Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation Flashcards by Lauren Hughes

Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

Arterial tissues are

vessels

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

vessels are classified as

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

blood travels from the ______ to the _______

arterioles

capillaries

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

blood then transfers from the _______ to the _______

capillaries

venous system

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

the walls of the veins are less _______ and contain less _______

elastic

smooth muscle cells

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

veins are classified as

venules
small veins
large veins

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

capillaries are _______ in diameter

7-9 um

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

capillaries are _______ in lenght

1mm long

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

RBC go through capillaries how

single file

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

capillaries are lined with

simple squamous epithelial cells

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

what is the lining of the capillaries called

endothelium

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

sitting outside of the basement layer of the capillaries is the layer of loose connective tissue called

adventitia

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

capillaries are classified based on

diameter and permeability

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

how many types of capillaries

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

what are the types of capillaries

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

_______ capillaries are 7-9 um in diameter and the walls have no gaps between the endothelial cells; they are less permeable to latge molecules

continuous

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

what are areas of the cell where there is no cytoplasm and the cell membrane consists of a porous diaphragm

fenestration

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

_______ capillaries have many fenestrations

fenestrated

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

_______ capillaries are the largest in diameter, have larger fenestrations, and are found in the endocrine glands for transportation of large molecules

sinusoidal

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

where are fenestrated capillaries found

intestine
ciliary process of the eye
choroids plexus of the CNS
glomuruli of kidney

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

_______ are large diameter sinusoidal capillaries, with a sparse basement membrane, large molecules and even cells can pass through here.

sinusoids

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

where are sinusoids common

liver

bone marrow

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

what are sinusoids closely associated with

macrophages of the immune system

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Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

_______ are even larger than the sinusoidal type and have large gaps between the endothelial cells

venous sinsus

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# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation venous sinus are found where

spleen

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation substances pass through the capillary wall via

diffusion

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what is order of diffusion through capillary wall

endothelial wall fenestrae between enothelial cells

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what passes through capillary walls easily

water oxygen co2

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation capillaries form large _______ of vessles in the body

networks

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what types of areas are capillary networks most numerous

highly metabolic tissues of the body

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation where are capillary networks located

``` lung liver kidney skeletal muscle cardiac muscle ```

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation capillaries found in the skin function in

thermoregulation

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation in muscle capillaries function to

remove waste

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation all but _______ have 3 layers of tissue

capillaries and venules

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the 3 layers of blood vessels

tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is made of of endothelial cells and is a delicate basement layer

tunica intima

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation located in the tunica intima is a thin layer of connective tissue called

tunica propria

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation located in the tunica intima is a fenestrated layer of elastic fiber called the

internal elastic memebrane

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what separates the tunica intima from the next layer

internal elastic membrane

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is the middle layer of blood vessel tissue

tunica media

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation tunica media consists of

smooth muscle cells

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how are the smooth muscle cells arranged in tunica media

circular pattern

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the amount of blood allowed to flow through the vessel is regulated in the tunica media by

relaxation/contraction of the media

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation there are _______ large elastic arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the large elastic arteries

``` elastic arteries muscluar arteries arterioles venules small veins medium and large veins vasa vasorum ```

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ have the largest diameter of all arteries and contain more elastic tissue and less smooth muscle

elastic arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation elastic arteries are also called

conducting arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ are medium size arteries that regulate the blood supply to some regions of the body

muscular arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation muscular arteries are also called

distribution arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ transport blood from small arteries to capillaries

arterioles

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ are similar to capillaries

venules

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ larger than venules and receive blood from the venules

small veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ collect blood from the small veins and delivers it to the larger veins, which transport blood to the heart

medium/large veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is a network of small blood vessesl that penetrate the tunica intima of vessels larger than 1mm in diameter.

vasa vasorum

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ are located within veins that have a diameter greater than 2 mm

valves

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation valves allow what

blood to flow in the direction of the heart

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what is the valve

fold of the tunica intima

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation valves are similar to

semilunar valves in heart

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ result from stretching of the veins in the lower extremity

varicose veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation formation of blood clots

phlebitis

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ allow the direct passage of blood from artery to vein bypassing the capillary network

arteriovenous anastomoses

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation where are arteriovenous anastomoses found

soles of feet palms of hand nail beds

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what is function of arteriovenous anastomoses

regulation of temperature

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the walls of most blood vessels are supplied with nerves by _______

unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ can be found in the tunica media of the male and female sex organs

