Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscle tissue is unique because it can
A
contract
contractile tissue
2
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
how many types of muscle tissue in body
A
3
3
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what are types of muscle tissue
A
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
4
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
skeletal muscle is under _____ control
A
voluntary
5
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
skeletal muscles are large and
A
multinucleated
6
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
function of skeletal muscles
A
maintain body postures and position
support soft tissues
guards entrances and exits to the body cavities
helps maintain the body temp
7
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscle tissue has 3 layers of
A
connective tissue
8
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what are 3 layers of muscle tissue
A
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
9
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
epimysium
A
covers entire muscle
outer layer
10
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
perimysium
A
central layer covers individual bundles of fibers
11
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
bundles of fibers in muscle tissue
A
fascicle
12
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
endomysium
A
inner layer
surrounds individaul muscle fibers
13
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what layer are muscle satellite cells found
A
endomysium
14
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what are satellite cells
A
stem cells
15
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
end of the muscle fiber come together to form a
A
tendon
16
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
tendon otherwise called
A
aponeurosis
17
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what tendon does
A
attachment of muscle tissue to bone
18
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscles contain
A
multinucleated
myoblasts
19
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
myoblasts are
A
functional cells of the tissue
20
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
sacrolemma
A
cell membrane of skeletal muscle cell
21
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
sacroplasm
A
cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell.
22
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the cell membrane has a ______ that maintains the resting membrane potential
A
transmembrane electrical potential
23
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
changes in the electrical charge across the membrane result in
A
rapid contraction of the muscle involved
24
Q
Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the _______ allow the electrical charge to pass along the whole muscle and stimulate contraction
A
T tubes or
transverse tubules
25
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
myofibrils
circular structures that run the entire length of the muscle cell
26
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cyofibrils are made up of protien bundles called
myofilaments
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
myofilaments are comprised of
actin and myosin
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
_____ and _____ are responsible for muscle contraction
actin
| myosin
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
sacroplasmic reticulum
same as smooth ER
30
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
sacromere
smallest functional units of myofilaments
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
one myofibril contains ___ sarcomeres
10k
32
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
_____ are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber
sarcromeres
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
sarcomeres contain
```
thick filaments - myosin
thin filaments - actin
proteins - stabilize the filaments
regulatory proteins
A bands
I bands
```
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what regulates the interaction between thick and thin filaments
regulatory proteins
35
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
A bands
dark in appearance
located in center of the sacromere
contain subdivisions (M line, H zone, Zone of overlap_
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
I Bands
contain thin filaments and extend from A band to A band
| Z lines mark the boundary of one sacromere to another
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
thin filaments (actin) contain
F actin
tropomyosin
troponin
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
F actin is
a strand with two rows of actin protein
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the F actin bands are composed of
G actin
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
tropomyosin
covers the active sires of the G actin to prevent muscle contraction at rest
41
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
troponin
is a molecule that has 3 subunits: ne binds to tropomyosin, one to G actin, and on to a calcium ion
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscle contraction occurs when _______ moves off to the active site exposing the receptor on the ______ strand
troposyosin
| F actin strand
43
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
each thick filament (myosin) consists of
pair of subunits twisted around each other
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the ____ of the myosin is attached to other myosin molecules
tail
45
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the _____ of the myosin projects outward toward the thin actin filaments
head
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the _____ theory is the contraction of skeletal muscle
sliding filament theory
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
during contraction the following happens
H band and I bands get smaller
zones of overlap get smaller
Z lines get closer together
width of A bands stay the same
48
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what is the contraction cycle
```
exposure of the active sites
cross bridges attach to the myosin
myosin head pivots (power stroke)
detachment of cross bridges occurs
reactivation of myosin
```
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the control of the contraction is ultimately dependent on the
NS
50
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the ______ of motor area of the cerebral cortex controls skeletal muscle contraction
precentral gyrus
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
the NS is in contact with skeletal muscle at the ________ or the _________
neuromuscular junction
| myoneural junction
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
axons from the NS penetrate the perimysium of the muscle and end in
synaptic terminals
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
synaptic terminals contain the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh)
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
motor end plate
is opposite the synaptic terminal and contains receptor that bind with ACh.
