceral sensory info (autonomic) from esophagus, respiratory tract, abdominal viscera, parasympathetic response to heart, stomach, intestines, and gall bladderCN X
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the spinal accessory nerve does what
motor to muscle of the neck and shoulder, and motor to the vocal cordsCN XI
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# Chapter 14 - The Brain
the hypoglossal nerve does what
motor to the muscles of the tongueCN XII