parasympathetic nerve fibers

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation sympathetic stimulation results in

vasoconstriction

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation parasympathetic stimulation results in

vasodilation

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what type of arteries show the largest changes with aging

large elastic

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation which arteries show greatest changes with aging

aorta large vessels/brain coronary arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ means hardening of the arteries

arteriosclerosis

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation arteriosclerosis is characterized by a thickening of the _______ and the _______ becomes less elastic

tunica intima | tunica media

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation eventually in arteriosclerosis there is a lesion formed that will protrude into the

lumen

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is the depositing of plaque on the walls of the arteries

atherosclerosis

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the plaque is _______ and contains _______

fat-like | cholesterol

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation all arteries of the circulation system originate directly or indirectly from the _______

aorta

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation where does the aorta originate

off the left ventricle

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what is diameter of aorta

2.8 mm

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation aorta is pointed in a superior position hence called

ascending aorta

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation length of aorta

5 cm

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how many branches off ascending aorta

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the branches off the aorta

L and R coronary arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ continues off the ascending aorta and arches posterior and to the left

aortic arch

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how many major branches off aortic arch

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the aortic arch carries blood to

head and upper limb brachicephalic left common carotid subclavian artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is the longest part of the aorta

descending aorta

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation descending aorta extends through the _______ to the left of the _______, through the _______ to the _______.

thorax mediastinum abdomen pelvis

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how many branches of the brachiocephalic artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the branches of the brachiocephalic artery

right common carotid right subclavian left common carotid artery left subclavian artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ supplies the right side of the head and neck with blood

right common carotid

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ sends blood to the right upper limb

right subclavian

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is a branch off the aortic arch and supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck

left common carotid

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _______ is the 3rd branch off the aortic arch and sends blood to the left upper limb

left subclavian artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation aortic arch gives rise to:

``` brachiocephalic artery (2 branches) ---- right common carotid ---- right subclavian left common carotid left subclavian artery ```

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the common carotids travel superior in the neck to the angle of the mandible where they split into

internal and external carotid arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the split of the common carotid the _________ is forms

carotid sinus

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the function of the carotid sinus

monitor blood pressure

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the external arteries supply structures of the _________ and _________

neck | face

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the internal arteries along with the vertebral arteries supply the _________ with blood

brain

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ are branches of the subclavian arteries

vertebral arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the vertebral arteries travel in the _________ of the cervical spine

transverse foramen

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation from the cervical spine through the _________ into the brain (vertebral arteries travel)

foramen magnum

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation vertebral arteries once in the brain form the

basilar artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the basilar artery gives off branches to the _________ and _________

pons | cerebellum

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation 2nd set of branches of the basilar artery forms the _________

posterior cerebral arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the posterior cerebral arteries supply the _________

posterior aspect of the brain

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ enter the cranium via the carotid canal and form the middle cerebral arteries

internal carotids

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ supply the lateral parts of the cortex

middle cerebral arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ are branches of the middle cerebral arteries

posterior communicating arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how many major arteries of the upper limb

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the major arteries of the upper limb

subclavian axillary brachial

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the _________ is a continuation of the subclavian

axillary

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the _________ is a continuation of the axillary

brachial

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the brachial divides into

ulnar and radial arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation ulnar and radial arteries form an arch in the

palm

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the arch in the palm is called

superficial and deep palmar arches

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ formed by the ulnar artery

superficial arch

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ formed by the radial artery

deep arch

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the thoracic aorta has branches divided into _________ groups

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the groups of the thoracic aorta branches

visceral | parietal

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the visceral branches of aorta supply the

lungs esophagus pericardium

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the parietal branches supply the

thoracic wall via the intercostals arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the intercostals arteries have 2 sets

posterior | anterior

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the anterior intercostals come off the _________ a branch of the subclavian artery

internal thoracic arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the posterior intercostals are derived from _________ off of the descending aorta

bilateral branches

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the branches of the abdominal aorta can be divided into _________ branches

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation branches of abdominal aorta

visceral | parietal

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the visceral arteries of the adb. aorta are divided into

paired | unpaired

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation major unpaired braches of the adb aorta are

celiac trunk superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the unpaired branches of the abd aorta supply what

abdominal organs

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the abd aoarts divides at _________ into the _________

L-5 | common iliac arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the common iliac divides into the

internal and external iliac arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation external iliac arteries supply blood to

lower limbs

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation internal iliac arteries supply blood to

pelvis

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is a continuation of the external iliac artery

femoral artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is a continuation of the femoreal artery

popliteal artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the popliteal artery gives off branches called the

posterior/anterior tibial artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation anterior tibial artery becomes the

dorsalis pedis artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the posterior tibial artery becomes the

fibular or peroneal artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the fibular or peroneal artery becomes the

plantar arteries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation there are _________ major veins that return blood to the heartq

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood returns into the heart in the

right atrium

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the 3 major veins in body

coronary sinus superior vena cava inferior vena cava

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ returns blood from the heart tissue to the right atrium

coronary sinus

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ returns blood from the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs

superior vena cava

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

inferior vena cava

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation there are 2 pairs of major veins that drain the head and neck

internal and external jugular veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation which jugular is more superficial

external

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the _________ is deep in the neck and drains blood from the cranial vault, anterior head, face, and neck

internal jugular vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation both jugular veins join the _________

subclavian veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the jugular and subclavian veins jion to form

brachicephalic veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the two major veins in the upper limb are

cephalic and basilic veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the basilic vein becomes the

axillary vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the axillary vein becomes the

subclavian

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the cephalic vein joins the

subclavian

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the _________ connects the cephalic and basilic veins

median cubital vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what vein is blood drawn from

median cubital vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation there are 3 major veins for thorax.

right and left brachiocephalic veins | azygos vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the interior thoracic veins drain blood from the anterior thoracic wall via

anterior intercostal veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood from the posterior thoracic wall is collected by the posterior thoracic veins and drains into the _________ of the right side

azygos vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the left side of the posterior the posterior thoracic wall is drained by the

hemiazygos vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ drains blood from the posterior abdominal wall

ascending lumbar veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the rest of the blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs returns to the heart through

inferior vena cava

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the only ograns OUTSIDE of the pelvis to drain directly into inferior vena cava

gonads kidneys adrenal glands

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation common iliac veins are formed and create the

inferior vena cava

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is a system of veins and sinus systems in the liver network of blood vessels

hepatic portal system

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the blood that enters the hepatic portal system is rich with nutrients from

intestines

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what does the liver do with the hepatic blood

extracts nutrients/store them | cleanses for toxins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation when the liver cleanses toxins it makes them water soluble. why

sends them to kidneys to go out as urine

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the largest vein of the portal system

hepatic portal vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what forms the hepatic portal vein

union of the superior mesenteric vein and superior splenic vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what vein drains the small intestine

superior mesenteric

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what vein drains the spleen

superior splenic vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what veins merge into the superior splenic vein

inferior mesenteric | pancreatic vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how many veins of lower limbs

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are the veins of lower limbs