55
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
ACh makes the cell membrane more
permeable
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscle fibers produce tensions based on the amount of ______ present in the sacromere
pivoting cross bridges
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
tension production principle within muscle
all or nothing
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twitch
single contraction
| small and fast
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
tetanus
sustained stimulation
| no relaxation period
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
treppe
staged or staggered arrival of action potential in the skeletal muscle
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resting tension provides
muscle tone
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
resting tensions function
stabilizes the bones and joints of the body
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isotonic contraction
as tension increases the length of the muscle increases
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two types of isotonic contractions
concentric
| eccentric contraction
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
concentric contraction
muscle tension exceeds the resistance and the muscle shortens
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
eccentric contraction
the tension is the muscle is less than the resistance and the muscle lenghtens
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
isometric contractions
muscle does not change length
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
after a muscle contraction has occurred the muscle will return to its original
resting length
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what aids in returning a muscle to its original lenght
gravity
70
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscular activity relies on the presence of ______ in the muscle tissue
ATP
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
ATP is not stored in any large amounts in
muscular system
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
body's cells produce ATP by
aerobic metabolism
| anaerobic metabolism
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
this provides 95% of the body's ATP needs
aerobic metabolism
74
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_____ is the cycle in a series of chemical reaction
Krebb's
75
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
______ rely almost entirely on aerobic metabolism for ATP
skeletal muscle cells
76
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
anaerobic metabolism doesn't use
oxygen
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
glycolysis
is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
78
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
when the pyruvic acid is created faster than it can be used by the mitochondria it will be converted to _______ and build up in muscles
lactic acid
79
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
_____ is the state of a skeletal muscle that cannot contract any longer even if there is repeated nervous stimulation
fatigue
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
muscle fatigue may occur
ATP depletion
| damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
81
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
normal muscle activity requires
substantial intercellular energy levels
normal circulation to the tissue
normal blood oxygen levels
82
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
_______ is the amount of oxygen consumed post exercise
oxygen debt
83
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
______ large amounts of heat are generated by muscular activity (by catabolic process of breakdown of glucose for ATP)
heat loss
84
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
skeletal muscle activity accounts for XX% of body's temp
85%
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____is the maximum amount of tension produced by a particular muscle or group of muscles
power
86
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
____is the amount of time a muscle can sustain a particular activity
endurance
87
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
Performance is determined by
types of muscle fibers in the muscle
| physical condition of the muscle
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# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
3 types of skeletal muscle fibers
fast twitch or fast fibers
slow fibers or red muscle
intermediate fibers
89
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
fast fibers
powerful contractions but fatigue fast
| energy comes from anaerobic repiration
90
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slow fibers
fatigue slower
rich in blood supply
contain myoglobin - red in color
91
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which fiber has most myoglobin
slow fibers
92
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intermediate fibers
middle of fast and slow
| vast capillary netwrok
93
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
fast muscles fibers appear
white or pale
94
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
slow muscle fibers appear
darker (myoglobin)
95
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
enlargement of a muscle
muscle hypertrophy
96
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
as we age the the effects on muscles:
skeletal muscle fibers become smaller
muscle fibers become less elastic
tolerance for exercies decreases
recovery decreases or the recovery time increases
97
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cardiac muscle tissue is
involuntary striated muscle
98
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cardiac muscle is only found
in heart
99
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cardiac muscle is entirely dependent on
aerobic respiration
100
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cardiac muscle cells contain cell-to-cell junctions called
intercalated discs
101
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
function of intercalated discs
create electrical connection between cardiac cells
102
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cardiac muscle will contract with no
neural stimulation
103
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
cardiac muscles contain
pacemaker cells
104
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
contractions last ___ longer than skeletal muscles
10x
105
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
smooth muscle is
involuntary
106
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
what occurs with smooth muscle
organs and blood vessels
107
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
smooth muscle is found
all the major organ systems
108
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
smooth muscle is different than cardiac and skeletal in that it
is non-striated
does not form tendons
actin and myosin are arranged differently
109
# Chapter 10 - Muscle Tissue
smooth muscle exhibits _______ meaning it can contract over a large range or lenghts
plasticity