``` anterior and posterior tibial popliteal femoral great saphenous small saphenous small saphenous ```

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ are formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins at the level of the knee

popliteal veins

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the continuation of the popliteal vein in the thigh

femoral vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the femoral vein becomes the

external iliac vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the longest vein of the body.

great saphenous vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the great saphenous vein starts on the _________ of the foot and travels up the side of the leg and dumps _________

dorsal medial side | femoral vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ starts at the lateral side of the foot and travels the posterior leg to the popliteal vein

small saphenous vein

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the lymphatic system only functions to carry _________ away from tissues

FLUIDS | NOT BLOOD

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the starting point of the lymph vessel

lymph capillaries

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation lymph capillaries differ from blood in that they

lack a basement membrane

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how are lymph vessel lining more permeable

simple squamous epithelium is slightly overlapped and attached loosely

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation where are lymph capillaries not found

CNS bone marrow tissue w/no blood vessels

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation how does lymph vessel contract

skeletal muscle surrounding lymph vessel contracts around it

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the smooth streamlined flow of fluid in a tube

laminar flow

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation flow in a vessel consists of the movement of

concentric layers

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ interrupts the smooth laminar flow of fluid through the tube

turbulent flow

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation when does turbulent flow occur

rate of flow exceeds a critical velocity or when interrupted by constriction

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the measure of force blood exerts against a vessel wall

blood pressure

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood pressure is measured in

millimeters of mercury or mm Hg

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood pressure is evaluated using _________ and a _________

ausculatation | blood pressure cuff

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation ausculatation is

listening with a stethoscope

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood pressure cuff

sphygmomanometer

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation where is stethoscope placed

over brachial artery

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what sounds are heard when evaluating blood pressure

korotkoff sounds

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the volume of blood that flows through a specific point per unit of time

rate of blood flow

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation rate of blood flow is expressed

ml per minute or Liters per minute

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the cardiac output at rest is

5 ml/min

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is flow decreases when resistance increases, and resistance t flow decreases with an increase in the diameter of the vessel

Poiseuille's Law

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is a measure of resistance of a liquid to flow

viscosity

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the percent of the total volume of blood that is composed of erythrocytes

hematocrit

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation increase in _________ makes blood more viscous

rbcs

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ states that the force that stretches the vascular wall is proportional to the diameter of the vessel times the BP.

Laplace's Law

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the change in the vessel when blood volume increases the pressure also increases

vascular compliance

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation normal systolic pressure in the aorta

120 mmHg

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation normal diastolic pressure in aorta

80 mmHg

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

pulse pressure

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation normal pulse pressure

40 mmHg

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation a large pulse pressure indicateds

heart is working too hard to get blood thru system

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the state of continual partial contraction of the veins as a result of sympathetic stimulations

venous tone

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood pressure is _________ in the right atrium and averages _________ in the aorta.

0 mmHg | 100 mmHg

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the pressure in the vessels increases with

gravity

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood to the tissue is controlled 2 ways

local | nervous

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation blood flow is _________ to the metabolic needs of the tissue

proportional

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what are some chemicals that stimulate vasodilation

``` CO2 lactic acid adenosine AMP K+ H. A ```

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation lack of _________ can also increase the flow of blood to tissues

nutrients

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is the maintenance of blood flow by the tissues

autoregulation of blood flow

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is regulated by the metabolic needs of the tissue

long term local blood flow

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is important in the minute to minute regulation of blood flow

nervous regulation

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation nervous control is done by the

autonomic division of the NS

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what division of the nervous control has most important part

sympathetic

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation sympathetic stimulation causes _________ of the vessels

vasoconstriction

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ located in the lower pons and upper medullar

vasomotor center

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation he vasomotor has 2 parts to it

excitatory | inhibitory

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the vasomotor excitatory part is always

tonically active

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the inhibitory part of the vasomotor is always

stimulating vasodilation

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what controls the parts of the vasomotor center

cerebral cortex

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is about 100mmHg. It is calculated by the cardiac output times the peripheral resistance

mean arterial pressure MAP=CO x PR

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is response to sudden loss of blood volume or sudden change in blood pressure

short term regulation of blood flow

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what regulates short term regulation of blood flow

baroreceptor reflexes chemoreceptor reflexes CNS ischemic response mechanism

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ are pressure receptors that respond to stretch

baroreceptors

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation largest amount of baroreceptors are found

carotid artery and aortic arch

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation barareceptors in the carotid sinus send impulses to the regulatory centers via the

glossopharyngeal nerve

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation receptors from teh aoritc arch send impulses through the

vagus nerve

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation the secretion of epinephrine and norepinepherine occurs in the

adrenal medulla

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation Epinephrine and norepinepherine are released due to

increased sympathetic stimulation

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation epi and norepi hormones cause increased

heart rate stroke volume vasoconstriction of vessels in skin/viscera vasodilation of cardiac vessels

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ are sensitive to changes inO2 and CO2 levels

chemoreceptors

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation chemoreceptors are _________ to change blood pressure

short term fast acting emergency mechanisms

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ occurs when the blood flow to the vasomotor centers of the medulla decreases, and results in a build up of CO2 and H.

CNS ischemic response

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation CNS ischemic response causes a

sharp rise in vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure and O2 levels

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation when does the CNS ischemic response occur

when blood pressure drops belwo 50 mmHg

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is an enzyme released from the kidney into th circulatory system

renin

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation renin is released from the

juxatagloberular apparatuses of the kidney

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation renin acts on _________ to form angiotensin I

angiotensinogen

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation Angiotensin I travels in the blood stream to the lungs wehre it is converted to

Angiotensin II

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction of arterioles AKA | RAISE BP

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation Angiotensin II will also stimulate the release of

aldosterone

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation function of aldosterone

stimulate kidneys to reabsorb NAm, H20, and CL ions

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation what happens with release of aldosterone

decrease urine. keeps blood volume up

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to changes in blood pressure

vasopressin (ADH)

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ is released from cells in the atria of the heart.

atrial natriuretic mechanism

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation atrial natriuretic makes kidneys

produce more urine. | WILL DECREASE BP

# Chapter 21 - Peripheral Circulation and Regulation _________ occcurs in response to changes in blood pressure along the capillary walls.

fluid shift mechanism